ROOTS

THE BURMA THROUGH THE PASSAGE OF TIME

INTRODUCTION TO THE BACKGROUND HISTORY OF BURMA. Burma endured a long period of struggle in the making of morden state ; The Fourth Myanmar Naing Gan Daw . Actualy, it is a long process starting not from the day Burmese King Thibaw and his family was removed from Mandalay and taken to India. But the process was started during The Reign of King Mindon. King Mindon sent state scholars to various foreign countries, France & England and made them well educated . When the scholars arrived back to Mandalay they were given good top posts . These new educated technocrats made and presented a thesis to King to govern the country under the Rule of Parliament. . UNFORTUNATELY, it was not put into consideration by the King. After the unsuccessful revolt inside Mandaly Place ; the Crown Prince Kan-naung was killed . Crown Prince had 53 sons and 51 daughters . King Mindon , who had four Chief Queens, four Minor Queens , fourty-two concubines , and 52 sons ,56 daughters , decided not to named his legal successor in the place of Crown Prince Kan-Naung , even he had 52 sons . When King was on the death bed, Prince Thibaw with the blessing and the help of Kingwun Mingyis blessing killed his own brothers, sisters, half brothers, half sisters and counsins, nearly hundred . This was the MASSACRE. In ( History of the British Residency in Burma 1826 to 1840 pg 283) , mentioned that Massacres or murders , at least on a small scale , were the normal accompaniments of succession to the throne or usurpation of the throne in Burma . In ( Mandalay the Golden pg 84 ), stated as follows :- The stairs to the throne slippery with blood. He reigned for nearly seven years then was taken by the British to India, when the third Anglo- Burmese was lost in 1885 November. 1

. Mandalay was taken by the British; but to put Burma under control was not a simple task. Burmese armies had broken up and melted into jungle where they formed band of guerrillas and harnessed the British troops. It took the British more than two years to have control on the plains and around Mandalay. In 1888 British was able to send troops to northen hills. The Expeditions was commanded by General Sir George White and sent into Chin Hills where all the tribes resisted with all they had. British burnt down the villages and made advance. The tribes on the other hand would flee into the hills and return with sudden raids on the columns. Tribes showed no sign of surrender. British threw in more troops and made successive waves of campaigns until the resistance of the Chin hills was finally broken in 1894..(F/N no: 1 ) In Mandalay also British were able to remove the King Thibaw, the Burmese Hlutdaw did not submit easily. Hlutdaw Members shown their defiance when Viceroy of India came to Mandalay in 1886. They did not present no address or extended welcome to Viceroy . Thus, the action of the Burmese Hlutdaw on that occasion of the Viceroys visit was meant to be openly defiant. To make the British to refuse their demands so that they could used the refusal as an excuse to skip the ceremony. The demands raised by the Hlutdaw was as follows;-- [A] They asked chairs for all the members of Burmese to attend the ceremony , [B] Instead of usual members which was about twenty people , the number who are going to attend was nearly hundred strong which includes petty officers, the subordinates of subordinates. [c]They attempted to monopolized all the front seats and to force the English officers and officers of high rank to remain behind them. The defiance shown by the Burmese was a matter of scattered instances, and it failed to stop the British acquiring a firm grip on the country. The annexation of Upper Burma finally came. Lord Dufferin, Viceroy of India made a proclamation on January of 1886 which was as follows;--- By Command of the Queen Emperor it is hereby notified that the territories governed by King Thibaw will no longer be under his rule, but have become part of Her Majestys dominions, and will during Her Majestys pleasure be administered by such officers as the Viceroy and Governor General of India may from time to time appoint. ( F/N no: 2 )

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Thus Burma finished as a Sovereign state and from 26th Febuary 1887 Upper Burma became part of the British India. After the first AngloBurmese War Arakan was absorbed into Bengal state while Tenassarim was under Commiissioner from Penang .Later Tenassarim was placed under authority and control of Supreme Court of Judicature and Fort Williams in Bengal, later became High Court of Calcutta. The Governor General retained his direct control with general administration. After the second Anglo Burmese War, Pegu and Matarban were annexed and Pegu was put under separate Commissioner and Martarban was added into Tanassarim. By 1862, the Chief Commissioner was directly responsible to Governor General. Chief Commissioner for British Burma office gradually and his headquarter soon established into a secretariat of specialist departments. . The Britishs intention at that time was to keep peace, to collect revenue, and preserved the condition for the working a LAISSEZ FAIRE economy. In Commissioners divisions; administrative districts were set up and placed under Assistant Commissioner, later called Deputy Commissioner. Under him Sub - division officers [or] S.D.O.; under the S.D.O. there were Township officers. Under T.O. there were Assistant Township officers, and lastly there were many Head Man. This system was called General Administration, which was flourished up to 1974 . Later, British Government divided the General Administration into two class. First were the officers who become the members of Indian Civil Service , internationall called an I.C.S. or five starts service . For members they had to enter either Oxford or Cambridge for further education before they were given a post either in India or Burma according to terms and conditions of the contract signed between the c Viceroy and the employee . Governors for Burma were selected from the I.C.S. exclusively . The second was called Subordinate Service for Extra Assistant Commissioners ,Township officers , Assistant Township Officers ,

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It is important to look back t the past and background history of Burma and East India Company to have the clear picture why we lost our sovereign to British. The facts are as follows;-------- Since Burma like India experienced the same faith which means that both countries were invaded by the British through the good office of the company called East India Company, I will put down some important facts about it origin . British Crown in 1600 formed East India Company and Queen Elizabeth the First granted the Charter which was known as THE CHARTER of DECEMBER 31ST 1600. The Queen granted the privileges to the company ; the exclusive right of trading into and from the East India in the countries , and parts of Asia and Africa, and into and from all the islands, ports, havens, cities, creeks towns, and places of Asia, Africa, and America or any. Of them, beyond the Cape of Bona Esperanze to the straights of Magellan. The Company received certain specified legislative and judicial powers to which may be traced the origin of the Later Anglo-Indian cities. ( F/N no: 4 )

