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THE ROLE OF EXPERIENCE, COGNITION, PERSONALITY AND GENDER IN EXPLAINING
PSYCHOSOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF ADOLESCENT GAMBLING
Neven Ricijaš, Ph.D. Aleksandra Huić, M.A. Dora Dodig, M.A. Valentina Kranželić, Ph.D.
9th European Conference on Gambling Studies and Policy Issues, 2012
University of Zagreb Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences
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Social context Gambling is illegal for minors (< 18 years of age) Expansion of places registered for gambling
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About the project
“Habits and Characteristics of Adolescent Gambling in Croatian Urban Areas”
Supported by: University of Zagreb Ministry of Science, Education and Sport National Teacher Training Agency Croatian Lottery Ltd.
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N=1.952 high school students from March to May, 2011 88 classes, 24 schools representative sample
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Sample
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
23,3%
37,8%
38,9%
GYMNASIUM P.
4 YEAR VOCATIONAL P.
3 YEAR VOCATIONAL P.
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Sample age varies from 14 to 20 years (M=16,56)
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Instrument Construct Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory (Tremblay, Wiebe, Stinchfield & Wynne, 2010)
Gambling Problem Severity Subscale (GPSS) Score
Specific questions about gaining large amount of money with gambling and behavior after winning /loosing in gambling
won a large sum of money? when win, encouraged to continue when loose, encouraged to continue
Motivation for Gambling Scale (Ricijaš, Dodig, Huić, Kranželić, 2011)
Motivation for Gambling (entertainment and excitement, gaining money, to become a better gambler)
Gambling Cognitive Distortions Scale (Ricijaš, Dodig, Huić, Kranželić, 2011)
Cognitive distortions: 1. Illusion of control 2. Erroneous beliefs/Incorrect
understanding of probability
Frequency of Delinquent Behavior Scoring Instrument (Atlanta, Dahlber, Toal, Swahn & Behrens, 2005)
Risk and delinquent behavior
IPIP-50 (International Personality Item Pool) (Goldberg, 1992) Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999)
Personality traits (50% of participants) Cognitive styles (50% of participants)
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IPIP-50 ZTPI Total
Boys 23,2% 22,1% 45,4%
Girls 27,5% 27,1% 54,6%
Total 50,7% 49,3% 100,0%
N=934
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R E S U L T S
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Life-time prevalence (N=1.952)
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Life-time prevalence <=17 years of age (N=1.457)
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Frequency of gambling >= 1x per week Whole sample
(N=1.952)
Sports betting 19,0%
Slot machines 6,2%
Virtual races 6,1%
On-line gambling WITHOUT MONEY 22,8%
Sample <=17 years (N=1.457)
18,2%
5,8%
6,2%
23,6%
Boys in sample (N=915)
37,4%
11,8%
11,7%
36,0%
Boys <=17 years
(N=663)
36,6%
11,0%
11,8%
37,1%
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Aim of this research to explore the strength that experiences with
gambling activities, specific motivation for gambling, ways adolescents think about gambling, and broad personality dimensions have in explaining psychosocial consequences of adolescent gambling. also interested in whether these factors explain
boys’ and girls’ gambling risks in the same way.
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1. PERSONALITY TRAITS Extraversion Agreeableness Consciousness Emotional Stability 2. GENERAL RISK & DELINQUENT BEHAVIOUR SCORE 3. COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS Illusion of control Erroneous beliefs/Incorrect understanding of probability 4. MOTIVATION Entertainment and excitement Gaining money To become a better gambler 5. EXPERIENCE & BEHAVIOUR When win, encouraged to continue When loose, encouraged to continue Won a large sum of money?
GPSS Gambling Problem
Severity Subscale Score
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Boys - IPIP PREDICTORS
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Consciousness
Emotional stability
Risk & delinquent behaviour
Illusion of control
Erroneous beliefs/Probability
Entertainment and excitement
Gaining money
To become a better gambler
When win, encouraged to continue
When loose, encouraged to continue
Won a large sum of money?
R²
1
,181**
-,146**
-,030
-,267***
,081***
2
,078
-,085
,045
-,193***
,361***
,186***
3
,061
-,053
,036
-,143**
,323***
,097
,197***
,242***
4
,024
-,055
,022
-,091
,189***
-,037
,091
,034
,286***
,313***
,414***
5
,002
-,013
,014
-,065
,141**
-,075
,019
,029
,110*
,241***
,289***
-,059
,260***
,538***
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Girls - IPIP PREDICTORS
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Consciousness
Emotional stability
Risk & delinquent behavior
Illusion of control
Erroneous beliefs/Probability
Entertainment and excitement
Gaining money
To become a better gambler
When win, encouraged to continue
When loose, encouraged to continue
Won a large sum of money?
R²
1
,256***
-,193*
-,059
-,132*
,077***
2
,152*
-,115*
,016
-,068
,288***
,137***
3
,143*
-,108*
,017
-,049
,251***
,152*
,051
,163***
4
,105*
-,048
-,024
-,028
-,003
,049
-,007
-,084
,266***
,509***
,426***
5
,088
-,029
-,038
-,036
-,022
,022
-,027
-,137**
,179***
,403***
,188***
-,046
,214***
,483***
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personality traits explain vulnerability for gambling problems
general risk behavior is a strong predictor and can especially predict boys’ gambling problems
cognitive distortions are not as strong predictor as motivation for gaining money and to become a better gambler
experience of gaining a large sum of money, with encouragement to continue when winning are the strongest predictors
Different gambling behaviour regarding gender!
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Individual risk
factors
Accessibility and
Availability
Problem Gambling
Prevention programs
(knowledge, skills,
critical thinking)
Adequate laws/regulati
ons and Responsible
gambling strategies
Effective prevention
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CAGI (N=1.952)
“red light” high severity
“yellow light” low to moderate severity
“green light” no problem
12,3%
16,9%
70,9%
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CAGI <=17 godina (N=1.457)
“red light” high severity
“yellow light” low to moderate severity
“green light” no problem
11,5%
16,4%
72,1%
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“red light”
“yellow light”
“green light”
23,8%
27,2%
49,0%
“red light”
“yellow light”
“green light”
2,1%%
7,7%
90,1%
Boys N=915
Girls N=1.033
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“red light”
“yellow light”
“green light”
12,3%
16,9%
70,9%
“red light”
“yellow light”
“green light”
1,3%
5,5%
93,2%
Croatia N=1.952
Age – 14 to 20 y. Representative sample
Canada N=2.374
Age – 12 to 18 y. Convenience sample
(Tremblay, J., Stinchfield, R., Wiebe, J. & Wynne, 2011, Personal correspondence)