the scientific revolution. scientific revolution-
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The Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution-
Scientific Revolution
• time period when old assumptions were replaced by new scientific theories
• began in the mid-1500s
geocentric theory
• the belief that the earth is the center of the universe
• also called the Ptolemaic system
heliocentric theory
• the belief that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun
• discovered by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
• also called the Copernican system
scientific method
• technique for acquiring knowledge
• main developer: Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
• 3 basic steps:
1. find a problem
2. formulate a hypothesis
3. test the hypothesis
Galileo (1564-1642)
• developed a more powerful refracting telescope and made many astronomical discoveries
• discovered new laws of physics:– falling bodies– projectile motion
• the Inquisition forced him to recant his beliefs
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
• proved that the planets move in elliptical orbits
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
• considered the greatest scientist in history
• Invented the reflecting Telescope
• discovered laws of motion and gravity
• made discoveries about light and optics
• invented calculus
medical advancements
• Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
– studied human anatomy by dissecting human corpses
• William Harvey (1578-1657)
– discovered that blood circulates through the body and is pumped by the heart (circulatory system)
• Edward Jenner (1749-1823)– discovered vaccination by
developing a vaccine for small pox
Scientific Revolution-old assumptions were replaced by new scientific theories
geocentric theory
heliocentric theory
scientific method
Galileo
KeplerNewton-
discovered laws
of motion and gravity
medical advancements
•proved that the planets move in elliptical orbits
•made many astronomical discoveries
find a problemformulate a hypothesistest the hypothesis
•the belief that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun
•the belief that the earth is the center of the universe
Vesalius- disecting
Harvey- circulation
Jenner-vaccine for small pox
The Enlightenment
Enlightenment
• movement that reached its height in the 18th century
• people began to use reason and thought and realized the power of individuals to solve problems.
• had a great effect on democratic revolutions like the American and French
social contract theory
• Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)– people accept a common superior power for
protection• John Locke (1632-1704)
– believed that humans have 3 natural rights:• life• liberty• property
– if a government fails to protect the people’s rights, the people have the right to rebel
– These ideas helped to frame the Declaration of Independence and began the American Revolution
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78)– people must surrender some rights in
order for the government to protect rights and freedoms
philosophes
• French Enlightenment philosophers
• important philosophes:– Baron de Montesquieu
(1689-1755)• separation of powers
– Voltaire (1694-1778)• promoted religious
tolerance and free speech
– Denis Diderot (1713-84)• compiled the world’s
1st true encyclopedia
Deism
• religious philosophy that became popular during the Enlightenment
• basic belief: God set the universe in motion then left it alone (like a clockmaker)
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-97)
• wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman– argued for equal rights for women
Mary Godwin Percy Bysshe ShelleyMary Shelley
capitalism
• economic system• father of capitalism: Adam
Smith (1723-90)– promoted a free market
system with little government interference (laissez faire)
– Smith’s three natural laws of economics:• the law of self-interest• the law of competition• the law of supply and
demand