the scientific method
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The Scientific Method. Unit 1: The Scientific Method Chapter 1-1 & 1-2. What is Science?. Science is a method of thinking about the natural world. Bio l ogy is the scientific study of life . Scientific Method. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Scientific Method
Unit 1: The Scientific Method
Chapter 1-1 & 1-2
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What is Science? Science is a method of thinking
about the natural world. Biology is the scientific study of
life.
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Scientific Method The scientific method is a
procedure scientists use to seek answers to questions.
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PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
EXPERIMENT
RECORD DATA &ANALYZE RESULTS
ACCEPT HYPOTHESIS
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
FORM A NEW HYPOTHESIS
REJECT HYPOTHESIS
REPEAT THE WORK
CONCLUSION
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1. Identify a ProblemObservations are
descriptions about the way something is or the way things happen
From these observations, a question is formed about why or how
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Example: Identify a problem Barney observes:
–When I drink Coke, I burp a lot.
He asks Professor Frink:– Why does Coke cause
burping?
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Professor Frink explains:– You can do background research
to help you know more• Look online about the physiology of
burping
Example: Identify a problem
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Wikipedia - not always 100% accurate, but a good start for background information
carbon dioxide in drinks causes gas pressure to build in the stomach
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A Hypothesis is a prediction that may provide an answer to the question– The hypothesis must be
“testable”– The hypothesis must be written
in the form of an “If…, then…” statement
2. Create a Hypothesis
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Example: Create a Hypothesis
If people drink Coke, then they will burp more.Student example(s)…….
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Hypothesis vs. Theory Hypothesis: is an educated guess
that can be tested and may or may not be true
Theory: a well-tested hypothesis that is supported by many types of observations– In science, theories are nearly facts– Ex. Theory of Evolution, Theory of Relativity,
Cell Theory
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3. Controlled ExperimentTest the hypothesisProcedure—the steps
followed during an experiment
Well designed experiments have a control group and experimental group(s)
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Subject
Subjects
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Control Group: all variables are kept the same (constant)– Used for comparison
Experimental Group: all the same variables except the one thing you are testing
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The experimental group drink Coke.
The control group drink water.
Independent Variable
Control
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Variables: anything that can influence the outcome of the experiment
– Examples: age of subjects, health of subjects, having food or drinks before the experiment
Independent Variable: What you are testing– (The variable that is changed)
Dependent Variable: what is measured or observed– The variable that changes
because of the independent variable
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Example: Experiment Independent Variable: type of
beverage
Dependent Variable average number of burps
Independent Variable
Control
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4. Record Data & Analyze Collect & record Data
(information)– Qualitative data: descriptions– Quantitative data: numbers
• Data can be recorded in a table Analyze the data by graphing
it– Bar graphs: show comparisons– Line graphs: show changes over
time
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Example: Recording DataAverage # of Burps
Control Group: Water
2
Experimental Group:
Coke
6
Independent Variable Contro
l
Dependent Variable: what you measure
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Analyze the Results: Bar Graph
Y-axis = Dependent
Variable
X-axis = Independent Variable
Title
Label
Occurrence of Gas Expulsion for Non-carbonated vs. Carbonated Beverages
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
WATER COKE
# O
F BU
RPS
Average Number of Burps for Water vs. Coke
Proper units
Type of Beverage
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5. Conclusions
The results tell whether the hypothesis was “accepted or rejected”
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Example: ConclusionAccept or reject the
hypothesis? –ACCEPT!
Why? –There were more
burps with Coke than with water based on the data and the results of the graph.
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When a hypothesis is supported by data from additional investigations, it is considered valid.
When a hypothesis is not supported, it means that we need to go back and ask new questions or identify sources of error in the experiment.
6. Repeat the Work
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ACCEPT HYPOTHESIS
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
FORM A NEW HYPOTHESIS
REJECT HYPOTHESIS
REPEAT THE WORK
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PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
EXPERIMENT
RECORD DATA &ANALYZE RESULTS
ACCEPT HYPOTHESIS
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
FORM A NEW HYPOTHESIS
REJECT HYPOTHESIS
REPEAT THE WORK
CONCLUSION