The Versailles TreatyThe Versailles TreatyThe Versailles TreatyThe Versailles TreatyGermany

•Blamed for war

•Lost colonies

•New countries formed out theirs

•Paid (war debts) reparations

Germany•Blamed for war

•Lost colonies

•New countries formed out theirs

•Paid (war debts) reparations

A Weak League of NationsA Weak League of NationsA Weak League of NationsA Weak League of Nations

The Ineffectiveness of the The Ineffectiveness of the League of NationsLeague of Nations

The Ineffectiveness of the The Ineffectiveness of the League of NationsLeague of Nations

No control of major No control of major conflicts.conflicts. No progress in No progress in disarmament.disarmament. No effective military No effective military force.force.

Afghanistan—1934 Luxembourg--1920Albania—1920 (taken over by Italy Mexico--1930in 1939) NetherlandsArgentina New ZealandAustralia Nicaragua (withdrew, 1936)Austria (taken over by Germany NorwayIn 1938) PanamaBelgium Paraguay (withdrew, 1936)Bolivia PersiaBrazil (withdrew, 1926) Peru (withdrew,1939)Bulgaria---1920 PolandCanada PortugalChile (withdrew, 1938) Romania (withdrew, 1940)China (invaded by Japan, 1937) SiamColombia Spain (withdrew, 1939)Costa Rica—1920, withdrew, 1925 SwedenCuba SwitzerlandCzechoslovakia Turkey--1932Denmark Union of South AfricaDominican Republic—1924 USSR—1934, expelled, 1939Ecuador—1934 United KingdomEgypt—1937 UruguayEl Salvador (withdrew, 1937) Venezuela (withdrew, 1938)Estonia—1921 YugoslaviaEthiopia—1923 (taken over by Italy in 1936)Finland—1920France

Germany--1926, withdrew, 1933GreeceGuatemala (withdrew, 1936)Haiti (withdrew, 1942)Honduras, (withdrew, 1936)Hungary—1922, withdrew, 1939IndiaIraq—1932Ireland—1923Italy (withdrew, 1937)Japan (withdrew, 1933)Latvia—1921LiberiaLithuania—1921

league

International International AgreementsAgreementsInternational International AgreementsAgreements Several attempts by U.S. to Several attempts by U.S. to

get countries to agree to get countries to agree to disarmingdisarming Washington Disarmament Washington Disarmament

ConferenceConference Geneva Convention Geneva Convention Treaties with JapanTreaties with Japan

Kellog-Briand PactKellog-Briand Pact – 1928 – 1928 Makes war illegal as a tool of Makes war illegal as a tool of

diplomacy diplomacyo No enforcement provisionsNo enforcement provisions

Japan Invades Japan Invades Manchuria 1931Manchuria 1931Japan Invades Japan Invades

Manchuria 1931Manchuria 1931

•1931 into Manchuria•1937 into China and

starts WWII in Asia

•1937, U.S. refuses trade

with Japan until they

withdraw from China…..

•1940 invades Indochina•US froze Japanese

assets, refused to trade oil,

gasoline and steel.

•1931 into Manchuria•1937 into China and

starts WWII in Asia

•1937, U.S. refuses trade

with Japan until they

withdraw from China…..

•1940 invades Indochina•US froze Japanese

assets, refused to trade oil,

gasoline and steel.

1. Rise of Totalitarian Dictatorships

2. Fascist Aggression 1931 to 1941• US Neutrality Acts• Weak League of Nations• Japanese Expansion begins WWII in Asia

• 1937, invasion of China • German Expansion into Europe

• Munich Conference, Sept. 1938• Hitler demands Sudetenland or war• “Appeasement”

– French and British gave into Hitler

Problems in Europe After Problems in Europe After WWIWWI

Problems in Europe After Problems in Europe After WWIWWIGreat Depression

•Economic = people were jobless

•Political = weak governments could not solve problems in their countries………..Fear of Jews and Communists

•Social = times of unrest people look for a leader.

•Power of government rests in one man.

•TOTAL POWER

•No freedoms in this society…..

•Usually racist and discriminatory towards certain groups……

•Often have large militaries and must expand and conquer to gain

approval from their people.dictators

Totalitarian dictators came to power during the 1920s and 1930s in Europe.

