THE ROLE OF THE KENYAN THE ROLE OF THE KENYAN GOVERNMENT IN SAFEGUARDING GOVERNMENT IN SAFEGUARDING

LAKE NAIVASHALAKE NAIVASHA

PARITA PARITA SHAH (JUNE 2012)SHAH (JUNE 2012)PARITA PARITA SHAH (JUNE 2012)SHAH (JUNE 2012)UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBIUNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESSTUDIES

PRESENTATION MADE AT PRESENTATION MADE AT THEUNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGHTHEUNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

LAKE NAIVASHALAKE NAIVASHA

LAKE NAIVASHALAKE NAIVASHA�� Rift valley lake Rift valley lake –– fresh waterfresh water

�� Three water bodies Three water bodies –– Crater Lake (Crater Lake (SonachiSonachi))

-- Main LakeMain Lake

-- OloidienOloidien LakeLake-- OloidienOloidien LakeLake

�� Main water sources Main water sources –– River River GilgilGilgil and and MalewaMalewa

�� No outlet No outlet -- lake area 158 km²lake area 158 km²-- catchment area 3400 km²catchment area 3400 km²

-- mean depth 8 mmean depth 8 m

-- altitude 1890 maltitude 1890 m

STATUS OF THE LAKESTATUS OF THE LAKE

�� Protected area Protected area –– RAMSAR site 1995RAMSAR site 1995

-- Convention of Migratory Species (CMS) 1999Convention of Migratory Species (CMS) 1999

-- Convention of Biodiversity (CBD) 1992Convention of Biodiversity (CBD) 1992-- Convention of Biodiversity (CBD) 1992Convention of Biodiversity (CBD) 1992

�� Important Bird Areas (IBA) Important Bird Areas (IBA) -- over 470 bird over 470 bird speciesspecies

�� Wildlife area Wildlife area –– zebras, hippos, water bucks, zebras, hippos, water bucks, giraffesgiraffes

WILDLIFE IN THE AREAWILDLIFE IN THE AREA

Fish eagle Giraffe

SOME ACTIVITIES IN THE AREASOME ACTIVITIES IN THE AREA

tourism

NAIVASHA TOWNNAIVASHA TOWN�� Population growth very highPopulation growth very high

�� Exponential growth Exponential growth –– 1999 1999 –– 147,000147,000

-- 2009 2009 -- 767,000767,000

�� In ten years, population increase more than In ten years, population increase more than 5x5x5x5x

�� Cosmopolitan town Cosmopolitan town –– flower farmsflower farms

Kamere settlement

PROBLEMS OF THE LAKEPROBLEMS OF THE LAKE

Wide spread catchment degradation drying rivers Water overuse through riparian irrigationWide spread catchment degradation drying rivers Water overuse through riparian irrigation

Water hyacinth boats getting stuck in the hyacinth empty fish landing beach Kamere

Pastoralism, crop farming, grazing and cutting of papyrus along riparian area of the lakePastoralism, crop farming, grazing and cutting of papyrus along riparian area of the lake

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVESGOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

�� Environmental Management and Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA)1999 Coordination Act (EMCA)1999 ––safeguarding water bodies, use of safeguarding water bodies, use of safeguarding water bodies, use of safeguarding water bodies, use of riparian lands, control quality of water, riparian lands, control quality of water, Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)(EIA)

�� National Environmental Management National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) Authority (NEMA) –– management and management and coordination issuescoordination issues

�� National Environmental Action Plan National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) Committees (NEAP) Committees

�� Establishment of National Biodiversity Establishment of National Biodiversity Action PlansAction Plans

�� National Wetlands Standing CommitteeNational Wetlands Standing Committee�� National Wetlands Standing CommitteeNational Wetlands Standing Committee

�� National RAMSAR Standing CommitteeNational RAMSAR Standing Committee

�� National Wetlands Forum National Wetlands Forum –– brings both brings both private and public stakeholders private and public stakeholders togethertogether

�� National Water Resources Management National Water Resources Management PolicyPolicy

�� Forest PolicyForest Policy

�� National Biodiversity Strategy Action National Biodiversity Strategy Action PlansPlans

�� District Development and District District Development and District �� District Development and District District Development and District Environment CommitteesEnvironment Committees

�� Provisional Environment CommitteesProvisional Environment Committees

�� Kenya Wetlands Forum Kenya Wetlands Forum –– Development Development of Legal Notice on Lake of Legal Notice on Lake NaivashaNaivashaCatchment (under Water Act)Catchment (under Water Act)

�� Water Resource Authorities (WRUAs) Water Resource Authorities (WRUAs) ––permits, data collection, compliance, permits, data collection, compliance, revenuerevenue

�� Wetlands Regulations of 2008 Wetlands Regulations of 2008 –– public public participation in line with CBD, RAMSAR, CMSparticipation in line with CBD, RAMSAR, CMS

�� Use of topUse of top--down and bottomdown and bottom--up up approaches, cooperation, trainingsapproaches, cooperation, trainingsapproaches, cooperation, trainingsapproaches, cooperation, trainings

