The RomansThe Romans

The Geography of RomeThe Geography of RomeThe Geography of RomeThe Geography of Rome

Italy in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCE

Influence of the EtruscansInfluence of the EtruscansInfluence of the EtruscansInfluence of the Etruscans

§ WritingWriting§ ReligionReligion§ The ArchThe Arch

The Mythical Founding of The Mythical Founding of Rome:Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

The Mythical Founding of The Mythical Founding of Rome:Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

Republican GovernmentRepublican GovernmentRepublican GovernmentRepublican Government

2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome)

Senate (Representative body for patricians)

Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEThe Twelve Tables, 450 BCEThe Twelve Tables, 450 BCEThe Twelve Tables, 450 BCE

§ Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

The Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman Forum

Rome’s Early Road SystemRome’s Early Road SystemRome’s Early Road SystemRome’s Early Road System

Roman Roads: Roman Roads: The The Appian WayAppian WayRoman Roads: Roman Roads:

The The Appian WayAppian Way

Roman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts

The Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseumThe Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseum

The Colosseum InteriorThe Colosseum InteriorThe Colosseum InteriorThe Colosseum Interior

Circus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus Maximus

Carthaginian EmpireCarthaginian EmpireCarthaginian EmpireCarthaginian Empire

Hannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s Route

Reform LeadersReform LeadersReform LeadersReform Leaders§ Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

• the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land.

Military ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary Reformer§ Gaius Marius

• recruited an army from the poorand homeless.

• professional standing army.

PompeyPompeyPompeyPompey

Civil War & DictatorsCivil War & DictatorsCivil War & DictatorsCivil War & Dictators

Julius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius Caesar

The First TriumvirateThe First TriumvirateThe First TriumvirateThe First Triumvirate

Julius Caesar

Marcus Crassus

Gaius Magnus Pompey

Crossing the Rubicon, Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC49 BCCrossing the Rubicon, Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC49 BC

No Turning BackNo Turning BackNo Turning BackNo Turning Back

Beware the Ides of March!Beware the Ides of March!44 BCE44 BCE

Beware the Ides of March!Beware the Ides of March!44 BCE44 BCE

The Second TriumvirateThe Second TriumvirateThe Second TriumvirateThe Second Triumvirate

§ Octavian Augustus

§ Marc Antony

§ Marcus Lepidus

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First EmperorRome’s First EmperorOctavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:

Rome’s First EmperorRome’s First Emperor

Pax RomanaPax Romana: :

27 BCE – 180 CE27 BCE – 180 CE

Pax RomanaPax Romana: :

27 BCE – 180 CE27 BCE – 180 CE

The Greatest Extent of the The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CERoman Empire – 14 CE

The Greatest Extent of the The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CERoman Empire – 14 CE

Julio-Claudians (members of Caesar’s family): Tiberius: able leader; accused people of

treason Caligula: became mentally ill; killed by a

guard Claudius: renowned scholar; difficulty

focusing Nero: cruel and “insane”; persecuted the

early “Christians”; sentenced to death for treason

Good Emperors (administrative skills): Trajan: increased the size of the Empire Hadrian: strengthened the frontier Antonius Pious: maintained prosperity Marcus Aurelius: “the philosopher ruler”;

brought the empire to its height of prosperity

Imperial Rule: Augustus improved the working or

the empire; kept the Senate “uninvolved”

Augustus appointed himself Pontifex Maximus

The Law: jus gentium: law that dealt with

noncitizens jus civile: law that dealt with citizens Formed the basis for Church and

Western law An Imperial Army:

Standing army was reduced in size due to peace

A.D. 160s – invasions by outsiders become a problem

The Economy: Artisans made commodities that

were sold throughout the empire Traded commodities for “luxury”

goodsEducational

Advances/Accomplishments Galen:▪ Formed the basis of Roman medical science

which influenced medicine for the next 1400 years

Ptolemy:▪ Egyptian astronomer whose work later

allowed others to predict the planets’ motions

Christianity was practiced in the Med. region Jews were oppressed under Roman rule Hoped for a “messiah” to deliver them

Jesus of Nazareth (ministry = A.D. 30-33) Preached that God was loving/forgiving to

all Controversy troubled Roman and Jewish

officials Pontius Pilate sentenced him to

crucifixion ▪ Believed that Jesus’ teachings would die with him

A.D. 100 – Gospel preached in all of Roman Empire▪ Jews and Gentiles both began to est. churches

Two Main Disciples Peter: primarily ministered to the Jews▪ Believed that he founded the church in

Rome▪ Crucified upside down

Paul: primarily ministered to Gentiles▪ Was once a persecutor of “Christians”▪ Nero had him beheaded

Persecution of Early Christians Taught that their religion was the only way Were accused of treason (did not honor

emperor) Often were killed as martyrs (in the

Colosseum) Christianity was mainly practiced in the

cities

A.D. 312 – Constantine led his army into battle under the sign of the “flaming cross”

A.D. 313 – Edict of Milan Allowed for freedom of religious worship

A.D. 325 Council of Nicaea Decided on official doctrine/teachings Jesus had both human and godly qualities

A.D. 392 – Theodosius I made Christianity the official religion of the empire Banned old Hellenistic and Roman

religions

Needed clearly stated, unified teachings in order to prosper (Council of Nicaea)

Augustine – City of God and Confessions Church Structure (hierarchy)

Priests, Bishops, Patriarchs 400s: the Bishop of Rome claimed authority

over all of the other bishops Greek churches did not recognize his auth. The Great Schism: a large split in the

church▪ Latin (Western) churches became Roman

Catholic▪ Greek (Eastern) churches became Eastern

Orthodox

The Rise of ChristianityThe Rise of ChristianityThe Rise of ChristianityThe Rise of Christianity

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the GentilesApostle to the Gentiles

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the GentilesApostle to the Gentiles

The Spread of ChristianityThe Spread of ChristianityThe Spread of ChristianityThe Spread of Christianity

Settled on Basic Doctrine Jesus had both human and

godly Charcteristics

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CETwo: 294 CE

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CETwo: 294 CE

Constantine: 312 - 337Constantine: 312 - 337Constantine: 312 - 337Constantine: 312 - 337

Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” Rome” (Founded in 330)(Founded in 330)

Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” Rome” (Founded in 330)(Founded in 330)

Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5cBarbarian Invasions: 4c-5cBarbarian Invasions: 4c-5cBarbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of God”“The Scourge of God”

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of God”“The Scourge of God”

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman EmpireThe Eastern Roman Empire

Byzantium:Byzantium:The Eastern Roman EmpireThe Eastern Roman Empire

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of JustinianDuring the Reign of Justinian

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine EmpireDuring the Reign of JustinianDuring the Reign of Justinian

The Byzantine Emperor The Byzantine Emperor JustinianJustinian

The Byzantine Emperor The Byzantine Emperor JustinianJustinian

The Legacy of RomeThe Legacy of RomeThe Legacy of RomeThe Legacy of Rome§ Republic GovernmentRepublic Government§ Roman LawRoman Law§ Latin LanguageLatin Language§ Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church§ City PlanningCity Planning§ Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural

StyleStyle§ Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering

• AqueductsAqueducts• Sewage systemsSewage systems• DamsDams• CementCement• ArchArch