the rise of islam, 600-1200. the origins of islam arabs of 600 c.e. lived in the arabian peninsula....
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The Rise of Islam, 600-1200
The Origins of Islam• Arabs of 600 C.E. lived in the Arabian
peninsula. (_______,_________,________)
The Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad
• Farmers and sailors• Fishing and trading• “Empty Quarter”• Middlemen– Caravan trading– Camels and donkeys– Christians
• Mecca. What was the significance of this city?– Ka’ba
Muhammad in Mecca
• Muhammad was born in Mecca, 570.– “Night of Power and Excellence”– What was message he received?
• Muslim-• Islam-• Familiarity because of…• Why was Islam appealing?
The Formation of the Umma
• In 622, Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina (hijra). Why?
• Meccan migrants formed a umma• Muhammad dies; no provision of succession. – Khalifa/caliph– Abu Bakr• Quran
• Five Pillars– 1.– 2.– 3.– 4.– 5.
• Shi’ites v. Sunnis
The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632-1258
• Sunni never gave absolute authority and power to: define belief, expel heretics, and discipline clergy
The Islamic Conquests, 634-711
• Syria, Egypt, Tunisia, Spain, North Africa, India, Iraq, Anatolia.
• No evidence of coherent missionary efforts to spread Islam during conquest period.
The Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphates, 661-850
• The Umayyad (Sunni) dynasty ruled from Damascus. – Muslim Arabs– Silver dirhams and gold dinars
• Abbasid Caliphate (Shi’ites) ruled after defeating the Umayyad– Promotion of Islam– Arabian Nights-– Why was this period called the “golden age”?
Political Fragmentation 850-1050
• Why did the Abbasid fall?– Mamluks– What was the problem with mamluks?• Seated and unseated caliphs• Capital moved from Baghdad to __________.• Shi’ite Buyid
• New exchange system with Berbers in Sahara desert. – Ghana
• Fatimid Dynasty claimed to be descendants of Ali (Shi’ite) 969– Conquered Egypt– Abundance of gold
• Umayyad Spain 740– Roman, Germanic, Jewish, Arabs, Berber– Most sophisticated agricultural economy
• Al-Andalus 929– Iberian Peninsula– Literature, law, philosophy– Ulama-
Assault from Within and Without, 1050-1258
• Seljuk Turks (Afghanistan to Baghdad)– Problems:– Crusades had little effect on Islamic lands– Battle of Ain Jalut- mamluks defeated Mongols
from Central Asia– Young Turks-
Law and Dogma
• Shari’a– Merging of-
• Islam began to govern social and religious life. – Sunna-• Hadith-• What was the problem with hadith?
Converts and Cities
• “There is no God but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God”– Few could read the Quran– Discrimination led to migration and growth of
urban centers. – Muslim regions urbanized; Christian cities shrank.
• What did this Muslim urbanization confirm?• Variations in religious teachings were
common. Why?• Trade and technology flourished– Doctors– Physics– mathematicians
Islam, Women, and Slaves
• Literate, no public life, could not associate socially with non family members,
• Greater status than Jewish and Christian– What are two things women were never allowed
to do?