the scientific revolution the roots of modern science in the 16 th & 17 th centuries
TRANSCRIPT
The Scientific Revolution
The Roots of Modern Science in the 16th & 17th Centuries
Questions to Ponder
• Where did people get their knowledge about the world before 1500?
• Why could these sources be wrong?
• What is a FACT?
• What is science?
• What is a revolution?
Why Study History of Science?
• Because it is a pure form of thought
• Because it affected philosophy, literature, and the arts
• Because it changed the ideas of religion and man’s relationship to God
• Because it was the basis for the development of democratic societies.
Rejection of Aristotle
• His scientific views of the universe were questioned.
• His observations were limited by the equipment of his day, but at least he based his conclusions on observation.
• Still wrong.
• Believed that the earth was the center of the universe.
Copernicus, 1473-1543
• Polish clergyman and astronomer
• Concluded that the sun was the center of the universe
• Believed that God must reside in the sun
Francis Bacon 1561-1621
• Lawyer and member of House of Commons
• Scientific research must be complimentary to the study of the Bible
• Advocate of the concept of empiricism
Francis Bacon 1561-1621
• Knowledge should be based on orderly experimentation & deductions based on experimental data
• Scientific Method
• 1620 Publishes Novvum Organum
Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642
• Discovered moon not made of perfect material
• Discovered sun hard dark spots
• Tested theory of falling objects
• Concluded that objects of different sizes & weights fall in the same way
• Dropped things off Tower of Pisa
Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642
• Believes in Kepler’s view of the Universe
• Used telescope and discovered Jupiter’s planets
• Wrote the Starry Messenger• Concluded that the solar
system was part of a system• Church condemned him• Permanent house arrest
Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630• Brahe’s assistant• Developed laws of
planetary motion• Trained as a minister
and like Copernicus believed that God resided in Sun.
• Finished Brahe’s theroy of ellipse
Kepler’s System
Tycho Brahe, 1546-1601
• Brilliant mathematician• Thought that Copernicus was
wrong. Believed that earth was center of the universe.
• Efforts proved the truth of Copernicus’ theory of the universe
Renee Descartes, 1596-1650
• Fascinated by Math• Lawyer and Soldier• Tried to use deductive
method to explain math• Developed Analytical
Geometry (graph algebraic equations)
• Worked with optics
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
“I think, therefore I am”
• Thinking proved existence, but nothing was true until it was proven true
Isaac Newton, 1642 - 1727• One of the foremost
intellects of all time• Served in government• Father of Calculus• Determined the nature of
gravity. Determined the force necessary to keep the moon in orbit.
• Never determined the cause of gravity.
Regroup
• What did Copernicus PROVE?
• Why is Copernicus so important?
• Who is the father of modern chemistry?
• What did Galileo use, but not invent, to prove Copernicus was correct?
• What was Francis Bacon’s contribution to science?
Regroup
• What are the steps of the Scientific Method?
• “To know is to ….”
• What did Kepler prove?