In 1615, the necessary authority was given to the Company by a grant of James 1, who had renewed Elizabeths Charter and made it perpetual by the Charter of 1609. The Companys power of Controlling and punishing its servants was further extended by James 1 in 1623 Grant. From that onwards to 1683 Company suffered set backs because of the competition by the Dutch merchants who were strongly supported by their government expelled the East India Company from the Indoneisa. ( F/N no: 5 ) By 1683,the Company was authorized to declare and make peace and war with any of the heathen nations of Asia, Africa, and America. To raise military forces and to execute and used martial law. The Crown reserved the right SOVEREIGN right, powers, and dominion over all the forts and places of habitation ,and also its power of making peace and war, when it pleased to interpose our royal authority thereon. In short its means fundamental rule that the acquisition of sovereignty by subjects of the Crown and not in their own right. The same charter strengthened the judicial administration in the companys territories in India by providing for the establishment of a court of judicature. ( F/N no: 6 ) The privileges of the company was renewed and confirmed by the James the Seconds charter of 1686, which also authorized it 4

to approval. Admirals , and other sea officers in any of its ships within the charter limits, to raised naval forces, and to exercise martial law in time of open hostility on the other side of the cape of Good Hope. Company also received the general

power of coining in its forts any species of money usually coined by the Indian Princess. ( F/N no: 7 )

In 1687 James the Second conferred upon the company the power of establishing a municipaity in Madars. According to the terms of the companys which established the municipality, the Mayor and Alderman became a court of record, with power to civil and criminal cases. ( F/N no: 8 )

In 1726 Royal Charter was granted establishing or reconstituting municipalities at Mardas, Bombay, Calcutta. In each settlement the mayors court was invested with civil jurisdiction, and provisions was made for a regular system of appeal from this court to Governor and Council and thence to the King the Council. Authority was given to the Governor and Council of the settlement to make by-laws and ordinances which had to be confirmed by the Board of Directors. ( F/N no: 9 ) The confrontation between the Burmese King of Ava and the East India Company started during the rule of King Bagyidaw. By 1800 the East India Company established in full force; it had judicial system of its own, military forces, civil administrations, and possessed large areas of the Indian Continent. The British had reached to the zenith and so was the East India Company. British army was fighting a war everyday in different parts of the world, and British Crown was practicing the NAKED AGGRESSION POLICY, or GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY, and building of an Empire was at the peak along with German, Spain, Portuguese, Dutch, and French. British was the first class Empire builder and the biggest of all. On the other part the Burmese King, who was the descendant of King Alaungpaya, the founder of the THIRD MYANMAR NAING GAN DAW , enjoyed the might of Burmese under him. The Burmese army was big and invincible because for Burmese army there were no land that they could not conquer. Burmese Kings ,Lord of the White Elephant and for his neighbors ,there were the Kings vassals. Burmese armies was able to achieve victory over Chinese armies and had defeated Chinese in the field. China was sending tribute to the Burmese king. Manipur , Assam was lay open and beyond them was India., was 5

at the mercy of the Burmese King . Siam had been successfully invaded and blundered by Burmese armies.

The main and only drawback for the Burmese King was the fact that he was ignorant of the world affairs, and another fatal drawback was Burmese King did not had the modern arms and regular trained army. On the other part British, after the Industrial Revolution, fully mechanized with factories, foundries, steamships, and lastly the modern arms. The clash of conflict was inevitable between British and Burmese. The former wanted to take the whole India and the latter wanted to build his influence and might at the Western frontier of Burma.

This was the only issue which made the end of KONBAUNG DYNASTY . Burma after the two wars with British lost the coastal areas and became the landlock country . Like EMPEROR NERO , who played harp when Rome was burning and during the second Anglo- Burmese War King PAGAN MIN was enjoying cock-fighting. Before the second Anglo-Burmese War British tried their best to improve diplomatic relation with Court of AVA, which will be mentioned later.

PAGAN MIN was deposed and after the second Anglo- Burmese War peace loving Prince Mindon was put on the throne.

Although the change was good but it was too late for peace with British and annexation become a fait- accompli. King Mindon realized the situation of the country, made the following diplomatic attempts to save Burma. He knew the loop-holes in the Treaty of Yandabo. According to the treaty permits one Government person who was appointed by the British Government, with fifty attendants and arms complete, to reside in the Royal City of Burma. So was for the Burmese to do the same at the city of Governor General.

The fault lies with the said treaty was interpretation of the terms were not very clear or specific. One could interpret the meaning of the terms depend on which side you are on. And also not very clear with the status of the person because it was not clear whether that person enjoyed diplomatic status or not. ( F/N no: 10 )

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One thing sure for the Burmese was Burmese King had no desire to have a permanent British Mission at the Capital which was considered to be the reminder of defeat and the national humiliation. The King did not want send anyone to reside in the Royal City of Governor General of India. Even if the Burmese King decided to send someone to India, he did not want to give some plenipotentiary powers. Fourteen years after the Treaty of Yandabo, British wanted to establish permanent diplomatic relation with Burmese Court. In September 1826 John Crawford, a civil commissioner in the occupied zones of Lower Burma was instructed to proceed on an Embassy to Ava. The Envoy consisted of [6] persons;----- [1]Lt Chester, Deputy Chief of the mission, [2]Dr. Steward, medical officer, [3] Lt Cox, commanding an escort troops, [4] Lt de Montmotrecy, of Quarter Master General department, [5] Mr. Judson, the American missionary, [6] Dr Wallich, of the Government Botanical Garden. The envoy was ordered to negotiate a commercial treaty, and to demarcation of boundaries and other questions arising out of the Treaty of Yandabo. The Envoy was given a cold reception at AVA. The first audience was on the KANDAW DAY. The letter from the Governor General was never acknowledged by the Burmese.

After so many negotiations were made, but Crawford mission still did not achieved to the expectation. KANDAW DAY in Burma means the subjects of the King gathered in assembly to pay their respect to the King and they offered their tributes. Crawford tried his best to get a commercial treaty after being foiled and frustrated at every turn. He lost his patience and left AVA, only taking back with him a generally worded commercial convention. But he did not conferred any new or substantial advantages . ( F/N no: 11 ) Before Crawfords departure from AVA, the Burmese counter part enquired whether Governor General would lend his support to the dispatch of a Burmese mission to England. British Envoy explained that if Burmese 7

Government sent ambassadors to England, they must do so at their own cost. Concerning with Crawford mission Governor General Lord Amberst made conclusion as follow.It seems to me clear that the Government in deputing him looked at least as much to the political advantages of having an Agent at the Court of AVA, ready to enter upon the discussion of all doubtful questions arising out of the Treaty . ( F/N no: 12 )

On the other side Burma started to venture Diplomatic relations outside the country. Burma sent missions to Calcutta. First one was in April 1827 to raise the question of Manipur Arakan boundries and request that the payment of third and fourth installments of the war indemnity be deferred. Unfortunately, the Mission did not accomplished any results because the Envoy was not vested with plenipotentiary powers.

