TheTheScopes Monkey TrialScopes Monkey Trial

Understanding the Understanding the 1920’s1920’s

POPULATIONPOPULATIONEXPLOSIONEXPLOSION

How many peopleHow many peoplein the USA?in the USA?

1800: 5,308,483 1800: 5,308,483 1820: 9,638,453 1820: 9,638,453 1840: 17,069,4531840: 17,069,453 1860: 31,443,321 1860: 31,443,321 1880: 50,155,7831880: 50,155,783 1890: 62,622,2501890: 62,622,250 1900: 76,808,8871900: 76,808,887 1910: 92,228,4961910: 92,228,496 1920: 106,461,0001920: 106,461,000

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For a few years, Ellis Island had been For a few years, Ellis Island had been processing 10,000 immigrants processing 10,000 immigrants every day.every day.

Ellis Island was open 9 AM to 7 PM, Ellis Island was open 9 AM to 7 PM, seven days a week.seven days a week.

In 1907, the peak year, 1 million new In 1907, the peak year, 1 million new immigrants came into the country at Ellis immigrants came into the country at Ellis Island.Island.

Where were they coming Where were they coming from?from?

In 1880, 28% of the population was In 1880, 28% of the population was urban. urban. 50,155,78350,155,783 total total That means 36 million people lived in the That means 36 million people lived in the

country, and 14 million lived in the city.country, and 14 million lived in the city. Starting in about 1890, many farmers’ Starting in about 1890, many farmers’

jobs were taken by machines, and rural jobs were taken by machines, and rural people started moving to the cities, people started moving to the cities, where they could get factory jobs.where they could get factory jobs.

Where did people live?Where did people live?

In 1900, 40% of the population was In 1900, 40% of the population was urban.urban. 76,808,887 total76,808,887 total That means 46 million people lived in the That means 46 million people lived in the

country, and 30 million lived in the city.country, and 30 million lived in the city. In 1920, it was 50%.In 1920, it was 50%.

106,461,000106,461,000 total total 53 million in the country, 53 million in the 53 million in the country, 53 million in the

citycity

Moving to the CitiesMoving to the Cities

MODERNMODERNTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

19001900The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

19011901Radio Radio transmissiontransmission

Compact modern Compact modern vacuum cleaner vacuum cleaner (horses required)(horses required)

About the About the

RadioRadio

Before 1920, Before 1920, mass media mass media meant print.meant print.

In 1920, radio In 1920, radio broadcasting broadcasting began for real.began for real.

By 1928, there were 3 By 1928, there were 3 national radio networks, national radio networks, owned by NBC and CBS.owned by NBC and CBS.

At the same time, sound At the same time, sound and color film appeared.and color film appeared.

Electronic media started Electronic media started taking over.taking over.

19021902 Air ConditionerAir Conditioner

Lie detectorLie detector

Teddy bearTeddy bear

Neon lightNeon light

19031903 Mary Anderson Mary Anderson

invents windshield invents windshield wipers after seeing wipers after seeing streetcar drivers streetcar drivers struggling in the struggling in the rain.rain.

We also get We also get crayons, advances crayons, advances in the light bulb, an in the light bulb, an automatic glass automatic glass blowing machine, blowing machine, and…and…

……in 1903, the Wright Brothers invent the in 1903, the Wright Brothers invent the first gas motored and manned airplane. first gas motored and manned airplane.

1904 and 19051904 and 19051905: Einstein 1905: Einstein publishes the publishes the theory of theory of relativity. relativity.

1904: Holt tractor1904: Holt tractor

19061906 Kellog’s Kellog’s

Corn Corn FlakesFlakes

Lewis Lewis Nixon’s Nixon’s sonar-like sonar-like devicedevice

19071907

Color photographyColor photography Synthetic plastic - BakeliteSynthetic plastic - Bakelite Piloted helicopterPiloted helicopter

1908: Ford produces the Model T on 1908: Ford produces the Model T on the assembly line. Suddenly, the assembly line. Suddenly, common people can buy a car.common people can buy a car.

And more…And more…

1908 cellophane and the Geiger counter1908 cellophane and the Geiger counter 1909: instant coffee1909: instant coffee 1910: the talking motion picture1910: the talking motion picture 1911: electrical ignition system for cars1911: electrical ignition system for cars 1912: the tank and Life Savers candy1912: the tank and Life Savers candy 1913: the zipper, the bra, the crossword 1913: the zipper, the bra, the crossword

puzzle, and MDMA, the drug known as puzzle, and MDMA, the drug known as ecstasyecstasy

THE GREAT WARTHE GREAT WAR

World War I: July 1914-Nov World War I: July 1914-Nov 19181918 WWI is so awful, WWI is so awful,

people call it “The War people call it “The War to End All Wars.”to End All Wars.”

More than 15 million More than 15 million people die, and 35 people die, and 35 million are wounded.million are wounded.– There were only 1.75 There were only 1.75

billion people then, so billion people then, so that’s almost 1% that’s almost 1% fatality.fatality.