�� Constitution of Kenya 2010 Constitution of Kenya 2010 –– environmental environmental sustainability and utilization, effectiveness sustainability and utilization, effectiveness and domestication of Multilateral and domestication of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs)Environmental Agreements (MEAs)

�� Physical Planning ActPhysical Planning Act

�� Wildlife Act of 2009 Wildlife Act of 2009

�� Forest Act of 2005Forest Act of 2005�� Forest Act of 2005Forest Act of 2005

�� Trust Land ActTrust Land Act

�� Fisheries ActFisheries Act

�� Local Government ActLocal Government Act

�� ImarishaImarisha NaivashaNaivasha –– Office of the Prime Office of the Prime Minister Minister –– Gazette Notice No. 1476Gazette Notice No. 1476

�� Aim Aim identify problems of the lakeidentify problems of the lake

Restore and promote sustainable developmentRestore and promote sustainable development

Participatory approachParticipatory approach

stakeholdersstakeholders

Regulations Regulations –– RAMSAR, CBD, WRUAs, EMCARAMSAR, CBD, WRUAs, EMCA--local actslocal acts-- wetlands wetlands

ProgrammesProgrammes and projects e.g. tree planting, restoration of and projects e.g. tree planting, restoration of NaivashaNaivasha Sewage Treatment Plant, EIA of River Sewage Treatment Plant, EIA of River MalewaMalewa Delta, Delta, Compliance with laws, installation of water meters Compliance with laws, installation of water meters

INSTITUTIONS INVOLVEDINSTITUTIONS INVOLVED

�� Kenya Fisheries Research InstituteKenya Fisheries Research Institute

�� Kenya Wildlife SocietyKenya Wildlife Society

�� National Museums of KenyaNational Museums of Kenya�� National Museums of KenyaNational Museums of Kenya

�� Nature KenyaNature Kenya

�� Community based Organizations (CBOs)Community based Organizations (CBOs)

�� World Wildlife FundWorld Wildlife Fund

OTHER STAKEHOLDERSOTHER STAKEHOLDERS

�� Lake Lake NaivashaNaivasha Riparian Association Riparian Association (LNRA 1929) (LNRA 1929) – Riparian landowners

– Predominantly former colonial settlers

�� LNRA developed management planLNRA developed management plan

�� LNRA lobbied for lake as RAMSAR siteLNRA lobbied for lake as RAMSAR site

�� Under the Chair of Lord Under the Chair of Lord EnniskillenEnniskillen

�� LNRA LNRA –– 70 years of formation and won 70 years of formation and won RAMSAR prestigious prize in 1999RAMSAR prestigious prize in 1999

�� Lake Lake NaivashaNaivasha Growers Group (LNGG)Growers Group (LNGG)––pressure from Europe pressure from Europe –– ecoeco--friendly friendly productsproducts

�� LNGG working towards a management LNGG working towards a management planplan

�� LNGG Performance LNGG Performance –– trying trying –– integrated integrated �� LNGG Performance LNGG Performance –– trying trying –– integrated integrated pest management, constructed wetlandspest management, constructed wetlands

�� Ken GenKen Gen

�� Research Institutions Research Institutions -- UniversitiesUniversities

METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY�� 223 223 people were interviewed from all people were interviewed from all around the lakearound the lake

�� Areas interviews taken Areas interviews taken –– NaivashaNaivashatown, town, MoiMoi NdabiNdabi, , KinangopKinangop –– Engineer Engineer town, town, MoiMoi NdabiNdabi, , KinangopKinangop –– Engineer Engineer sub location and Hells Gate areasub location and Hells Gate area

�� Random samplingRandom sampling

Map showing Lake Naivasha and the sites used during

interviews

Kinangop

Naivasha

town

Hells Gate

Moi Ndabi

Benefits of Lake Naivasha to the local communities

(consumptive and non consumptive)

Education levels in Naivasha

AWARENESS LEVELSAWARENESS LEVELS

�� Are people around aware that the lake Are people around aware that the lake is protected?is protected?

�� 70% YES70% YES�� 70% YES70% YES

�� 30% NO30% NO

�� PiechartPiechart shows how the people knew shows how the people knew and who informed themand who informed them

Awareness creation on the status

of the lake stakeholders

Lake Naivasha Lake Naivasha -- management management challengeschallenges

�� Increasing human activities around the lake Increasing human activities around the lake

�� Large areas of lake frontage exploited for Large areas of lake frontage exploited for horticultural farminghorticultural farming

�� Huge water consumption from the lakeHuge water consumption from the lake�� Huge water consumption from the lakeHuge water consumption from the lake

�� Lake’s horticultural produce nearly 75% of Lake’s horticultural produce nearly 75% of Kenya’s horticultural exportsKenya’s horticultural exports

–– Foreign exchange and job creation for Foreign exchange and job creation for ≈≈ 0.3 0.3 million peoplemillion people

