THE ROARING TWENTIES1919-1929

A BOOMING ECONOMY5a, 5c, 6a

KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE Henry Ford Mass Production Model T Scientific Management Assembly Line Consumer Revolution Installment Buying Bull Market Buying on a Margin

THE AUTOMOBILE DRIVES PROSPERITY Henry Ford

Used mass production and the assembly line to manufacture the Model T Made them cheaper and more readily available

Hired scientific management experts to further improve efficiency

Impact of the automobile Increase oil, rubber, and steel production More gas stations More highways=people moved to suburbs More advertising More vacation spots

A BUSTLING ECONOMY Consumer revolution

Flood of new, affordable goods available to the public

Advertising Able to sell more products to more consumers

Installment buying Consumers make a small down payment and pay

off the rest in regular monthly payments Increased the amount of debt

Bull Market Period of rising stock prices

Buying on the Margin Buying stocks on credit

CITIES, SUBURBS, AND COUNTRY People flock to the cities

Immigrants and farmers in the cities Skyscrapers change the skyline

More efficient use of the land Suburbs Grow

Mass production and automobiles Urban workers moved to suburbs

Hardships Rich were getting richer and the poor, poorer Industrial wages were not rising, farm incomes

declined

THE BUSINESS OF GOVERNMENT5a, 6a, 6c

KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE Andrew Mellon Herbert Hoover Teapot Dome Scandal Calvin Coolidge Washington Naval Disarmament Kellogg-Briand Pact Dawes Plan

THE HARDING ADMINISTRATION Favored “big business”

Named wealthy banker, Andrew Mellon, as Secretary of the Treasury Favored low taxes and reduced government spending

Harding raised the tariff rate Returned to a “laissez-faire” attitude

Reduced government regulation of business The Ohio Gang

Harding didn’t like to make decisions, so he relied on others to make them for him Close friends that he gambled with Used the government to get rich Very scandalous

THE TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL The worst scandal of Harding’s

administration Involved Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall

Leased government oil reserves intended for the navy to private oil men in return for private loans The loans were actually bribes

Senate investigation Oil reserves returned to the government Fall sentenced to a year in prison Harding was never found to be involved

Soon after, Harding died of a heart attack while still in office

CALVIN COOLIDGE TAKES THE PRESIDENCY Far different personality from the outgoing Harding

Nickname was “Silent Cal” Silent Cal supported big business

“the business of America is business” Continued to follow Mellon’s economic approach

Trouble was brewing Farmers were struggling to keep their land Labor unions demanded higher wages African Americans faced discrimination

Southern Jim Crow Laws To all of these, Silent Cal remained silent

It is not the business of the government to help create an ideal nation

AMERICA’S ROLE IN THE WORLD Seeking an end to wars

Washington Naval Disarmament Conference To reduce arms race and size of navies of major

powers Kellogg-Briand Pact

To “outlaw war as an instrument of national policy” 62 nations ratified But knew that it was actually unenforceable

Collecting War Debts France and Great Britain owed money to the U.S. Germany owed money to France and Great

Britain The Dawes Plan

U.S. loans to Germany to make reparation payments France and Great Britain used the money to repay the

U.S.

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL TRENDS1a, 2a, 4a, 7d

KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE Modernism Fundamentalism Scopes Trial Clarence Darrow Quota System Ku Klux Klan Prohibition Eighteenth Amendment Volstead Act Bootlegger

TRADITIONALISM AND MODERNISM CLASH Shift from Rural to Urban

Urban dwellers: more open to change Modernism: emphasize science and secular values over

traditional ideas Rural dwellers: embraced a more traditional view of

religion, science, and culture Education becomes more important

Rural: Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic Muscle, endurance, and crop knowledge

Urban: formal education; math and language Religious Fundamentalism Grows

Growing number of Christians reaffirmed belief in the basic truths of their religion.