Totalitarian dictatorsTotalitarian dictators have total power….There are no freedoms in this type of society…..Usually racist and discriminatory towards certain

groups……Often have large militaries and must expand and conquer to gain approval from their people. COMMUNISM, FASCISM AND NAZISM ARE COMMUNISM, FASCISM AND NAZISM ARE

TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIPS!TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIPS!

Adolph Hitler

Benito Mussolini

Joseph Stalin

dictators

NAZISM AND FASCISMNAZISM AND FASCISM:: a philosophy or system of government that advocates or exercises a dictatorship, state control of industry, racial superiority, supremacy of

the leader, limits civil rights, together with an ideology of belligerent nationalism,

militarism and expansion…..

•opposite of democracy and capitalism

NAZISMNAZISM:: STANDS FOR NATIONAL SOCIALISTIC PARTY……A TOTALITARIAN

DICTATORSHIP----GERMANY.

FACISMFACISM:: BASED ON A SYMBOL OF AUTHORITY IN THE OLD ROMAN EMPIRE…A

TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIP----ITALYnazism

•Joseph Stalin

•1921/Soviet Union CommunismCommunism

Spread Communism throughout the world

dictators

•Stalin maneuvered himself into becoming the leader of the Soviet Union.

•The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution was led by the people to overthrow a monarch but when the new ruling class took

over, there were no protections of people’s rights…… “NO BILL OF RIGHTS”NO BILL OF RIGHTS”

•Communism and fascismCommunism and fascism are similar in their ideologies

Stalin’s Soviet UnionStalin’s Economic Plans

• Stalin’s state takeover of farmland resulted in a dramatic fall in agricultural production as well as mass starvation.

• Stalin poured money and labor into industrialization rather than basic necessities such as housing and clothing.

• Due to Stalin’s policies, the Soviet Union soon became a modern industrial power, although one with a low standard of living.

Stalin’s Reign of Terror• To eliminate opposition, Stalin

began a series of purgespurges, the removal of enemies and undesirable individuals from positions of power.

• Stalin’s purges extended to all levels of society. Millions were either executed or sent to forced labor camps.

• Nearly all of those purged by Stalin were innocent. However, these purges successfully eliminated all threats to Stalin’s power.

dictators

Benito Mussolini

1922/Italy---FacismFacism

Believe, Obey and Fight

Revive the Roman Empire

FACISM:FACISM: BASED ON A SYMBOL OF AUTHORITY IN THE BASED ON A SYMBOL OF AUTHORITY IN THE OLD ROMAN EMPIREOLD ROMAN EMPIRE…………”a philosophy or system

of government that advocates or exercises a dictatorship, state control of industry, racial

superiority, supremacy of the leader, limits civil rights, together with an ideology of belligerent

nationalism, militarism and expansion…..”

Fascism in ItalyFascism in ItalyFascism in ItalyFascism in Italy• Benito Mussolini gained power in Italy both by

advocating the popular idea of Italian conquest in East Africa and by terrorizing those who opposed him.

• Once appointed prime minister by the king, Mussolini, calling himself Il DuceIl Duce, suspended elections, outlawed other political parties, and established a dictatorship.

• Mussolini’s rule improved the ailing Italian economy. Under Mussolini, the Italian army successfully

conquered the African nation of Ethiopia in May 1936.

The Rise of Adolph HilerThe Rise of Adolph HilerThe Rise of Adolph HilerThe Rise of Adolph Hiler

Born in AustriaBorn in AustriaFought in WWI and was bitter Fought in WWI and was bitter towards the Treaty of Versaillestowards the Treaty of Versailles

Discovers a small political party known as The Discovers a small political party known as The National Socialist German Workers Party National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI)(NAZI)Begins to work himself into the leadership positions Begins to work himself into the leadership positions of the Nazi partyof the Nazi partyNovember 1923- The "Beer Hall Putsch“, Hitler and the November 1923- The "Beer Hall Putsch“, Hitler and the Nazis try to overthrow the local government of Munich, Nazis try to overthrow the local government of Munich, Germany.Germany.

Discovers a small political party known as The Discovers a small political party known as The National Socialist German Workers Party National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI)(NAZI)Begins to work himself into the leadership positions Begins to work himself into the leadership positions of the Nazi partyof the Nazi partyNovember 1923- The "Beer Hall Putsch“, Hitler and the November 1923- The "Beer Hall Putsch“, Hitler and the Nazis try to overthrow the local government of Munich, Nazis try to overthrow the local government of Munich, Germany.Germany.

