The Roaring TwentiesThe Roaring Twenties

1920’s1920’s

Decade of prosperity, fun and wild Decade of prosperity, fun and wild livingliving

Era of the “Jazz Age”Era of the “Jazz Age”• New fashionNew fashion• New musicNew music• New ArtNew Art• New FadsNew Fads

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJSdk44gWIE&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ceUJy04rfAw

Fashion: 1920’s FlapperFashion: 1920’s Flapper a "new breed" of young a "new breed" of young women Short skirts, Short skirts, bobbed their hair their hair Disliked “acceptable behavior”Disliked “acceptable behavior” Engaged in drinking & smokingEngaged in drinking & smoking Treated sex in a casual mannerTreated sex in a casual manner Questioned the “traditional”Questioned the “traditional”

role of women role of women

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1pwG-kRi0-Y&feature=related

Art DecoArt Deco popular international popular international design movementdesign movement affecting affecting architecture, , iinterior design, , fashion, , painting, the graphic arts, , the graphic arts, and filmand film Combination of many styles of the Combination of many styles of the

2020thth C C purely decorativepurely decorative At the time, this style was seen as At the time, this style was seen as

elegant, functional, and modernelegant, functional, and modern

1920s Fads – Dances1920s Fads – Dances ““The Charleston”The Charleston”

The “Foxtrot”The “Foxtrot”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Myq6hg2gcWw&feature=related

Charleston - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJC21zzkwoE&feature=related

Foxtrot - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyOWM6S1ITA

LiteratureLiterature

““The Great Gatsby”The Great Gatsby”• Popular book in 1920sPopular book in 1920s

Canadian novelist Canadian novelist Mazo de la Roche Mazo de la Roche published a very published a very popular series, “Jalna”popular series, “Jalna”

Fads - MoviesFads - Movies

Mary Pickford – Mary Pickford – Canadian Canadian actress who actress who achieved achieved movie-star movie-star statusstatus

Canadian Invention - InsulinCanadian Invention - Insulin

Insulin – as Insulin – as treatment for treatment for diabetesdiabetes

Dr. Fredrick Banting Dr. Fredrick Banting discovered working discovered working at the University of at the University of TorontoToronto

11stst Flight across Atlantic Flight across Atlantic

May, 1927 - May, 1927 - Charles Charles Lindberg flew Lindberg flew the 1the 1stst non- non-stop solo stop solo trans-Atlantic trans-Atlantic flight from NY flight from NY to Paris in 33 to Paris in 33 ½ hours½ hours

1920s “A Decade of Adjustment”1920s “A Decade of Adjustment” The country moved The country moved

towards isolationism and towards isolationism and greater autonomy from greater autonomy from BritainBritain

Economy diversified and Economy diversified and became more dependent became more dependent on on American investmentAmerican investment

Labour, women and Labour, women and aborignial people aborignial people struggled for legal, social struggled for legal, social and economic equalityand economic equality

Popular culture Popular culture became more became more “Americanized” and “Americanized” and the literary and the literary and visual arts visual arts experienced a experienced a renaissancerenaissance

Growth of RegionalismGrowth of Regionalism Regionalism: concern of Regionalism: concern of

various different regions various different regions of the country with their of the country with their own local problemsown local problems

Maritimes population is Maritimes population is a small region therefore a small region therefore they had fewer seats in they had fewer seats in parliamentparliament

Oil replaced coal, yet Oil replaced coal, yet Maritimes had coalMaritimes had coal

Maritimes Rights Maritimes Rights Movement formedMovement formed

Federalism/Regionalism (cont.)Federalism/Regionalism (cont.) There were also regional There were also regional

challenges from Prairies and challenges from Prairies and OntarioOntario

Farmers angered by National Farmers angered by National Policy because tariffs/duties Policy because tariffs/duties placed on foreign goods placed on foreign goods imported into Canadaimported into Canada

Farmers wanted free trade, Farmers wanted free trade, abolish tariffs and allow them to abolish tariffs and allow them to buy cheap machinerybuy cheap machinery

1919 federal Thomas Crerar 1919 federal Thomas Crerar created the Progessive Partycreated the Progessive Party

Wanted a new National Party Wanted a new National Party based on free trade and based on free trade and ownership of railwaysownership of railways

Thomas Crerar

1921 Election1921 Election MacKenzie King – leader MacKenzie King – leader

of Liberal partyof Liberal party• Believed in the middle Believed in the middle

pathpath Arthur Meighen – leader Arthur Meighen – leader

of the Conservativesof the Conservatives• Believed in principles Believed in principles

over compromise; didn’t over compromise; didn’t care if he offended care if he offended anyoneanyone