British treated the Burmese mission with close co operative such as a daily allowance for the followers, a carriage horses, order were issused to purchase articles necessary for their comfort and convenience during their stay in India. Finally, Calcutta referred British Comissioner to negotiate and the end with Burmese Envoy concerning the question of boundary and the question of deferred payment of 3th and 4th of war indemnity. The second time was in 1830. Burmese mission went to Calcutta to raised the question of the KABAW VALLEY, and of the indemnity. Burmese mission was kept waiting for three years in India. British treatment to the Burmese mission was to take revenge the Burmese. Because Burmese Government made Head of the British Mission Mr. Burney to wait long period at AVA and had to go through formalities before getting an audience with the King. Burney left AVA on June 17th 1837 giving up hope that the relations between the two governments could improve. He left his assistant Mr.C.T Bayfielf in charge at Rangoon. Calcutta remained anxious to maintain diplomatic relations with AVA. Governor General did not want to rupture relation with AVA for two reasons, the first was the cost and expenditure of war, and the second was British considered Burma as a small market. ( F/N no: 13 )

Burmas resources were not yet known. After Burney, Colonel Richard Benson of Bengal Army was appointed as the Resident, but more cordial relations were not established. Although both governments were anxious to avoid war, but the foreign policy of 8

AVA continued to be negative. The reason was the Burmese were not far sighted and ignorant with world politics of the day and the might of the British. They only looked upon the British as an enemy . Benson was given cold welcome at the Court of AVA and he was not given proper recognition as a Resident, but only as a British officer with a retinue of fifty men. Then, Benson withdrew from AVA in March 1839 only with the conclusion that war could not be avoided in future. H e left his assistant Captain William Me Leod in charge. In July 1839, William Me Leod withdrew to Rangoon and went back to Calcutta 1n 1840. Calcutta made a decision that to continue diplomatic relations were futile. That is the reason why war came in 1852. Without the diplomatic relations war was not avoidable. In 1846, Pagan Min whos sole occupation was gambling and cock fighting did not concentrated on situations about Burma, while British in India established their hold of India stronger day by day. After British subdued the Sikhs rebellion they could turn their interest to the difficult Burmese. The Governor General of India made this remark about Burma---India could never consistently with its own safety, permit itself stand for a single day in an attitude of inferiority towards a native power, and a least of all towards the Court of AVA. ( F/N no: 14 ) The situation at that time was that the British were able to march and annexed the whole country but Lord Dalhousie decided that annexation of Pegu province along with the principal sea port of Rangoon, Bassein and Martaban was sufficient. The reason of Lord Dalhousie decision to take Pegu province and all the sea ports was he decided that British must established and stabilized their power instead of treaty with the Burmese King. British did not want treaty anymore. because treaty was not necessary. Only the military power was essential with the Burma. That was the concept which materialized after the second Anglo-Burmese War.

Mindons reign was an era of goodwill between the British and the Burmese. King Mindon won the affection of his people and the nation was once more bound its King by bonds of loyalty. A man of peace and devoted Buddhist . He convened the Fifth Great Buddhist Synod. It was the high water mark of the reign. He was very wise and skilled in statesmanship and diplomacy. H e was realist and knew that friendly relations with the British an enlightened foreign policy alone could save his kingdom. 9

King Mindon sent a mission to Europe under the leadership of his Chief Minister Kinwun Mingyi , to explore possibilities of opening trade and diplomatic relations direct , instead of through India, with England, and other European countries. In the past ,even before first Anglo- Burmese War, Burmese Kings wanted to have direct contact with the British Monarch, but the contact was only with East India Company. King Mindon sent a mission to America and students to abroad to learn and to train in morden scientific techniques. The number was small but the important fact was that the beginning was made. He was anxious to preserve the sovereignty of the Burmese Kingdom. He tried very hard to get Burmas sovereignty be recognized internationally.

When Indian mutiny broke out in 1857, he was adviced by some of his ministers to attack Lower Burma while British was in trouble. But the King refused the idea. Instead he donated 1000 pound for the victims. ( F/N no: 15 ) For the first mission to the Untied States of America, he sent letters to President James Buchanan and to the Secretary of State. In 1872, a mission was headed by Kinwun Mingyi along with Paden Wundauk and others to England hoping to get direct contact with the British government. British Crown belittle the Mission and made clear that only through GovernorGeneral of India will do any political or commercial issues with Burma. They went to Europe where they were given a warm welcome. With Italians Court of AVA had contact and also with Mandalay . The missionaries were used to come to Burma . On the way the mission went to Rome. Italian Foreign Minister cordially welcome the Burmese. The Italian Government agreed to send a return mission to Mandalay to finalize in details concerning with the interest of both countries. The Burmese mission was given official welcome everywhere in Europe. During their stay in London they had able to make a courtesy call on the Queen at House of Windsor. The rest of their stay in England was just a tourist instead of a diplomatic mission. At the Chamber of Commerce, they were given a big welcome. Kinwun Mingyi stressed the point that the H.M.Government to give 10

approval so that Burmese can appoint a consul in London. He pointed out the fact that the big difference between dealing through the Agent and dealing between the principals directly. The American Ambassador made a point in his report to the U.S. Government stated as follows; -The Paden Woondauk, one of the ministers accompanying and attached to the embassy, was in London in a semi official character last year, preparing the way for diplomatic relations with the British Government. He was very intelligent and speaking very well in English. His sentiment of admirsstion for the United States was strong. I took some pains, at his request to prepare and forwarded to him the forms of a letter of credence and other papers used in diplomacy. Burmese mission during their tour in Britain made visit to Paris and was cordially received by the Foreign Minister and the President. British Embassy in Paris offered to present the Burmese envoy, but the envoy politely declined the offer. Courtesy calls were exchanged between the Burmese and embassies of Britain, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Italy, and United States. ( F/N no: 16 )

