THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE

AGES

1

• 330 Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium, Greek city in the eastern part of the empire

• Renamed city Constantinople• Byzantine emperors were all powerful like

the roman emperors • At first official language of government

was Latin, but was replaced with Greek

BYZANTINE EMPIRE330-1453

2

• Own form of Christianity (separate from the Catholic Church)

• Did not recognize the Pope as the head of their church, they had their own Patriarch

• Decorated their churches with icons – images of Jesus and the saints

EASTERN ORTHODOXY

3

• Justinian (527-565) re-conquered much of the old Roman Empire

• Collected all of the existing Roman laws and organized them into a single code. (Code of Justinian)

• It had all the laws and opinions on each subject

• It also had special laws relating to religion

• Required all persons in the empire belong to the Eastern Orthodox Christian faith

JUSTINIAN

4

• Empire declined further in 11th century• Turks from central Asia defeated Byzantine

army in 1071 and took possession of most of Asia Minor

• Crusaders attacked city in 1204• City-states in Italy began to compete with

Constantinople for Mediterranean trade• Yet Byzantine Empire still controlled the

Balkan Peninsula and survived another 400 years

SELJUK TURKS

5

• Eventually unraveled from continuous attacks on all sides

• By 1440s, empire reduced to small area just around city of Constantinople itself

• In 1453, Constantinople finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks

END OF BYZANTINE

EMPIRE

6

• Preserved Ancient Cultures• New form of Christianity • Code of Justinian • The Arts

BYZANTINE LEGACY

7

•Established largest of new Germanic kingdoms in what is now France.•Clovis king of the Franks •Charles Martel, powerful nobleman, helped unite the Franks.•732: Battle of Tours, Martel stopped advance of Muslims into France.

RISE OF THE FRANKS

8

•In 751 Charles’ son Pepin III seized power and became King of the Franks•Had support of the Pope•Took control of Northern Italy•Frankish kings created a powerful army by granting lands to nobles in exchange for service in army with king’s knights

PEPIN III

9

•Frankish King 768-814•Worked to build a new Rome •Spent much of his life at war•United much of western Europe for the first time in 400 years•A devout Christian he helped spread the church’s teachings•He tried to recreate the glory of the Roman Empire.

CHARLEMAGNE’S EMPIRE

10

POPE LEO III CROWNED

CHARLEMAGNE “HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR”

11

• Divided into regions

• Each governed on the emperor’s behalf by an official known as a count.

• Appointed officials helped him run his empire they were called the “lord’s messengers.”

• Gave them a great deal of authority to make decisions in his name

• Established new capital at Aachen which he turned into a center of learning

CHARLEMAGNE’S EMPIRE

12

• Education had declined• Created schools for his own children and

young nobles • Created a Curriculum for all schools • Brought scholars together to produce a

readable Bible.

CHARLEMAGNE’S EMPIREEDUCATION AND LEARNING

13

• The great empire Charlemagne built didn’t survive his death in 814.

• Charlemagne’s son Louis the Pious next king. • Charlemagne’s grandsons; Lothair, Charles

the Bald, and Louis the German drew the Treaty of Verdun which divided the empire amongst themselves.

DECLINE OF THE FRANKISH EMPIRE

14

•The most feared invaders of Western Europe were the Vikings from Scandinavia in the north. •While spreading fear and destruction, they also created new trade routes•The Vikings were ruled by kings and nobles •Government surprisingly democratic for their time•Created new settlements in Northern England, Normandy in France and on island of Sicily even Iceland and Greenland and North America

DECLINE OF THE FRANKISH EMPIRE

15

16

• Feudalism: A political system of local government based on the granting of land in return for loyalty, military assistance, and other services.

• Important Characteristics:

• Loyalty

• Hierarchies of power

• Service

• Protection

FEUDALISM

17

King: Grants land to nobles Lord(Noble): A person who

grants land Vassal(Knight): The person who received the Fief(land)Fief: the actual grant of land

IMPORTANT KEY TERMS OF

FEUDALISM

18

19

• Highest position • Controlled large amounts of land • Provided Fiefs (land) to nobles in

exchange for loyalty and service.

KING AND ROYALTY

20

• Received Fief (land) in exchange for service to the king.

• Controlled large amounts of land• Lived on a Manor

• A large farming estate included house, land, and villages.

• Serfs and peasants worked the land

• Provided food, services, and clothing for the Nobles

LORDS (NOBLES)

21

22

• Served the Lord and the Manor• Lived in monasteries or churches on the

Manor• Focused on serving the church• Received support from the Lord’s Manor

• Lords, Knights, and serfs provided needs

CHURCH OFFICIALS

23

• Received land from the Lord in exchange for fighting

• To become a Knight you had to be part of the noble class

• Began training at age 7 and they began as a “page” or an assistant (learn manners and how to use weapons)

• Lived by the Code of Chivalry

Chivalry:

Be Brave in battle

Fight fairly

Keep promises

Defend Church

Treat women well

KNIGHTS

24

• Served the Lord and the Manor• Lived in villages on the Manor• Lords allowed them to live on the

land in exchange for food and services • Gave most of the crops to the Lord• Serfs couldn’t leave without the

consent of the Lord

PEASANTS AND SERFS

25

• Manorial System: An economic system during the middle ages that revolved around self sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

• The manor included the village and the land around it.

