the road to the civil war
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The Road to the Civil War. Slavery Issues in pre-war America. Colonial period Declaration of Independence Northwest Ordinance Constitution. Slavery – racial and personal dimensions. 10 - 15 million Africans shipped to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Road to the Civil War
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Slavery Issues in pre-war America
• Colonial period
• Declaration of Independence
• Northwest Ordinance
• Constitution
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Slavery – racial and personal dimensions
• 10 - 15 million Africans shipped to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries.
• Of these, approx 645,000 brought to what is now the United States.
• The slave population in the United States had grown to four million by the 1860 Census
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Slavery – personal dimension• African slave
markets• Second Middle
Passage• on-board slave
insurrections– Amistad (1839)
• slave pens• plantation life• religion• family
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Slavery – social and economic dimensions
• The significance of the cotton gin• Total number of slaves in 1860 –
approx 4 million• Total number of slaves in the
Lower South: 2,312,352 (47% of total population).
• Total number of slaves in the Upper South: 1,208758 (29% of total population).
• Total number of slaves in the Border States: 432,586 (13% of total population).
• Almost one-third of all Southern families owned slaves. In Mississippi and South Carolina it approached one half.
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Slavery – social and economic dimensions
• The total number of slave owners was 385,00088% of slave owners held fewer than twenty, and nearly 50% held fewer than five.
• On a typical plantation (more than 20 slaves) the capital value of the slaves was greater than the capital value of the land and implements.
• Slavery was profitable, although a large part of the profit was in the increased value of the slaves themselves. With only 30% of the nation's (free) population, the South had 60% of the "wealthiest men." The 1860 per capita income in the South was $3,978; in the North it was $2,040.
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Slavery – a political issue
• economic and political differences between North and South
• balance of political power in Congress• Sectional conflict and the Civil War – not about
'slavery', but about the 'spreading of slavery'• the ethical dimension of the conflict neglected by
political powers prior to the war, although raised by abolitionist movements
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Keeping a fragile balance of power
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Territorial expansion and slavery issues
• Louisiana Purchase• Florida Cession• Missouri Compromise• Maxican-American War and the Annexation of
Texas• Wilmot Proviso• California• Territory of Oregon• California Compromise (The Compromise of
1850)
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Lousiana Purchase (1803)
• Thomas Jefferson and his presidency
• Jeffersonian democracy
• Lousiana Purchase (1803)
• Lewis and Clark Expedtion (1804 - 1806)
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Missouri Compromise (1820)
• regulation of slavery in westward territories• Missouri applies for statehood• Missouri Compromise
– Missouri admitted as a slave state– Maine created as a free state– slavery prohibited in the territories of the
Louisiana Purchase north to parallel 36°30' north (except for the territories already within the bounderies of Missouri)
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Texas Annexation, Mexican – American War
• American Settlers in Texas• Republic of Texas (hence – The
Lone Star State) (1836)• Texas Annexation (1845)• Mexican – American War (1846 –
1848)• California campaign• Republic of California (1846) and
annexation of California• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)• Mexican Cession
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Mexican Cession
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Wilmot Proviso (1846)
• proposed slavery be benned in territories of the Mexican Cession and any other territories to be aqcuired from Mexico in the future
• failed in Congress• fired up the sectional
conflict between free states and slave states
• led to the Compromise of 1850
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Compromise of 1850 (California Compromise)
• Texas divided (New Mexico, Utah), but receives federal help
• New Mexico Teriitory and Utah can decide slave issues according to popular sovereignty rules
• California admitted as a free state
• new fugitive slave law– Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
• Slave trade banned in Washington D.C (Alexandria County returned to Virginia)
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Kansas – Nebraska Act (1854)
• The principle of popular sovereignty• Sponsor: Sen. Stephen Douglas• Main provision
– organization of Kansas and Nebraska into territories
• Results:– It nullified the Missouri Compromise– Nebraska: a free state– Kansas was north of the Missouri Compromise line, which
means it also should be free– Kansas became the focus of anti-slavery and pro-slavery
activists– chaos in Kansas – two legislatures, several constitutions
(Topeka Constitution , Lecompton Constitution, Wyandotte Constitution)
– Emergence of the Republican Party– Eventually, Kansas admited as a free state in 1861, months
before the beginning of the Civil War
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Growing regional tension
• Bleeding Kansas (1855 – 1856)– John Brown, Pottawatomie
Massacre
• Preston Brooks attacks Charles Sumner (1856)
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The Dred Scott Decision (1857)• Dred Scott
– born a slave in Virginia, sold to an army major John Emerson
– travelled often with his owner, often to free states, including Illinois, and teriitories of Wisconsin, steyed for long periods of time in free states, eg. Wisconsin
– after Emerson's death attemted to buy his freedom from Emerson's widow, and sued for hsi freedom after she refused
– a series of trials followed, some he won, some he lost• Dred Scott v. Sanford - majority decision of the court
– people of African descent, slaves or free, cannot be citizens of the U.S.A. and hence are not protected by the constitution, and cannot sue in courts
– Dredd Scott remains a property– property protected by the Fifth Amendment– slavery cannot be banned by territorial gevernments and by
the federal government– hence the Missouri Compromise – unconstitutional
• Dissenting opinion by Justice McLean – "more a matter of taste than the law"
• Reactions to the decision– panic of 1857– shock in the North– further divison of sentiments
• divisions within the Democratic Party• emergence of the Republican Party
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Abolitionist movements
• Immediate abolition vs. gradual abolition
• William Lloyd Garrison• Harriet Beecher Stowe,
Uncle Tom's Cabin• Underground Railroad• John Brown
– Pottawatomie Massacre, 1856
– Raid on Harper's Ferry, 1859
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The rise of the Republican Party
• Democratic Party
• Republican Party
• Stephen Douglas vs. Abraham Lincoln
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Election of 1860 and secession
• Abraham Lincoln• rose to national prominence after the debates
against Stephen Douglas in his homestate of Illinois
• considered a radical anti-slaver in the South• Southerners declare secession should Lincoln
become the President• Lincoln wins the election• Secession, 1861
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Confedarate States of America– 1. South Carolina– 2. Mississippi– 3. Florida– 4. Alabama– 5. Georgia– 6. Louisiana– 7. Texas
• four more states declared their secession after the atttack on Fort Sumter (April 1861)
– 8. Virginia– 9. Arkansas– 10. Tennessee – 11. North Carolina
• Slave states that did not leave the Union (border states)– Delaware– Kentucky– Maryland– Missouri– West Virginia,
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Confederate states and border states
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Civil War begins, 1861