What the Bible says is literally true

SCOPES TRIAL 1925 Fundamentalism vs Modernism Teacher, John Scopes taught

the theory of evolution in a Tennessee classroom It was illegal in Tennessee He was arrested

AKA “the monkey trial” Scopes attorney was

Clarence Darrow Prosecutor was William

Jennings Bryan Found guilty and fined $100 Trial gained national

attention

RESTRICTING IMMIGRATION Nativists Oppose Immigration

WWI, The Russian Revolution, and The Red Scare all increased nativism

Quota Laws Emergency Quota Act of

1921 National Origins Act of 1924

Number of immigrants from a given nationality could not exceed 2% of that nationality living in the United States

No Asians are allowed in

THE NEW KU KLUX KLAN Original Klan formed in the South to terrorize

African Americans The revived KKK

Continued to harass African Americans Targeted Jews, Catholics, and immigrants

Americans Oppose the Klan NAACP and the Anti-Defamation League

PROHIBITION AND CRIME Prohibition: the banning of alcohol use 18th amendment passed

Forbade the manufacture, distribution, and consumption

Volstead Act Enforced the 18th amendment Stated exactly what alcohol was (beer, liqour,

etc) Organized crime

Bootleggers Al Capone Unintentional result of the 18th amendment

A NEW MASS CULTURE3c, 4f, 7a, 7d

KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE Charlie Chaplin The Jazz Singer Babe Ruth Charles Lindbergh Flapper Sigmund Freud “Lost Generation” F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway

NEW TRENDS IN POPULAR CULTURE Americans Enjoy More Leisure Time

Average work week in the city was 70 hours Salaries and wages were on the rise

Americans Go To The Movies Charlie Chaplin: most popular silent film star The Jazz Singer: first movie with sound

The Radio and Phonograph Powerful instruments of mass culture Radios brought distant events in to homes Created a shared culture among Americans from

coas-to-coast

AN AGE OF HEROES Sports Heroes

Babe Ruth: baseball home run hero Charles Lindbergh

Made the first transAtlantic flight Spirit of St. Louis

WOMEN ASSUME NEW ROLES Flappers

Shorter dresses, more makeup, public dancing, drinking, smoking

Assumed she had the same political and social rights as men

Left traditional roles and moved toward modern role

Family Life Marrying later and having fewer children Entered the workforce Inventions made daily chores much easier

Dishwasher, vacuum cleaner

MODERNISM IN LITERATURE “Lost Generation”: American writers of the

1920s F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms

THE HARLEM RESAISSANCE3c, 4a, 4b, 7a

KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE Marcus Garvey Jazz Louis Armstrong Bessie Smith Harlem Renaissance Claude McKay Langston Hughes Zora Neale Hurston

AFRICAN AMERICANS FACE CHANCES AND CHALLENGES Most that migrated North did find a better life

Still did not escape racism and discrimination Post WWI brought about an increase in the

demand for a solution to racial problem Garvey Calls for Racial Pride

Marcus Garvey Believed that African Americans would never escape

discrimination in the United States Promoted “Back to Africa” movement

Advocated the separation of the races Movement fell apart in the second part of the decade

THE JAZZ AGE African Americans developed jazz

A musical form based on improvisation Emerged in the south, particularly New Orleans Louis Armstrong: trumpet Bessie Smith: “Empress of the Blues”

Jazz helped to bridge the races Spread with the help of the Great Migration

HARLEM RENAISSANCE African American novelist, artists and poets

celebrated their culture Helped give a new vocabulary and dynamic to

race relations “The New Negro”

African Americans would no longer endure old ways of exploitation and discrimination

Writers Claude McKay Langston Hughes: Poet

Most powerful literary voice of the time Zora Neale Hurston

Their Eyes Were Watching God

LASTING IMPACT Gave a voice to African American culture Altered the way whites viewed their culture Ended with the national financial collapse

Sense of identity and solidarity became the bedrock for the later Civil Rights Movement