• Each group in society had their own job and responsibility to fulfill

• Every noble had at least one manor, some powerful/wealthy ones had many

MANORIAL SYSTEM

26

• The church filled the need for leadership by performing many of the functions that modern governments provide today.

• The Church was one of Europe’s leading landowners and many of its leaders were powerful feudal lords.

THE CHURCH

27

• Each rank within the clergy had different responsibilities and powers.

• Parish priest held the lowest rank in the church

• Responsible for their religious instruction and for the moral and spiritual life of the community.

• Could administer 5 of the 7 sacraments

THE CHURCH

28

• The Bishop managed a group of parishes called a diocese.

• Bishops performed the sacraments of confirmation and the taking of the holy orders.

• Appointed parish priests • Managed church property

THE CHURCH

29

• Archdiocese were managed by the archbishops.

• Had all the powers of a bishop and had authority over the bishops of the archdiocese.

THE CHURCH

30

• Cardinals: Princes of the church• Advised the pope on legal and

spiritual matters• Only cardinals elect the pope • Pope had supreme authority in the

church.

THE CHURCH

31

POPE BENEDICT XVI

32

• Monks and Nuns believed they had to withdraw from the world and its temptations to live a Christian life.

• They chose to serve God through fasting and prayer.

• Saint Benedict: Drew up a set of rules for the Monks and Nuns to live by

MONASTIC LIFESTYLES

33

• 3 Vows:

• Obedience to the Abbot or Abbess

• Poverty

• Chastity or Purity• Each day was broken up into periods for

worship, work, and study.• Hildegard of Bingen

MONASTIC LIFESTYLES

34

35

•Canon Law: the church had its own code of law.•They also had their own court system•Interdict: an order excluding the entire town, region, or kingdom from receiving most sacraments or Christian burial. •Heretics: People who preached beliefs not approved by the church.

POLITICAL ROLE OF THE CHURCH

36

• The practice of lay investiture: A noble or king appointing a friend or relative to be a bishop or abbot.

• People began to buy high positions in the church (Simony). People usually expected to gain wealth through the position.

• Inquisition: The search for Heretics

PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH

37

• Wrote “The City of God”

• Asked why God let barbarians destroyed Rome

• Only “City of God” in Heaven is eternal

• One must put faith in God, who will reward in the afterlife

ST. AUGUSTINE

38

• Famous book Summa Theologica: Summary of Christian beliefs

• Aquinas showed how works of Aristotle were compatible with Christian teachings

• God gave man power of reason to help explain and interpret world

• Believed in existence of “natural law”: laws based on reason

• Use understanding of natural law to evaluate laws of government

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS

39

• “Holy War” against Muslims• 11th Century Seljuk Turks took control of “Holy

Lands” and drove out the Christians. • Pope Urban II called on all Christians in Europe

to unite and fight a holy Crusade – war to recapture Holy Land from Muslims

• The Church promised salvation to all who participated

• Several Crusades fought over the next two centuries

CRUSADES

40

• New ideas and products• Increased trade• Growth of Intolerance

EFFECTS OF CRUSADES

41

• Trade was revived• Increased interest in luxury goods from East• New merchant class was created • Merchants and craftsmen organized into

powerful associations known as guilds• New inventions – better watermills, windmills

and mechanical clock improved life• Founding of first universities in Bologna and

Paris• 1st Gothic church built in France in 1231

LATER MIDDLE AGES

42

43

• During Middle Ages England developed traditions of liberty and limited self-government unique in Europe

• King John demanded that nobles pay more taxes to support his wars in France

• A group of high nobles joined together against the king and his demands.

• Forced John to accept a document known as the Magna Carta.

KING JOHN

44

•“Great Charter”

•Protected the liberties of the nobles

•Provided a limited outline of rights for England’s ordinary people

•Could not collect any new taxes without the consent of the Great Council

•Promised not to take property without paying for it

MAGNA CARTA

45

•Promised not to sell, refuse, or delay justice•Any accused person be judged by his peers•The king like all his subjects had to obey the law or face revolt and overthrow. •Magna Carta made the law the supreme power in England.

MAGNA CARTA

46

Black Plague

1347-1351 in Europe & Mediterranean World.

Black rats on ships carried the disease. Spread Quickly in crowded cities. An estimated 35 million people died.

47

Black Plague

Brought terror and bewilderment because there was no way to stop the disease.

Some people believed it was God’s punishment.

Christian's blamed Jews for the plague.

48

Black Plague

Economy plunged to a new low. Inflation occurred Sparked revolts in England, France, and

Germany. Europe would not fully recover for

nearly 100 years.

49

Symptoms of Black Plague

Develops fever and pains Feels tired and weak, but finds it difficult to sleep. Body temperature increases. Feels giddy, appears dazed –and begins to talk

wildly. Swollen glands appear in groin, armpit or neck Bleeding under the skin causes blue, black or

purple blotches. Red rash with small red spots appears on glands

50

Symptoms of Black Plague

Person with the plague may die within 4 to 7 days of first showing symptoms.

The plague killed 50%-75% of its victims.

Bulbous (swollen gland)

51

Ring Around the Rosy

Ring around the rosy: rosary beads give you God's help.

A pocket full of posies: used to stop the odor of rotting bodies which was at one point thought to cause the plague, it was also used widely by doctors to protect them from the infected plague patients.

Ashes, ashes: the church burned the dead when burying them became to laborious.

We all fall down: dead.

52