the russian revolution part one: vladimir lenin and the bolsheviks transform russia
TRANSCRIPT
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THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
PART ONE: Vladimir Lenin and the
Bolsheviks Transform Russia
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Essential Question: How did Vladimir Lenin and the
Bolsheviks transform Russia during the Russian Revolution in 1917?
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In the 1700s, Czar Peter the Great expanded and modernized Russia
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Peter introduced into Russia
Western-style navy, fashions,
and city-planning
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But in the 1800s, Russia failed to keep pace with the rapid changes taking place in Western Europe
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The Enlightenment led to new democratic reforms throughout Europe
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Czar Alexander III
In Russia, the Romanov
czars continued to
rule as absolute
monarchs
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Czars like Alexander III used secret police to monitor citizens, censored the media, and sent
political prisoners to labor camps in Siberia
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Czars organized pogroms (violent attacks) against ethnic
minorities like Jews
and Poles in Russia
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But in the 1800s, Russia failed to keep pace with the rapid changes taking place in Western Europe
The Industrial Revolution
made European
militaries and economies
the strongest in the world
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But in the 1800s, Russia failed to keep pace with the rapid changes taking place in Western Europe
The Industrial Revolution
made European
militaries and economies
the strongest in the world
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Russian industry lagged behind
Europe, had few
railroads, and most
citizens were poor farmers
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Russia committed to industrialization, but it led to poor wages, long hours, and discontent among the Russian people
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Russia used its industry and built a respectable navy, but had problems mass-producing weapons
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In 1894, Czar Nicholas II came to power but failed to
address major problems from 1904 to 1917 When Russian
liberals called for democratic reforms, Nicholas II ordered his secret police to
persecute those calling for reform
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In 1904, Russia and
Japan went to war over
Manchuria and Korea
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Russia’s humiliating loss to Japan exposed weaknesses in the nation’s
military and government
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Losing the Russo-Japanese War set off a series of riots among commoners who were
unhappy with Nicholas’ government
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In 1905, Russian commoners met outside the czar’s Winter Palace to demand better working conditions, right to form unions, and a democratic constitution
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The protest became known as “Bloody Sunday” when the czar’s guards fired into the crowd;
riots broke out across Russia
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In 1905, Nicholas II agreed to new constitution that created a Duma (parliament) and limited
monarchy, but Nicholas ignored the Duma
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The czar’s unpopularity and
failure of the government to
respond to problems increased calls for
socialism
Socialists demanded that the government control all means of production to create
an equal society
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Karl Marx developed a
radical form of socialism in called
communism in which the
working class led a revolution,
seized property, and shared all
wealth without a government
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Radical workers, peasants, and soldiers began to form councils called soviets that held meetings and assumed control over local
governments
Image of one of Russia’s first soviet councils
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In 1903, a radical socialist named Vladimir Lenin
formed the Bolsheviks, a group that
supported a revolutionary
overthrow of the Russian
government
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But, Lenin fled Russia to avoid arrest by the
czar’s secret police and waited for an
opportunity to return and lead his revolution
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Russia’s involvement in World War I proved to be the fatal blow to Czar Nicholas’ support in
Russia
Russian soldiers running from German army, 1917
The Russian military was no match for the German army
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Russia had difficulty producing weapons for soldiers on the front, food shortages were common for troops and
civilians; lack of trains slowed supplies and communication
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Russia drafted 15 million soldiers and nearly 7 million were killed or wounded; 1.5 million civilians died
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Czar Nicholas refused to pull Russia out of the war and went to the
Eastern Front to personally
take command of the army
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Nicholas left his wife,
Alexandra, in charge of the day-to-day
operations of the Russian
government
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To help cure her
hemophiliac son Alexi,
she relied on a mystic named
Rasputin
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Russian nobles feared that
Rasputin was controlling the
royal family and murdered him
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Rasputin
Grigori Rasputin was an Orthodox monk who lived anything but a
“holy” life (womanizer, heavy
drinker); he claimed to have healing powers
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RasputinAfter healing Alexi
Romanov, Rasputin was then brought into the czar’s inner circle and helped make political
decisions; this made the czar even more
unpopular
Russian nobles hated Rasputin and plotted to
kill him
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Rasputin
Luring Rasputin to a “party”, five Russian
nobles poisoned him, shot him three
times, beat him, tied him up, and
threw him in an icy river, where he
finally died from drowning
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By early 1917, citizens were rioting across Russia, demanding an end the monarchy and an end to
Russia’s involvement in World War I
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In March, Czar Nicholas II abdicated the throne and the Duma created a Provisional
(temporary) government
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Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia; he led the Bolsheviks in the Russian
Revolution in November 1917
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Lenin’s message of “peace, land, and bread” helped him
gain popularity among the Russian
people Bolshevik Red Guards seized control of the
provisional government and
declared themselves the new government
leaders of Russia
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The Bolsheviks arrested and executed the Romanovs,
which ended 300 years of
rule by czars in Russia
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After the success of the Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin announced major
reforms for Russia Lenin ordered all farmland
to be distributed among the peasants
Lenin gave control of the
factories to the workers
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Lenin signed a truce with Germany and gave up huge territories in order to get
Russia out of the war
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The Russian Revolution led to a civil war between the Bolshevik Red Army and the White Army
(various people who wanted a either a new czar or democracy or land returned to them)
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Britain, France, and the USA
supported the White Army to stop the spread of Bolshevism
Tens of millions of people were
killed in the bloody Russian
Civil War
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After three years of
fighting, the Red Army won and
Lenin became the
unquestioned leader of Russia
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In 1922, Lenin renamed Russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Lenin created the Communist Party, which ruled the Soviet Union as a dictatorship
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Lenin and his followers never forgot the interference by the USA, which helped set
the stage for the Cold War years later
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