On the second visit to Paris, discussions were made between the two counterparts about Franco-Burmese treaty of trade and friendship. Burmese were asked whether they had the plenipotentiary powers to enter into traeties. The envoy replied that they had the powers and negotiations opened. First at the secretarial level and later Kinwun Mingyi and the French Foreign Minister who went over the details carefully. The treaty of commerce was signed on January 24th 1873 by Kinwun Mingyi and Mr. Charles de Remusat, the Foreign Minister . Burmese mission also discussed with Italian counterpart for commercial treaty. This made British very angry because rivalry between British and French in South East Asia was very keen, ,British was colonizing in India so was the French in Indo- China. After all , both were the IMPERIALIST POWERS. BURMAS LAST TRY to coup with situation of borrow life was as follows---Burmese government tried desperatly to counter British and started to look for other European Governments backing and co-operation in the diplomatic field. The Burmese got very closed with the French and they tried to throw the whole lot to the French. French were establishing their power in the neighbouring Annam and Tonkin Indo-China. Although France wanted very much to get what ever percentage they can squeezed out of the Burmeses desperate situation, and saw the possibilities of further gains in Burma , but France was not 11

in a position to go to war with British over Burma. British Ambassador in Paris began to have a busy time reminding the French Foreign Ministry that Burma occupied special position in relation to Britain and that the British Government had a special interest in Burma. Burmas desperate bid to cultivate friendships and diplomatic and commercial relations with the European powers, to get her independence and neutrality recognized and to quietly go about building into a modern nation. It was a failure. Burma had become a little country, with half of the country in the hand of the British and could not achieve much. She had started on her quest for friends and allies was rather too late. Her geographical position and economic forces of the time decided that she should lose her sovereignty and be overwhelmed under a foreign power.

In a report to London the British Ambassador in Paris wrote as follows;--It was, he [M. Jules Ferry ] told me, quite true that the Burmese government desired to throw themselves into the arms of France , but the French Government were determined not to accept any offer of this. They had no intention of forming with Burmah an alliance defensive or offensive, or any alliance whatever of a special character. All they desired was to establish friendly intercourse and commercial relation on a proper basis. There were no secret communications going on. There was no question of secret treaty. Burmese asked for procuring arms, but to such request French Government turn a deaf ear. They were simply engaged in making an ordinary treaty, with such stipulations as were usual and necessary in order to ensure the safety of the Europeans in eastern countries. ( F/N no: 17 ) Another problem Burma had to face without her knowledge was concerning with the commercial and trade interest considered by British, French, and America with China. Burma was dragged in on account of the fact that it is the back door to China, especially for the British who had occupied half of the Burma wanted to do commercial and trade with China. British knew that from Mandalay it is only a few days time to travel either by land route or by Irrawaddy river, and roads to which could be conveniently cut through Burma. According to Mr.J.S.Furnivall I.C.S., an authority on comtemporary Burma, had written; The hot haste of America to command the China coast was one excuse put forward for taking UPPER BURMA. If we do not take Burma, it was said, AMERICA will. Our sea-bond trade with China is being actively completed for by America, wrote Major Sladen who had surveyed the trade route 12

to China through Burma with the approval and support of the King; and they have lately advanced in Chinas diplomatic relations with other courts, all point to a determination on the part of America to secure, if possible, the command of the Chinese market.( F/N no: 18 ) For British the Kingdom of Burma was a minor native state whose destiny had been already been decided by the Chamber of Commerce and Whitehall. Thus ,Lord Lyons, the British Ambassador at Paris, report back to London on the overtures made by the Burmese Ambassador wrote that he had taken the prudent course in treating, indeed the Envoy personally with perfect courtesy, but in absolutely declining to enter into discussion or negotiation with him, in October 22 ,1885. Court of AVA was not able to make settlement with the Company , she hopes to get help from the French who was the arch enemy of the British . That made British nervous. The merchants in Rangoon had much to complain, and pressure from the British trading community in Rangoon made Government of India to ask for sanction from London. They asked for Londons sanction to make firm and definite proposal to the King at Mandalay. We proposed to imform is Majesty that we desire to arrange for the improvrment of our Residents position at his court, for the general settlement of pending differences and grievences and fo revision of our treaty with his government . We are confident that this course of action will offer any practical issuses from the difficulties of the situation , therefore- we seek sanction and support. But London favour the policy of patience and caution. London made the conclusion that Anythng like an ultimatum based upon former grievences would at the present juncture appear to His Majestys Government highly impolitic , and calculated to give the impression that [ the Government of India ] are seeking hostilities rather than more friendly relations, cautioned a dispatch , dated April , 1879 , from India Office in London to the Governor General in India . ( F/N no: 19 ) The situation in Mandalay was worsen with the death of KING MINDON and KING THIBAW S ascension, the shoe question between the British Resident and the King . The Resident was under the instructions neither to take off the shoes nor squad on the floor during the interview with the King . The Court on the other part would not relax the time honoured custom . So the Resident was not able to meet the King , he had to reach only through many intermediaries. Serious effort was made by both parties to restore happier 13

relations . But Resident at Mandalay was not an easy one because there were excesses committed by the high handed Burmese officials on the Burmese part , and the tactlessness and error of judgment on the part of the Resident . In 1879 , Mr. Shaw died a natural death and no successor was appointed and only Charge d Affairs stood watch at Mandalay . The question of withdrawal of Resident from Mandalay was decided . On October 7 , 1879 the Charge d Affaires and his staff left Mandalay . This became the end of the permenant diplomatic relations between the Kingdom and the British in Lower Burma and India . The Vicerory of India proposed on October 16th to the India Office that the time had come to send an ultimatum to Mandalay demanding that :-- [ 1 ] with view to settling the dispute , we must insist upon an envoy from Government of India being received at Mandalay , with free access to the King upon the same terms at other Courts, and without submitting to any humiliating ceremony ; [ 2 ] if , in meantime , any proceedings have been or shall be taken against the Company , we shall take the matter into our own hands without making any further communication to Burma Government; [ 3 ] that the present and recent incidents show the necessity for English Agent being permenantly at Burmese Capital with proper guard of honour and steamer for his protection ; [ 4 ] that the Burmese Government will be expected to regulate external relations in accordance with our advice as in now done by Amir of Afghanistan ; [ 5 ] that proper facilties should be grant for opening up of British trade with China via Bhamo . If the ultimatumt is rejected , and immediate advance on Mandalay ought to be made . ( F/N no: 20 ) The case was between Bombay -Burma Company and the Burmese Government concerning with the timber . The Court of Mandalay imposed a large amount of fine on the British owned Bombay- Burma Corporation which held the lease from the King to extract timber from certain forest . The