After the war his job in the army was After the war his job in the army was to keep tabs on different political to keep tabs on different political parties.parties.Hitler already shows anti-Semitic Hitler already shows anti-Semitic views.views.

After the war his job in the army was After the war his job in the army was to keep tabs on different political to keep tabs on different political parties.parties.Hitler already shows anti-Semitic Hitler already shows anti-Semitic views.views.

The Rise of Adolph HilerThe Rise of Adolph HilerThe Rise of Adolph HilerThe Rise of Adolph Hiler

It fails and Hitler is arrested. He is convicted 1924 and serves 9 months out of a 5-

year sentence.Hitler writes his book Mein Kampf or “My Struggle”After his release from prison he continued to work

with the Nazi party to take over Germany.

It fails and Hitler is arrested. He is convicted 1924 and serves 9 months out of a 5-

year sentence.Hitler writes his book Mein Kampf or “My Struggle”After his release from prison he continued to work

with the Nazi party to take over Germany.

The Rise of Adolph HitlerThe Rise of Adolph HitlerThe Rise of Adolph HitlerThe Rise of Adolph Hitler

•In 1923 Adolf Hitler was arrested for attempting to overthrow the government in Munich.

•His National Socialist German Workers' PartyNational Socialist German Workers' Party (the (the Nazi Nazi partyparty)) was still relatively small, and he used his trial to

attract national attention.

•In due course he was convicted and sentenced to prison; while there he wrote Mein KampfMein Kampf ( (My StruggleMy Struggle),), outlining

his political ideas.

•Mein KampfMein Kampf was not taken seriously at first, but eventually becomes popular and includes many of the

ideas the Nazis put in practice in the 1930s and 1940s. mein kampf

antisemitism

•If, with the help of his Marxist creed, the Jew is victorious over the other peoples of the world, his crown will be the funeral wreath of humanity and this planet will, as it did thousands of years ago,

move through the ether devoid of men.

•The end is not only the end of the freedom of the peoples oppressed by the Jew, but also the end of this parasite upon the nations. After the death of his victim, the vampire sooner or later

dies too.

dictators

Adolph Hitler, appointed

chancellor of Germany in 1933Appoints himself

dictator after Reichstag (German law-making body)

is burnt to the ground.Create a new empire, ““Third ReichThird Reich””

•Revenge towards the Treaty of Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

Rearm GermanyTake back land lost from WWI

THIRD REICHTHIRD REICH

HITLER WANTED GERMANY TO BECOME

THE THIRD WORLD EMPIRE AND UNITE ALL

GERMAN SPEAKING NATIONS THAT WOULD

RULE THE WORLD FOR A 1,000 YEARS.

reich

Form:Form: A cross with four equal arms, each bent at a right angle.

Word:Word: From the Sanskrit word svastikasvastika,, “creating well-being.”

History:History: An ancient Aryan symbol of the sun

Form:Form: A cross with four equal arms, each bent at a right angle.

Word:Word: From the Sanskrit word svastikasvastika,, “creating well-being.”

History:History: An ancient Aryan symbol of the sunImportance:Importance: Hitler adopted the Hitler adopted the swastikaswastika as as

its symbol with the aim of making a connection its symbol with the aim of making a connection between the ancient Aryans and the modern between the ancient Aryans and the modern German people. In making this connection, German people. In making this connection, the Nazis tried to support their claim that the the Nazis tried to support their claim that the

modern German people were a “modern German people were a “master racemaster race.”.”

Importance:Importance: Hitler adopted the Hitler adopted the swastikaswastika as as its symbol with the aim of making a connection its symbol with the aim of making a connection

between the ancient Aryans and the modern between the ancient Aryans and the modern German people. In making this connection, German people. In making this connection, the Nazis tried to support their claim that the the Nazis tried to support their claim that the

modern German people were a “modern German people were a “master racemaster race.”.”

dictators

•The Nazis used a

political police•the Gestapothe Gestapo •the SS corpsthe SS corps

•Propaganda to gain total power.

•Anti-Nazi leaders were arrested.

•Violated the privacyViolated the privacy of postal and telephonic communications.

•Nazis did not need search warrants search warrants for house searches or for confiscating or restricting private

property.

FREEDOMS LOSTFREEDOMS LOST

FREEDOMS LOST

•FREEDOM OF SPEECHFREEDOM OF SPEECHNAZI’S CENSORED

WHAT YOU COULD

READ.