Liberals elected 117 Liberals elected 117 seats; Conservatives 55 seats; Conservatives 55 seats; Progressives 64 seats; Progressives 64 seatsseats

Mackenzie King

Meighen

1921 Election1921 Election Liberals were a Liberals were a

minority minority governmentgovernment

Progressive Party Progressive Party did not last very did not last very longlong

1926 – King 1926 – King challenged by the challenged by the Progressives to Progressives to set up set up Old Age Old Age Pensions ActPensions Act

Act was passed in Act was passed in 1927: $240/yr1927: $240/yr

Growing Independence Growing Independence From BritainFrom Britain

1922: King refused to support Britain 1922: King refused to support Britain when they invaded the Turkish when they invaded the Turkish EmpireEmpire

1923: King insisted Canada be 1923: King insisted Canada be allowed to sign an international allowed to sign an international treaty known as the Halibut Treaty treaty known as the Halibut Treaty without British representative’s without British representative’s signature signature

1926: King challenged Britain over 1926: King challenged Britain over its influence on Canada’s internal its influence on Canada’s internal politics known as politics known as King- Byng CrisisKing- Byng Crisis

1926: Participated in Balfour Report1926: Participated in Balfour Report

1926 - King-Byng Crisis1926 - King-Byng Crisis

1925 – minority government 1925 – minority government Liberals formed with support of 28 Liberals formed with support of 28 Progressive Party members; Progressive Party members;

Without the Progressives, Liberals Without the Progressives, Liberals only had 101 seats, Conservatives only had 101 seats, Conservatives had 116had 116

Liberals lost Progressive Party Liberals lost Progressive Party support because of a liquor support because of a liquor smuggling scandalsmuggling scandal• King’s ministers were protecting the King’s ministers were protecting the

individuals and even profiting off of the individuals and even profiting off of the illegal liquor sales to the United States illegal liquor sales to the United States (prohibition was on in the USA at this (prohibition was on in the USA at this timetime

Conservatives called for a motion of Conservatives called for a motion of censure the Liberals and Liberal lostcensure the Liberals and Liberal lost

Byng

King

King- Byng – cont’King- Byng – cont’

King asked Byng to dissolve King asked Byng to dissolve parliament to call another parliament to call another election; Byng refused and election; Byng refused and asked Meighen to form the asked Meighen to form the government insteadgovernment instead

Byng eventually forced to Byng eventually forced to called an election after called an election after Meighen lost a confidence Meighen lost a confidence vote 3 months latervote 3 months later

Sept 14, 1926, King won Sept 14, 1926, King won majority.majority.

Meighen

1923 - Halibut Treaty1923 - Halibut Treaty Treaty Agreement Treaty Agreement

concerning closed concerning closed season on Halibut season on Halibut fishing in the North fishing in the North PacificPacific

King wished to eliminate King wished to eliminate British representation British representation from Canada’s treaty-from Canada’s treaty-making processmaking process

Canada signed the Canada signed the treaty on her own treaty on her own without any without any involvement from involvement from Britain – first time.Britain – first time.

Turkish war in which British Turkish war in which British troops stationed in Chanak, troops stationed in Chanak, a neutral zone near the a neutral zone near the Dardanelles, were Dardanelles, were threatened by Turkish threatened by Turkish nationalists nationalists

Britain appealed to Britain appealed to Canadian people for aid in Canadian people for aid in preventing Turkish preventing Turkish occupation of Chanak occupation of Chanak

King said parliament must King said parliament must decide whether or not to decide whether or not to send troops; did not go send troops; did not go when asked; Canadians did when asked; Canadians did not want to get involvednot want to get involved

Pointed out need Pointed out need for greater for greater Canadian control Canadian control over foreign policy – over foreign policy – First time Canada First time Canada refused to come to refused to come to Britain’s aidBritain’s aid

Chanak Crisis - Chanak Crisis - 19221922

Imperial Conference 1926Imperial Conference 1926 Dominions of the Dominions of the

British Empire British Empire requested requested autonomy & to autonomy & to define status of define status of “Dominion”“Dominion”

Canada, Australia, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, New Zealand, South AfricaSouth Africa

Autonomy: the Autonomy: the freedom to govern freedom to govern themselvesthemselves