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Corporation had contracted to pay large sum of revenue annually for all the timber of specified qualities extracted . On the report King made questions and enquiries . But HLUTDAW-- decided that fraud had been proved on the side of Company and imposed fine . The decision cost the King his throne . It was the most expensive for Burma in her history . British received information that French will take over if the Companys leases were cancelled . The Secretary of State instructed the Viceroy to approach the King at Mandalay in firm , though not menancing terms for amicable settlement . On August 28th , the Chief Commissioner of British wrote to the Burmese Minister for Foreign Affairs at Mandalay asking for a suspension of the degree against the Bombay- Burma Corporation , for acceptance of an arbitrator , who will be appointed by the Viceroy of India , and the arbitrators decisions would be accepted by both parties . Mandalay found them strange, concerning with the proposal , and did not reply to it . There was a rumour going around in London and Rangoon that the French were ousting the British from Upper Burma and French had secured a special concessions from the King and treaties to operate banks and railways . This caused the alarm in British commercial circles . Rangoon Chamber of Commerce sent delegation on 24th September, to meet the Chief Commissioner for the protection of British Commercial interests in the Kingdom of Burma. They also urged that British Government might inform other Powers that the British could not recognize any treaties made by King Thibaw regarding external or internal trade of his country . In Britian the rumoured about concessions to have been obtained by the French from the Burmese alarmed the commercial world . On October 23th Chamber of Commerence present a pettion to Lord Randolph Churchill, the Seceretary of State for India , urging the immediate annexation of Native Burma , or the establishment of an efficient protectorate over the province . The pettion pointed out that under present situation British Burma was yielding an annual surpluss revenue of one million pounds 15

sterling , and annexation of King Thibaws dominions , the assumption of a protectorate over the Shan State and other independent territories lying between would result in a farther increase in the revenue and prosperity of the whole of British Indo- China. On November 3th the Burmese Ambassador Thangyet Wun at Paris urged Lord Lyons to used influence to open direct relations, through the diplomatic channel, between the Cabinent of St. James and that of Mandalay. ( F/N no: 21 ). Unfortunately, London Office decided not to interfere with the direct control exercised by the Government of India over relations with Burma. The ultimatum was delivered at Rangoon to the Commercial Agent of the Burmese Government on October 22th and sent to Mandalay on the same day by steamer . British demanded the reply not later than November 10th. The Burmese Foreign Minister replied on November 4th as follows :- ( 1 )the Bombay Burma Company case was not decided in any arbitrary manner and because the Company was special consideration in taking the Companys own records as the basis of the judgment which was rendered only on merits of the case ; ( 2 ) the judgment was delivered inaccordance with law of the State , His Majesty would be pleased to entertain a petition for review ; ( 3 ) the British agent would be free to reside in Mandalay and come and go out as former times ; ( 4 ) the Burmese Government would be willing to assist the British or any other race in their will to do trade with China ; ( 5 ) as far as Burmas future foreign relationship with other states; since Burma is an independent State it will be conducted in according to custom and laws of Burma . The Government of India cannot control the affairs of the other State . Therefore , in determining the question whether or not it is proper that one Government alone should make such claim, Burmese Government can follow the joint decision of friendly three States , France ,Germany , and Italy , who are friends of the both Government . ( F/N no: 22 ).

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This was rejected by the Government of India . On November 11th , Lord Churchill cabled the Viceroy Please instruct General Prendergast to advance on Mandalay at once . ( F/N no: 23 ). King Thibaw issused a call to the people to take up arms and fight the invader. Mandalay was divided , and those Ministers who had been abroad and who had seen the might and power of the Westknew too well that the resistance was futile; those of the Hlutdaw who were ardent nationalist and little else wanted to fight to death . Although there was the will to resist but there was no strength on the Burmese side . British met some considerable resistance but in every battle the fire power of Burmese side was not matched with the British who enjoyed modern arms and it was an easy voyage to the Capital . According to the report of Lieutenant- General Sir H.N.D. Prendergast , K.C.B.,V.C., Commanding the Burma Field Force , to the Adjutant- General in India ,-No: 38L dated Mandalay , the 13th January 1886 . ( PART II British Burma Gazette , May 29th , 1886, page , 137 to 145 ). In para no: 35 of British Burma Gazette ,mentioned as follows :- At 4.00 pm on the 26 November, near Nagaung, 223 miles from Thayetmyo , A Burmese State barge flying the kings flag at the stern and a flage of truce at the bow, paddled down the stream, was taken in tow by one of the stream-launches and brought alongside the DOOWOON, headquarters ship . In the barge were - ( 1 ) Myang Shoak-ak Kyauk Myaung Atwin, the Minister of the Interior; ( 2 ) U Shoay-ak- Wundauk . Colonel Sladen met the envoys at the gangway, and, after being presented to me a note, unsigned, in a cover bearing the Royal Peacock seal , of which the following is a translation :- From His Excellenency the Prime Minister to Commander in Chief of English War Vessels- dated 4th decrease of Tazaungmon 1247 ( 25th November 1886 ). 1. Although the treaty negotiated at Simla was not concluded, the Burmese Government were under the impression that the former friendly conditions

17

would still prevail, and they could not, therefore, believe that the English Government would make war on Upper Burma . 2. The Burmese Government have always had at heart the welfare and prosperity of the English people. They have all along protected the interest of the Irrawaddy Companys teak trade and the general interests of all British subjects . 3. We are desirous of still further protecting British interests as far as lies in our power , both at present and in all future time . 4. The last letter ( ultimatum ) forwarded by the British Government contained very important political matter and our sovereign regrets that the time allowed was too short to allow of serious deliberation . 5. The English Government ought to have known that the only reason why the Burmese Government in their reply to the said letter did not freely concede all the demands made was because we were not allowed sufficient time for deliberation. It must have been apparent from the tenor of our reply that the Burmese was desirous of remaining on terms of amity and friendship . 6. The Burmese Government did not wholly reject the rights and privileges claimed by the British Governemt,which was always been so friendly , should in the present instance have made immediate war on us . We have simple resisted in order to maintain the reputation of the kingdom and the honour of the Burmese people. 7. The English are renowned for their just and straight-forward action in all matters ( political ). We look forward, therefore, with confidence to their doing what is just and proper in the present instances . 8. The country of Burma is one which deserves justice and consideration . We believe that it will receive this consideration at the hands of British Government . 9. If it is granted, the kingdom of Burma need not be annexed. It is well to remember , too, that on former occasion Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen Empress was please to declare publicly that there was no intention on the part of the British Government to annex Burma , unless such a step was necessitated on good cause shown . As no such cause exists, the Great Powers of Europe should not have it in their power to say that the Royal declaration has not been faithfully observed . 18