•DUE PROCESSDUE PROCESSCOULD BE ARRESTED WITHOUT PROBABLE

CAUSE

•NO TRIAL BY JURYNO TRIAL BY JURYNAZI’S PRACTICED

RACISMRACISM AND PERSECUTIONPERSECUTION

TOWARDS THE JEWS.

•THEY WERE STRIPPED OF THEIR CIVIL CIVIL

RIGHTSRIGHTS...

•NO LONGER CITIZENS

nuremberg

• Hitler blames Jews and Communists for problems of Germany

•Loss of WWILoss of WWI•German Economic DepressionGerman Economic Depression

• Jews identified as a “racerace” –not a religion•Anti-Semitism•A New Education BeginsA New Education Begins

• Save purity of German race.•Aryan Virtues----Nuremberg Laws

A Common EnemyA Common Enemy

ANTI-SEMITISMANTI-SEMITISM•ANTI-JEWISH….THE

HATRED OF JEWS, THEIR CULTURE AND RELIGION.

•IT IS THE PRACTICE OF RACISM THAT LEADS TO

ALL FORMS OF HOSTILITY DIRECTED TOWARDS THE

JEWS.antisemitism

ANTI-SEMITISMANTI-SEMITISM•Jews were defined by German

policy as alien, evil, and not capable of being corrected.

•Jews were historically the virus which ate at the purity of the

Christian Aryans.

•They were the international conspirators whose aim was to overthrow Christian Western

civilization.

antisemitism

•German German Propaganda Propaganda

against the Jews.against the Jews.

•""The JewThe Jew: The : The inciter of war, the inciter of war, the

pro-longer of war." pro-longer of war."

•German German Propaganda Propaganda

against the Jews.against the Jews.

•""The JewThe Jew: The : The inciter of war, the inciter of war, the

pro-longer of war." pro-longer of war."

German children were taught in school that Jews were inferior.

German children were taught in school that Jews were inferior.

•Nazi Government Policy of Anti-Anti-SemitismSemitism

•Purity of German bloodPurity of German blood was essential to the existence of the

German people and nation.•Nuremberg LawsNuremberg Laws passed in 1935

provided legal basis.•Millions of Jews died in German

concentration camps.

1. Marriages between Jews and citizens of German blood are forbidden.

2. Sexual relations outside marriage between Jews and German blood are

forbidden.

3. Jews will not be permitted to employ female citizens of German blood as

servants.

4. Jews are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors.

nuremberg

5. Jewish children and German were segregated.

6. The right to citizenship is acquired by the granting of Reich citizenship papers.

7. Only the citizen of the Reich enjoys full political rights in accordance of the laws.

8. A citizen of the Reich is of German blood and who shows that he is both desirous and fit to serve the German people and

Reich faithfully.

nuremberg

THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS

•NOV. 1938, OFFICIAL GERMAN POLICY OF

PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN GERMANY!

•1938 WAS THE TIME IN GERMANY WHEN TO BE A

JEW IN GERMANY BECOMES DANGEROUS!

kristalnacht

The first organized night of Nazi violence against German Jews

Nov. 8 - 9, 1938Thousands arrested, including college

professors, writers, doctors, etc.Jewish businesses, stores, homes and synagogues burned all through Germany

and other German Occupied countriesNazi violence against German Jews led to

thousands hurt and many deaths…..

Violence Escalates With Systematic Invasions

The Night of Broken GlassThe Night of Broken Glass

dictators

Took the form of a god

Japan’s Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny was to expand into China

and the rest of Asia.

Empire of the Sun

Emperor HorhitoEmperor Horhito

dictators

1931/Japan, expansionist and military leader

•Would threaten our island possessions

and U.S. trade policy into China, Open Open

Door Policy.Door Policy.

Hideki TojoHideki Tojo

Growing Military PowerDemocracy in Crisis• After World War I, Japan had

established a parliamentary government and granted many citizens the right to vote.

• When economic conditions worsened during the 1930s, many Japanese became dissatisfied with multiparty democratic government.

Rise of Nationalism• Several radical groups formed in

response to the government’s perceived weaknesses.

• Radicals demanded an end to Western-style institutions and a return to traditional ways.

• These radicals assassinated several business and political leaders, hoping to force the military to take over the government.

Chapter 17, Section 3

The Manchurian Incident• By 1930, Japan lacked the land and raw materials to care

for its growing population. Many Japanese saw the acquisition of neighboring Manchuria as a solution to these

problems.