– That’s equivalent to That’s equivalent to over 50 million people over 50 million people dying in one war today.dying in one war today.

Countries all over the Countries all over the world are involved. The world are involved. The big players are… big players are…

Entente Powers: Britain, Entente Powers: Britain, France, Serbia, and France, Serbia, and Imperial Russia (joined Imperial Russia (joined later by Italy, Greece, later by Italy, Greece, Portugal, Romania, and Portugal, Romania, and the United States).the United States).

Central Powers: Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Germany and Austria-Hungary (joined later by Hungary (joined later by Ottoman Turkey and Ottoman Turkey and Bulgaria).Bulgaria).

A Soldier’s LifeA Soldier’s Life Trench warfare is Trench warfare is

brutal.brutal. The military uses The military uses

poison gas, poison gas, which kills every which kills every living thing in living thing in the area, not just the area, not just the enemy.the enemy.

About 10 million About 10 million soldiers die.soldiers die.

Civilian LifeCivilian LifeIn addition to In addition to bombing, fighting bombing, fighting soldiers, and soldiers, and poison gas, poison gas, civilians have to civilians have to deal with terrible deal with terrible food shortages. food shortages. (Some sources say (Some sources say that most civilian that most civilian deaths were caused deaths were caused by starvation.)by starvation.)

USA InvolvementUSA InvolvementThe USA is officially isolationist … until a The USA is officially isolationist … until a German submarine attacks an American German submarine attacks an American ship, the Lusitania, in 1915.ship, the Lusitania, in 1915.

Isolationism clearly Isolationism clearly will not work. will not work. America joins the war, America joins the war, in April, 1917.in April, 1917.

The US sends more The US sends more than 2 million than 2 million soldiers.soldiers.

Over 120,000 die, and Over 120,000 die, and 200,000 are wounded.200,000 are wounded.– Remember, the US was Remember, the US was

only involved for a year only involved for a year and a half. These and a half. These losses were shocking to losses were shocking to Americans.Americans.

At HomeAt Home Patriotic people are Patriotic people are

encouraged to encouraged to enlist, support the enlist, support the war by buying War war by buying War Bonds, and Bonds, and cheerfully accept cheerfully accept rations. (Lots of rations. (Lots of things are rationed, things are rationed, including food.)including food.)

Paranoia about Paranoia about spies leads to spies leads to warnings about warnings about keeping all military keeping all military matters completely matters completely secret.secret.

Inventions continue during the Inventions continue during the war…war…

1914: Morgan gas mask1914: Morgan gas mask 1915: Pyrex (heat resistant glass)1915: Pyrex (heat resistant glass) 1916: radio tuners that receive 1916: radio tuners that receive

different stations, and stainless steeldifferent stations, and stainless steel 1918: the superheterodyne radio 1918: the superheterodyne radio

circuit, still used in every radio and circuit, still used in every radio and television set, and the fortune cookietelevision set, and the fortune cookie

1919: pop-up toaster and short-wave 1919: pop-up toaster and short-wave radioradio

The Flu PandemicThe Flu Pandemic

VocabularyVocabulary An epidemic

occurs when a disease affects

a greater number people than is usual for the locality

or a disease

spreads to areas not usually associated with the disease

A pandemic is an epidemic of world-wide proportions.

It infected 1/3 of the world’s population: 500 million people across the world.

An estimated 10-20% of infected people died: 50 to 100 million people.

In other words, 3-5% of the world's population died, making the flu pandemic one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history.

The disease killed in every corner of the globe, including remote Pacific islands and the Arctic.

The NumbersThe Numbers

The 1918 flu pandemic was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic. 

The close quarters and massive troop movements of WWI hastened the pandemic and probably both increased transmission and augmented mutation; the war may also have increased the lethality of the virus. Some speculate the soldiers' immune systems were weakened by malnourishment, as well as the stresses of combat and chemical attacks, increasing their susceptibility.

A large factor in the worldwide occurrence of this flu was increased travel. Modern transportation systems made it easier for soldiers, sailors, and civilian travelers to spread the disease.

Important Factors: WWI and Important Factors: WWI and TravelTravel

4 March 1918: company cook Albert Gitchell reported sick at Fort Riley, Kansas.

11 March 1918: by noon, over 100 soldiers were in the hospital. 

Days later: 522 men at the camp had reported sick.

An Example in the USAAn Example in the USA

Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill juvenile, elderly, or already weakened patients; in contrast the 1918 pandemic predominantly killed previously healthy young adults.

Modern research … has concluded that the virus kills because the body's immune system overreacts. The strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body, whereas the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults resulted in fewer deaths among those groups.

Influenza may have killed as many as 25 million people in its first 25 weeks.

It is said that this flu killed more people in 24 weeks than AIDS has killed in 24 years, more in a year than the Black Death killed in a century.

Thanks to Wikipedia for all my flu pandemic information.Thanks to Wikipedia for all my flu pandemic information.