10. In addition to the rights and privileges already granted in our reply to your ultimatum , His Majesty The King of Burma has noe declared his will to concede all the other demands which were not first allowed . Because we had not sufficient time to bring them under our consideration. 11. His Majesty the King is well disposed ( in mind and heart ), he is straight-forward and just, and expects the English Government will act in accordance with the wishes expressed in this letter . 12. By doing so the world will have no cause to say that the English Government have acted unjustly , or with a disregard of the rules of international law . 13 . The English Government entered our country and attacked us with a number of war vessels. We were obliged to resist . We now desire that hostilities shall cease, and we trust the English Government will meet us half way, and enter into a treaty by which friendly intercourse may be resumed between the two great countries . This was the last effort by the Burmese to save the King , the Country , and the Konbaung Dynasty . To which the following reply was sent :- General Prendergast begs to inform the Ken Wun Mengyi , in reply to his letter of this date , that, acting in accordance with the instructions he has received from the Viceroy and Governor- General of India , it is quite out of his power to accept any offer or proposal which would affect the movement of the troops under his command on Mandalay . No armistice, therefore , can be at present granted; but if King Thibaw agrees to surrender himself , his army , and his capital to British arms , and if the European RESIDENTS at Mandalay are all found uninjured in person and property , General Prendergast promises to spare the Kings life and to respect his family . He also promises not to take further military action against Mandalay beyond occupying it with a British force , and stipulates that the matters in dispute between the countries shall be negotiated on such terms as may be the dictated by the British Government . reply to this communication must be sent so as to reach General PRENDERGAST BY 4.A.M. tomorrow . 19

By order ,

E.B. SLADEN , Chief Civil Officer , Burma ,

S.S DOOWOON : Field Force . The 26th November 1886 . Even before the letter to Commander- in Chief of the British War Vessel from King Wun Min Gyi, the situation of the naval battle between British and Burmese was in favour of the British. Because Burmese failed to block the water way in Irrawaddy River although they tried very hard to stop the British armada . Then The Commander of the Kings navy could not made a decisive fight but was force to surrender. The naval Commander was Commodore Commotto and Captain Molinari both were the Italian officers surrendered to Commander Capenter, R.N. , of the Ngawoon . On 27th November, an envoy arrived with the reply from Court of Mandalay as follows:- . NO. I SENT BY ROYAL ORDER . From the Hlot Dau to Bo Hmu , Atwin Wun ; Pen Myosa , Maythit , Atwin Wun, Kyauk- Myaung , Atwin Wun , Wet Ma Sut , Wundauk ; Pendalai, Wundauk . When the English ships arrive you are on no account to fire on them . Let all the troops keep quiet . Publish this abroad everywhere . The King concedes unconditionally to all the demands made by the Commander of the English Forces as contained in his letter of yesterdays date . You are to let the English Commander know this as quickly as possible King Thibaw surrendered . He had three Chief Queens , and three concubines .His family and some followers all together 68 were taken on board the British Vessel from Mandalay . Then they were shipped to Madars from Rangoon . King Thibaw died there . THIS COME TO THE END OF THE KONBAUNG DYNASTY , WHICH LASTED 133 YEARS AND WAS KNOWN AS THIRD MYANMAR NAING DAW . 20

THE ROOTS BURMA THROUGH PASSAGE OF TIME FROM THE ANNEXATION OF UPPER BURMA [1886] TO DYARCHY [1922]. On January 1st, 1886 Burma officially proclaimed by Lord Dufferin, the Viceroy of India as follows;--- By Command of the Queen-Emperor it is hereby notified that the territories governed by King Thibaw will no longer be under his rule, but have become part of Her Majestys dominions, and will during Her Majestys pleasure be administered by such officers as the Viceroy and GovernorGeneral of India may from time to time appoint. With this proclamation the annexation of Upper Burma was completed. After the annexation, there was discussed a few alternatives for the future administration of Upper Burma . The First option was to replace Thibaw by a more pro-British and amenable Prince and leave the kingdom alone, at least in name. Although few suitable candidates were found among the available princes, but British fear that such arrangement might open the way for French intervention ,because international treaty existed between French and AVA, which would have been binding on a King Nyaungyan. Under the circumstances Annexation was the only way of completely removing possible causes of friction between French and British in this particular matter. The Second option was to make Upper Burma into protected with local autonomy while the Government of India regulate its foreign relations..But the chances of getting a Burmese prince to take the throne under such conditions, who would enjoy the confidence of the peoples and at the same time subservient enough to the British were remote. The Third option was to govern the country through the Hlutdaw as was done for few experimental months after the dethronement of King Thibaw. It did not work; for one thing, members of the Hlutdaw were defiant and not co-operative with the British ; for another, members were not easy to find and retain. The experiment was therefore

21

abandoned and the Hlutdaw was abolished, and only a few Ministers were kept as advisers for the time being. At the first glance on the surface of the record it seem that the British did not wanted the Upper Burma for keep s, according to the above-mentioned facts . For British, if the conditions were favourable they wanted to put the country back into the Burmese hands. It was only the crocodiles tears that British wanted to shed . One will find the true intentions of the British from the day Queen Elizabeths famous Charter of 1600 was granted to the Company called East India Company; to do business and to colonize if possible in India. Because of these abovementioned facts British on the other part had no alternatives but to incorporate Burma into the India Empire and placed under direct British rule. First Upper Burma was made into scheduled district or excluded area in which large powers were vested in local officers. This enable the local administration of Burma to frame simple Regulations with approval of the Government of India, suitable to cope with the actual state of affairs. The regulations differed from Acts being issued by the GovernorGeneral in Council, instead of being passed by the Legislative Council of the Government of India. Later, the whole Burma was united under the Chief Commissioner as a province of India. India penal code and other laws came into force in the new province. According to the report to the London Times from the correspond in Mandalay, as follows---Upper Burma has been proclaimed part of British India since 26th February, no steps were taken to exclude from the operation of the general statutes in force in India. The penal code, the criminal procedure code ,and other general Acts thus came into forceThe provisions of the various statutes which proclamation had brought into force, however, been steadily ignored. The Judges, without the right to try the prisoners, imposed sentences which they are not competent to pass. The right of appeal secured by the law in denied to prisoners in Upper Burma.A continuance of the present system of violating laws which it is proclaimed are in force is extremely injurious and injudicious. This is especially the case in Mandalay, where a large number of educated Burmese reside, who knows to what rights they are legally entitled, while they see the laws openly violated ( F/N no:24 )