• In September 1931, a Japanese army stationed in Manchuria captured several cities. By February 1932, the

army had seized all of Manchuria. This seizure came to be known as the Manchurian Incident.

• Japan set up Manchuria as a puppet state, or a supposedly independent country under the control of a powerful

neighbor.

• After the Manchurian Incident, the military took a much stronger hand in governing Japan, especially in the area of

foreign policy.

•BETWEEN 1931 TO 1941, JAPAN CONTROLLED MOST OF ASIA AND WAS THREATENING U.S. ISLANDSU.S. ISLANDS AND OUR

OPEN DOOROPEN DOOR TRADE POLICY.

•FROM 1935 TO 1939, HITLER REMARMED GERMANY IN VIOLATION

OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLESTREATY OF VERSAILLES.

•GERMANY/ITALY GERMANY/ITALY CONQUEREDCONQUERED ALL THE DEMOCRACIESDEMOCRACIES IN EUROPE.

•US POLICYUS POLICY WAS STRICT NEUTRALITYNEUTRALITY BUT ULTIMATELY WOULD BE DRAWN

INTO WWII.democracies

•1931 into Manchuria•1937 into China and

starts WWII in Asia

•1937, U.S. refuses trade

with Japan until they

withdraw from China…..

•1940 invades Indochina•US froze Japanese

assets, refused to trade oil,

gasoline and steel.

•1931 into Manchuria•1937 into China and

starts WWII in Asia

•1937, U.S. refuses trade

with Japan until they

withdraw from China…..

•1940 invades Indochina•US froze Japanese

assets, refused to trade oil,

gasoline and steel.

map/japan

GERMAN EXPANSION

•1935 to 1939, unopposed by the

League of Nations.

•Rhineland1936

•Austria1938

GERMAN EXPANSION

•1935 to 1939, unopposed by the

League of Nations.

•Rhineland1936

•Austria1938

Sudetenland•Part of Germany

before WWI.

•Treaty of Versailles created

Czechoslovakia

•7,450,000 Czechs

•3,200,000 Germans

•2,300,000 Slovaks

•720,000 Magyars

•560,000 Ruthenes

•100,000 Poles

Sudetenland•Part of Germany

before WWI.

•Treaty of Versailles created

Czechoslovakia

•7,450,000 Czechs

•3,200,000 Germans

•2,300,000 Slovaks

•720,000 Magyars

•560,000 Ruthenes

•100,000 Poles

Munich Conference

Munich Conference

•Leaders met in Munich to decide the fate of Czechoslovakia..

•Hitler believed Sudetenland should be part of Germany.

•Adolf Hitler--GermanyNeville Chamberlain—England

Premier Edouard Deladier---France Benito Mussolini--Italy

•Hitler promised the world if he received the Sudetenland, there would be no war.

•German demands for the Sudetenland are met = “All I want, is a Germany German demands for the Sudetenland are met = “All I want, is a Germany for Germans”for Germans”

•All Chamberlain wanted was peace at any cost. All Chamberlain wanted was peace at any cost. •Chamberlain believed that by sacrificing Czechoslovakia he had satisfied Chamberlain believed that by sacrificing Czechoslovakia he had satisfied

Hitler and he would stop being aggressive; he promised Hitler and he would stop being aggressive; he promised “a peace with “a peace with honor… peace in our time.”honor… peace in our time.”

•Chamberlain gave into Hitler Chamberlain gave into Hitler (appeasement)(appeasement)•Hitler got the Sudetenland.Hitler got the Sudetenland.

•German demands for the Sudetenland are met = “All I want, is a Germany German demands for the Sudetenland are met = “All I want, is a Germany for Germans”for Germans”

•All Chamberlain wanted was peace at any cost. All Chamberlain wanted was peace at any cost. •Chamberlain believed that by sacrificing Czechoslovakia he had satisfied Chamberlain believed that by sacrificing Czechoslovakia he had satisfied

Hitler and he would stop being aggressive; he promised Hitler and he would stop being aggressive; he promised “a peace with “a peace with honor… peace in our time.”honor… peace in our time.”

•Chamberlain gave into Hitler Chamberlain gave into Hitler (appeasement)(appeasement)•Hitler got the Sudetenland.Hitler got the Sudetenland.

Munich Conference

•FDR sent a letter to Hitler asking him to honor the Munich

Conference

•Later in 1939, Hitler would invade and take the rest of Czechoslovakia…….