Resulted in Resulted in Balfour Report – Balfour Report – 19261926

Balfour Report - 1926Balfour Report - 1926 created new status for Dominion

countries clarified Governor General’s role

in Dominions - now representative of the crown – not agent of British government

defined Dominions as autonomous communities – equal in status and not subordinate to Britain

recognized greater autonomy in domestic and external affairs

became law in 1931 when the became law in 1931 when the Statute of Westminster Statute of Westminster was was passedpassed

Balfour Report (cont.)Balfour Report (cont.) Two Restrictions:Two Restrictions:

1. Canada’s constitution, 1. Canada’s constitution, the British North the British North America ActAmerica Act, remained in Britain, because , remained in Britain, because the Canadian federal and provincial the Canadian federal and provincial governments could not agree on governments could not agree on an an amending formulaamending formula Amending Formula - Procedure for changing the Amending Formula - Procedure for changing the

Canadian ConstitutionCanadian Constitution

2. Judicial Court of Appeal (Judicial Committee 2. Judicial Court of Appeal (Judicial Committee of the Privy Council) for Canadians resided of the Privy Council) for Canadians resided in Britain until in Britain until 19491949

Statute of Westminster - Statute of Westminster - 19311931

made Balfour Report made Balfour Report legal legal

officially recognized officially recognized Dominions as members Dominions as members of the British of the British Commonwealth, NOT Commonwealth, NOT colonies of the British colonies of the British EmpireEmpire

Canada now able to Canada now able to conduct its own Foreign conduct its own Foreign Affairs and RelationsAffairs and Relations

Signing of Statute of Westminster

Economic BoomEconomic Boom The 1920’s started in The 1920’s started in

depression.depression. During the 1920’s the US During the 1920’s the US

started investing in started investing in Canada’s economy.Canada’s economy.

US Companies set up US Companies set up ‘branch plants’ such as ‘branch plants’ such as auto plants, which auto plants, which operated here but for operated here but for American business men.American business men.• US enriched Canada’s US enriched Canada’s

economy by extracting or economy by extracting or harvesting raw materials harvesting raw materials (primary resources)(primary resources)

• Materials were transported to Materials were transported to US for processing and US for processing and manufacturing (secondary manufacturing (secondary resources)resources)

Economic Boom (cont.)Economic Boom (cont.)

With the increase With the increase in employment in employment and economic and economic prosperity few prosperity few Canadians Canadians questioned the questioned the long term effects long term effects of American of American involvement.involvement.

PM King & US President Roosevelt

Bootlegging Across the BorderBootlegging Across the Border The Women’s Christian The Women’s Christian

Temperance Union (WCTU) Temperance Union (WCTU) pushed prohibition into pushed prohibition into legislation in Canada and legislation in Canada and the US.the US.• Prohibition: the sale, Prohibition: the sale,

manufacture, and manufacture, and transportation (bootlegging) transportation (bootlegging) of alcohol was illegal.of alcohol was illegal.

By 1920, provincial By 1920, provincial governments in Canada governments in Canada were overturning the were overturning the decision because of its decision because of its unpopularity.unpopularity.

The US, however, enforced The US, however, enforced it until 1933. Canadians it until 1933. Canadians sold illegal alcohol over the sold illegal alcohol over the border for about 10 years.border for about 10 years.

USA- Prohibition and USA- Prohibition and SpeakeasiesSpeakeasies A A speakeasyspeakeasy was an was an

establishment that secretly establishment that secretly sold alcoholic beverages in sold alcoholic beverages in the USA during the the USA during the Prohibition (1920-1933) Prohibition (1920-1933)

The term comes from a The term comes from a patron's manner of patron's manner of ordering alcohol without ordering alcohol without raising suspicion — a raising suspicion — a bartender would tell a bartender would tell a patron to be quiet and patron to be quiet and "speak easy". "speak easy".

Prosperity = Prosperity = Urbanization & LuxuriesUrbanization & Luxuries

With the new booming With the new booming economy Canadians economy Canadians were afforded more were afforded more opportunities to enjoy opportunities to enjoy the luxuries of life.the luxuries of life.

Telephone lines were Telephone lines were becoming commonplace becoming commonplace for all houses in cities.for all houses in cities.

Motorized vehicles were Motorized vehicles were becoming affordable becoming affordable and popular.and popular.

Prosperity = AutomobilesProsperity = Automobiles

The Custer car (right) was an early alternative The Custer car (right) was an early alternative fuel car and you can see from the pictures that it fuel car and you can see from the pictures that it looked as if it came from Munchkin Land. looked as if it came from Munchkin Land.

Professional SportsProfessional Sports Professional sports were also increasing in Professional sports were also increasing in

popularitypopularity