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All wars are cruel, and during wars, and in their aftermath, passions, not laws, are apt to rule. After all, vanquish are the losers, and the victor takes all. British took great care to get China to recognize and approve their new regime in Upper Burma after the annexation . The legends of Chinas wealth had attracted British traders even before the annexation of Upper Burma, now British had occupied the gate way to China; there was trading to do with China so the treasures were waiting to be picked up. Thus British made the first step by negotiating to get an agreement with the Empire of China by which they pledged themselves to send tributes to the Emperor in every ten years and in return British asked from the Emperor to recognize the British as a new ruler of Upper Burma. Trade relation were between the two governments improved and frontiers between Burma and China were to be demarcacted by joint commissions. The British hastily made the promised to send decennial tribute to the Chinese Emperor because they thought Burmese King also sent such tribute in token of submission. Just in the short time British discovered that they made the mistake, which caused British to consider the question of Chinas rights over Burma. Discussions, research were done by the administrators, and experts and found that there was none what ever so. London Times correspondent wrote as follows---It had been pointed out in your columns that no evidence of vassalage appears in any known Burmese document; that at the close of the last BurmahChina war, in 1769, the treaty between Burmese and Chinese generals, ,according to the Burmese copy, was made on terms of perfect equality between the two nations. And the members of Hluitdaw also deny in most emphatic terms that tribute was never paid by Burmah to China.( F/Nno25 ) When the first Anglo- Burmese war, Arakan and Tenassarim came under the British and direct control of the Governor General of India. Since shared a frontier with Bengal and thus it was absorbed into the administration system of Bengal, while Tenassarim was more remote and it was therefore set up as a commissioners charge with administrators drawn from Penang more than India. Tenassarim therefore enjoyed some opportunities to build its own administrative and judicial systems and its new set of administrators were eager to take of the opportunities. They experimented with government, they brought fresh ideas into laws. Their approach to their tasks showed originality, so the Government of India put Tenassarim under the authority and 23

control of the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William to keep a strict check on the affairs of Tenassarim. When Pegu and Martaban were annexed after the second Anglo-Burmese war, Pegu was placed under a separate Commissioner and Martaban was joined to Tenassarim. In 1862, some sort of system was established by the appointment of a Chief Commissioner for British Burma, who was directly responsible to the Governor General. British introduced Indian laws such as Indian Penal Code to the province because it had no local law making authority, F .S.V. Donnison wrote in his thesis called A Study of Development during British Connexion , concerning with Public Administration In Burma as follows;---after January 1, 1886 The Chief Commissioners area of responsibility was double than before. Before the third AngloBurmese War the new province of British Burma, which was the Lower- Burma administered by the Chief Commissioner. Under there were three Commissioners , all were subordinate to the Governor General of India. First British had the idea that the Burmese Monarchy should be restored under British guidance and protection. Later British decided to annexed Kingdom of Burma along with its subordinate states in Shan mountains to the east. ( F/N no: 26 ) . In 1868 under the Chief Commissioner, there were Police department with an Inspector General, Public Works under the Chief Engineer, and the Accounts, Medical, Jail, Ecclesiastical, Marine, and Custom departments . . In 1872 the appointment of Judicial Commissioner for Lower Burma relieved the Chief Commissioner of his judicial functions. Although all other subordinate officers continuing to exercise theirs, but it was the beginning of the High Court system in Burma. The annexation of Upper Burma brought a sudden great increase in responsibilities and labours of the Chief Commissioner over and above the normal rate of on crease of governmental functions. First the appointment of separate Chief Secretary for Upper Burma 1888 and appointment of Financial Commissioner relieved the burden of the Chief Commissioner. Lastly in 1890 a Judical Commissioner was appointed for Upper Burma. Few years before end of the century the Government of Burma which had consist of the Chief Commissioner with an expanded secretariat consisting of 24

a Chief Secretary and other three secretaries---one was for revenue matters, the second for public works, and the third for Financial Commissioner, along with the addition of the assistant secretary . There was Judicial Commissioner for Lower and Upper Burma, and increased by creation of technical departments such Land Records Department ,an Education Department, a Forest Department , and an appointment of Deputy- Post masterGeneral. ( F/N no:27 )

If we go through about administrative machine set up in Burma, which was brought by the British after the first Anglo-Burmese war , we will find that it originated from India .There was covenanted civil service was already established in India before the first Anglo-Burmese war. This covenanted civil service later known as I.C.S; Indian Civil Service, recruited by nomination in England and the right to nominate rested with the Directors of the East India Company. No Indian native could gain admission. The service was designed to fill higher posts in the Company. In Burma members of covenanted civil service held only two third of the posts in cadre, and one third was filled by army officers until 1922. By 1853 admission to the covenant civil service was thrown open to competitive examination for which natives of India were eliglble. But the examination was held in London and it required canditades of honours - degree caliber, later Burmese subject honours- degree holders were allowed; U Sein Tin, an I. C.S. , who was very prominent man of letters . He was a Burmese honours degree holder. During that early period India did not have any university of its own and for Burma till 1920, there was none. Never the less the vast majority of post were outside the covenanted service, and they were filled by Indian. In course of time admission to this service was known as native service or provincial services, and the covenanted service became to be known as the Indian Civil Service or I.C.S. Those who passed the written examination had to entered either Oxford or Cambridge University to get further education for two and half years in England. . On the establishment of the province of British Burma the British officers charged with the responsibility for the administration of the country were foamed into a cadre known as the Burma Commission on the precedent of similar commissions already found in other non-regulation provinces of India. Out of the total two third of the commission were member of the Indian Civil Service recruited by competitive examination; the remaining third 25