•The United States learned from the Munich Conference that you

cannot trust the words of a dictator………

Umbrella RoadUmbrella Road

•What is the cartoonist trying

to say here?

•What is meant by, “we might as

well try to appeaseappease him”?

•How does the cartoonist justify

his decision to appease Hitler?

•Notice the American

countries……. What is this symbolic of?

1. 1931---Japan invades Manchuria, WWII begins in Asia

2. 1935---Italy invades Ethiopia

3. 1936---Hitler invades the Rhineland

4. 1937 to 1939---Spanish Civil War

5. 1937---Japan invades China

6. 1938--Hitler takes Sudetenland

• US and League of Nations demands Japan to get out---Stimson Doctrine

• L/N demands Italy to get out—No US sell of weapons

• L/N demands Germany to get out---US Neutrality and refuses to sell arms to Germany

• US Neutrality----Spain becomes a fascist dictatorship

• US neutral but demands Japan to withdraw and refuses to sell iron, steel and gasoline products

• Munich Conference--Great Britain and France give into Hitler, Appeasement

• US Neutral but FDR writes a letter to Hitler & Mussolini asking them to guarantee no more aggression.

CHART

7. 1938, Hitler takes Czechoslovakia

8. Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler invades Poland which begins WWII in Europe

9. 1940---Hitler’s inasion of Norway, Denmark, Holland and Belgium

10. 1940---Hitler takes France

11. 1940---Japan’s invades Indochina

12. 1940---Hitler attacks Great Britian

• Cannot trust “the words of a dictator”

• Britain & France declare war on Germany on Sept. 1, 1939. US neutral, extends Cash and Carry Policy to Allies

• US neutral--freezes German assets--begins military buildup

• US neutral, begins peacetime draft—Selective Service

• US neutral but demands withdrawal and freezes Japanese money, Property and embargo of oil, iron and steel.

• US neutral but extends Lend Lease policy to Great Britain—last Democratic Nation—Battle of Britian US becomes the arsenal of democracy

CHART

13. 1941---Hitler’s invasion of Russia

14. 1941---Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Dec. 7, 1941---Day of Infamy

• US neutral but extends Lend Lease to Russia…...US & Great Britain draw up war goals in the Atlantic Charter

• Neutrality is ended and US declares war on Japan, Germany and Italy declare war on US

Answer the following questions from the chartAnswer the following questions from the chart1. What was the position the US throughout most of the fascist aggression, Why?2. What was the position of the L/N’s? Why were they so powerless to stop this aggression?3. Why is the Munich Conference and appeasement a turning point in preventing war in Europe? Does it work? What “principle” does this set?4. Name the ways the U.S. tried to avoid war and deal with fascist aggression?5. Even though the US was neutral, what are ways we begin to prepare ourselves for war?6. Which of the U.S. responses to fascist aggression marked the turning point in-moving the nation from neutrality to war?7. To what extent was the reversal of neutrality in the best interest of the United States? CHART

Hitler’s Rise to Power: 1919 to 1933

• Hitler’s Background: Adolf Hitler, an Austrian painter, hated the way the Versailles Treaty humiliated Germany and stripped it of its wealth and land.

• The Nazi Party: Hitler joined and soon led the Nazi Party in Germany.

• Nazism, the philosophies and policies of this party, was a form of fascism shaped by Hitler’s fanatical ideas about German nationalism and racial superiority.

• Mein Kampf: While imprisoned for trying to take over the government in November 1923, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”).

• In this book, he proposed that Germany defy the Versailles Treaty by rearming and reclaiming lost land.

• He also blamed minority groups, especially Jews, for Germany’s weaknesses.

• Hitler Becomes Chancellor: Between 1930 and 1934, the Nazi Party gained a majority in the Reichstag, the lower house of the German parliament.

• Hitler became first chancellor and then president of Germany.

• He moved to suppress many German freedoms and gave himself the title Der Führer, or “the leader.”

The Weimar Republic: 1924-1933

The Weimar Republic: 1924-1933

The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory

The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory

Disgruntled German WWI veteransDisgruntled German WWI veterans

The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923

The Beer Hall Putsch IdealizedThe Beer Hall Putsch Idealized

Hitler in Landesberg PrisonHitler in Landesberg Prison

Mein Kampf [My Struggle]Mein Kampf [My Struggle]