–– Does employment really improve peoples’ Does employment really improve peoples’ livelihoods? livelihoods? -- 1 USD/day or USD 30/month1 USD/day or USD 30/month

CHALLENGES TO THE GOVERNMENTCHALLENGES TO THE GOVERNMENT

Map 1: Land use and lake size in 1987

Source: Nyongesa 2010

Map 2: Land use and lake size changes in 2010

Lake NaivashaLake Naivasha

1976 1986

1976 Landsat MSS: expansion of farms

1976

1986 Landsat TM : expansion of farms

1986

1995

1995 Landsat TM : expansion of farms

2000

2000 Landsat TM: no visible expansion but new

2002

• ASTER : more new greenhouses

Other management issuesOther management issues

�� Catchment degradationCatchment degradation

–– Loss of natural forestLoss of natural forest

–– Soil loss estimated to over 10 t/kmSoil loss estimated to over 10 t/km22/yr /yr

�� Rising levels of pesticide residues especially Rising levels of pesticide residues especially organochloridesorganochlorides, organophosphates, , organophosphates, organochloridesorganochlorides, organophosphates, , organophosphates, carbamatescarbamates

�� Over fishingOver fishing-- seasonal closures in futureseasonal closures in future

�� Invasive species Invasive species -- SalviniaSalvinia molestamolesta , , EichhorniaEichhornia crassipescrassipes, , PistiaPistia stratiotesstratiotes

� Climate change

Problems of the lake – as seen in the eyes of the people

ILLEGAL WATER ABSTRACTION ILLEGAL WATER ABSTRACTION THROUGH DITCHES THROUGH DITCHES –– CLOSING OF ACCESS CORRIDORSCLOSING OF ACCESS CORRIDORS

WATER ABSTRACTION WATER ABSTRACTION TOWARDS A FARMTOWARDS A FARM

WATER BEING ABSTRACTED WATER BEING ABSTRACTED BY A FLOWER FARMBY A FLOWER FARM

Lake Naivasha Water Levels

Numbers of Total African Fish Eagles and Immatures in

bars against the annual commercial fish catch in metric

tons in green line

Source: peregrinefund.org/african-fish-eagle (Dr. M. Virani)

Some recent Some recent developmentsdevelopments

�� An integrated management plan An integrated management plan -- LNRALNRA

�� BINU ProjectBINU Project--GEFGEF

–– Identification of biodiversity indicators for Identification of biodiversity indicators for wetland monitoring at national levelwetland monitoring at national levelwetland monitoring at national levelwetland monitoring at national level

�� Lake Naivasha Lake Naivasha -- planning site for freshwater planning site for freshwater wetlandswetlands

�� Preliminary bioindicators already selectedPreliminary bioindicators already selected

–– FishFish

–– WaterbirdsWaterbirds

BINUBINU--Lake NaivashaLake Naivasha

�� WaterbirdWaterbird bioindicatorsbioindicators

�� Environmental trend monitoring using the LPI Environmental trend monitoring using the LPI (water levels)(water levels)

–– Based on estimates of population size of Based on estimates of population size of individual bird speciesindividual bird species

–– Index a percentage of the standing Index a percentage of the standing population against a baseline populationpopulation against a baseline population

–– Nine species for Lake Nine species for Lake NaivashaNaivasha

BINUBINU--Lake NaivashaLake Naivasha

�� Pied Kingfisher Pied Kingfisher -- Water quality (clarity)Water quality (clarity)

�� Great White Pelican Great White Pelican -- State of fisheryState of fishery

�� Great Cormorant Great Cormorant -- State of fisheryState of fishery

�� African Darter African Darter -- Water quality (a diver)Water quality (a diver)�� African Darter African Darter -- Water quality (a diver)Water quality (a diver)

�� YellowYellow--billed Stork billed Stork -- high concentrationhigh concentration

�� YellowYellow--billed Duck billed Duck -- high concentrationhigh concentration

�� African Fish Eagle African Fish Eagle -- sensitive predatorsensitive predator

�� RedRed--knobbed Coot knobbed Coot -- high concentrationhigh concentration

�� African Jacana African Jacana -- floating macrophytesfloating macrophytes

Overall LPI (water Overall LPI (water levels) trendslevels) trends

LPI - Lake Naivasha (1991-2003)

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Wetland LPI

Environmental implications of Environmental implications of

management challengesmanagement challenges

�� Increased vulnerability of Increased vulnerability of lake lake ecosystemecosystem–– Uncertain future Uncertain future

–– Deteriorating environmental healthDeteriorating environmental health

–– Changing birdlife patternsChanging birdlife patterns

�� Declining numbers of key birdsDeclining numbers of key birds

African fish eagleAfrican fish eagle�� African fish eagleAfrican fish eagle

�� The futureThe future–– New Environmental New Environmental lawslaws

–– EMCA (1999)EMCA (1999)

�� Lead Agency Lead Agency -- NEMANEMA

�� EIAEIA

�� EAEA

�� New ConstitutionNew Constitution

�� Active Lake Active Lake NaivashaNaivasha Development PlanDevelopment Plan