were appointed by nomination from other services. The Burma Commission continued till 1922 when whole cadre was reserved for the Indian Civil Service save few posts filled by promotion of officers from provincial service, nearly all Burmans. This service fell into two grades, the lower consisting of myo-oks or township officers, the higher consisting of Extra Assistant Commissioners, who were given Assistant Commissioner on first joining and then became Deputy Commissioners. ( F/N no: 28) In 1897 the Chief- Commissioner was elevated to the rank of Lieutenant- Governor. This was very important He was furnished with a Legislative Council; for the first since the British connexion with Burma, and Burma was possible to legislate for Burma in Burma. The council consisted of four officials and five nominated non officers, they were no elected members, and its powers were strictly circumscribed. In 1905 the first step was taken to separate judicial from executive functions in the districts, because for many years from senior officers to the rank of myo-ok up wards had to undertake both the criminal and civil cases. Deputy Commissioners to down ward the executive officers now on tried only criminal cases. This separation of the Judiciary from Executive was undertaken partly in deference to Western principles, but partly also in response to a growing political demand in India and Burma. The demand was itself based on Western theory, but at the same time it originated from the desire to get the administration of justice out of the hands of the Executive with its desire for speed of effective police action. As for civil cases it is better to put into the hands of more meticulous but slowermoving Judiciary, which was more ready to allow full, sometimes too full, play to the ingenuity of the litigious in protracting proceedings. ( F/N no: 29 ) There were two reasons for adopting this principle of separation of the Judiciary from Executive, the first reason was the simple one of expense; in many places where the volume was not heavy it would meant appointing two officers to the work which could be done by one with satisfactory result. The second was the different orders. By appointment of Inspector-- General of Prisons in 1899 relieved the Inspector --General of Civil Hospitals from his responsibilities for administration of the prisons in the country. At the same year Commissioner of Settlement and Land Records was appointed. In 1904 Co-operative Credit Department was created. In 1905 Chief Conservator of Forests was appointed to 26

take charge of the Forest Department. In 1906 Director of Agriculture, Veterinary, and Fishery Departments were created. In 1908 Sanitary Commissioner was created which relieved the Inspector --General of Civil Hospital from heavy duties he had to administer before. In due course there was a great increase in the specialist departments at the headquarters of the government. It seem that the British did not prepare Burma for self- government.( F/N no: 30 ) Since the British Administrative was based on district level in British India and it was often found convenient to leave responsibilities with Deputy Commissioner. The district was divided into sub- divisions under the charged of S.D.O.; namely sub district officer who had to administered township inside his district. Townships were directly administered by Township Officers. Clerical staff were recruited locally in a given district for service in that district only. Class I or All India Service or Indian Civil Service were an I.C.S.; below this was a Class II service, recruited in Burma for service anywhere in Burma. This system was called General Administration which was established up to 1974 in Burma.( F/N no:31 ) From the annexation of Upper Burma to 1922, British Administration can be classified into three types. First was Martial Law Government, Second was Bureaucracy Government and the Third was Political Government in Burma. At the early stage the government had recognized their duty to provide education for European children or children of partly European parentage, but for a long time the Government was content to leave the education of the children of the people of the country to the indigenous monastic schools and to the missionary which were started soon after the annexation A few had started before the annexation. The government intention for education was very simple , they need English speaking clerks for rapid growth of government departments. In 1871 Government of Burma urged to the Government of India to established a real High School in Rangoon and fixing of a local standard that should take place of the Calcutta University entrance standard. By 1884 the Rangoon High School had not only been established but had been affiliated to the Calcutta University and converted into the Rangoon. After the First World War, with the advent of the diarchical form of constitution to Burma, this college together with the Missionary College called Judson College in Rangoon was constituted the University of Rangoon. ( F/N no: 32 ) 27

THE ABOVE MENTIONED FACTS were of the FOUNDATIONS for ADMINISTRATION in BURMA laid down by the British since 1862 to 1922. Now we can see that the first step had been taken along a road that was bound sooner later to lead Self-- Government in Burma . During that period Burma was governed by GovernorGeneral of India and the LieutenantGovernor of Burma was under him. It seem that the British did not prepare Burma for Self- Government. The process of new beginning of nationalism had materialized as follows----- While Burma was making new beginning in every field , the political ideas were devloped among the Burmese who resided in Upper Burma. From the day Burmese King was taken away , prominent Burmese elders, phongyis, sayadaws, intellectuals were worried with the situation of the country after the annexation of Upper Burma, because they thought that Buddhism will disappear and the people will one way or another be converted into Christian by the authorities, with the blessing of the government. Then , the Nationalisim in Burma grew out of Buddhist organizations , and in 1906 . The Young Mens Buddhist Association[ Y.M.B.A.] was founded with the membership about twenty. Association gradually grew and its annual meeting became a forum where representatives from all over the country could discuss and exchange on general matters. The first meeting was held on 1908. It was the custom of the day to sing God save the King before opening and closing of the every meeting. First , YMBA concerned itself with education and social affairs ; and their recommendations were usually transmitted to the authorizes in the form of prayers and memorials. Later the shoe question was raised by YMBA, which was the big problem during the days of the Burmese Kings, between the King and British Residents and Envoys. Notices at the gate of pagodas used to read Footing wearing prohibited, expect to the British and Europeans.( F/N no: 33 ) This became an irksome state of affairs and the youthful elements among YMBA began to impatient and started to speak out openly. Finally, YMBA held special meeting in Rangoon to protest that the wearing of shoes on pagodas premises must be forbidden once and for ever with no exception. This meeting was presided over by a young Barrister and it was the first protest made by the Burmese through the medium of mass organization. The protest was heard and heeded by the Government and the result encouraged further mass action. 28

Burma was isolated and shut from the outside world during the days of Burmese Kings . Since the country was a province of India which was governed partly in India and partly from London, Burma access to outside world was through many barriers and awakening of political therefore came rather slowly. Political ideas came through Indian Congress Party in India, and also from China. Burmese had to copy the way Indian Congress Party functions Indian politic in India. Then out of the blue moon the news of Russian defeat in RussoJapanese war of 1904 came to Burma and stirred up nationalist hopes, but the reaction to the news by no means immediate and definite. Because Russia was considered giant European Power compared to small Japan. The news boasted the moral and nationalism of Burmese and was interpreted as Asians were equal to the Europeans, no European were invincible. Nationalism during the first few decades was the gentleman affairs, courteous and clam and cautious because most of the political leaders were British trained Barristers who were educated in England. They had great loved for English institutions. But on account of strong nationalism among the Burmese in the country, important developments of political upheavals occurred;

Among them were a UNIVERSITY BOTCOTT , The formation of YMBA, and its political activities, formation of GCBA, its split into GCBA, its split into groups,

The demand for Home Rule ,

The formation of Thanga-tat Maggie ( PHONGYIs UNION ) , The cognizance against by the government authorities , Establishment of NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL ,