The ScorePP Approach to Predict Releases The ScorePP Approach to Predict Releases of Priority Pollutants From Urban Sourcesof Priority Pollutants From Urban Sources

Hans-Christian Holten Lützhøft1, Erica Donner2, Veerle Gevaert3, Webbey De Keyser3, Tonie Wickman4, Matej Cerk5, Eva Eriksson1,

André Lecloux6, Primož Banovec5 and Anna Ledin1

1DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark2Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, London, UK

3BIOMATH, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium4Environmental Monitoring, Stockholm Stad, Stockholm, Sweden

5Faculty of civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia6Envicat Consulting, Avenue Montesquieu 36, B-1300 Wavre, Belgium

ScorePP Dissemination WorkshopWendake, Quebec

Monday 5 October 2009

AimAimThe main project aim is to develop Source Control Options for Reducing Emissions of Priority Pollutants from urban areas

The specific aim of this task was to identify potential sources and to quantify releases of priority pollutants

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

ApproachApproach

Develop Source Classification Framework

Compile data on sources & releases

Classifying using the Emission String concept

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

Establish releases based on the compiled data

Source Classification FrameworkSource Classification FrameworkRequirements

Content should be structured and organised in a harmonised wayEnsure that the different sources could be distinguished from each otherTo be valid EU wideDynamic and to be used after this project ends

InspirationUS EPA SCCTGDHarmonised codes like CN, NACE and NOSEEINECS, CAS#

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

Source Classification Framework – Source Classification Framework – the the Emission StringEmission String concept concept

CAS #: unique identification of each substanceNOSE: unique identification of emission processes NACE: unique identification of economic activities related with the sourceThe ScorePP defined descriptors of

Urban Structure, comprising e.g.Construction sitesFacilities; e.g. factories, dentists, slaughter houses (i.e. legal entities)HouseholdsRiversRoadsWaste sites/landfills

Release PatternTemporal releases on a daily, weekly and yearly basis

Release Factor

All data are stored in a database

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

Compiling dataCompiling dataRisk Assessment Reports from EUHazardous Substance Data Bank and Household Product Database from US NLMHandbooks and electronic compilations, e.g. the Merck Index, Rippen, the e-Pesticide Manual, Kirk-Othmer’s Encyclopedia of Chemical TechnologyResearch articles

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

Wear & tear

Classifying sources using the ES conceptClassifying sources using the ES concept

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

RP/RF

RP/RF

CAS#

DisposalWaste RP/RFRP/RF RP/RF

RP/RFRP/RF

NACE NOSE US

Waste

WasteWasteWaste

O

O CH3

CH3

OCH3

CH3

O

SCF tested on a selection of WFD substancesSCF tested on a selection of WFD substances

Number of ESs for each PPNumber of ESs for each PP(ab 900 ESs in total)(ab 900 ESs in total)

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

Number of ESs in each urban structureNumber of ESs in each urban structure(ab 900 ESs in total)(ab 900 ESs in total)

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

Archetype sourcesArchetype sourcesAgricultureConstruction sites and buildings

FacilitiesHouseholdsRoadsWaste disposal

Diffuse and other not immediately classifiable sources

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

Fertilizers and pest controlDiuron: 7,5-25 mg/applicationCd: from fertilizers

Building materialsNi: 0,3-0,8 mg/m2 stainless steel/yrCd: 0,01-10 kg/yr from Zn-materialsDEHP: 16 tonnes/yr

ClothesDEHP: 950 kg/yr

GreywaterHg: 17µg/PE/dCd: 5 kg/yrTCE: 8-100 µg/LNi: jewellery, coins, washing etc. Benzo(a)pyrene: 1,8 µg/PE/d

Painting and car washDEHP: 12 kg/yr

Environmental releases due to Environmental releases due to householdshouseholds Heating

Anthracene: 0,8-102 mg/kg woodBenzo(a)pyrene: 2,7 mg/kg coalBenzo(a)pyrene: 27 µg/kg wood

SmokingAnthracene: 34 ng/cigaretBenzene: 10-100 µg/cigaretBenzo(a)pyrene: 5-1600 ng/cigaret

Clothes and building materialsDEHP:250 kg DCM: 10-80 µg/m2/hTCE: 3,6 µg/m2/h

FertilizersCd: 500 g/yr

Building materialsDEHP:600 kg/yr

Plus releases of HCB, HCH, PeCB, TBTs, chlorpyrifos, endrin, Pb, trifluralin and NPs

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

Environmental releases due to Environmental releases due to vehicular transport on vehicular transport on roadsroads

AnthraceneCombustion: 5,2-28 µg/kg fuel burned, depending on vehicle and fuel type

BenzeneCombustion: 4-10 mg/km driven, depending on vehicle type

Benzo(a)pyreneCombustion: 1-8 µg/km driven, without and with catalyst

Cadmium (from both break linings, tyres, fuel and asphalt)7 kg/year is released in Stockholm with 780.000 inhabitants

DEHP (from undercoating)200 kg/year is released in Stockholm with 780.000 inhabitants

MercuryTyres: 4-240 µg/km depending on vehicle typeRoads: 3-17 µg/km depending on vehicle type

NickelCombustion: 21-107 and 3,2-2310 ng/km driven, for gasoline and diesel, respectivelyBrake-linings, tyres and asphalt: 91-182 ng/km

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

Statistics for Denmark year 2007Statistics for Denmark year 2007

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

Environmental releases due to Environmental releases due to vehicular transport on vehicular transport on roadsroads

Depending on fuel and vehicle type:

Anthracene: 12-67 kg Nickel: 4,4-117 kg

Benzene frombusses, lorries etc: 105 tonnes

Cadmium: 49 kg

Mercury: 0,3-12 tonnes

Plus releases of anthracene from wear & tear of tyres and asphalt and release of anthracene, benzene, benzo(a)pyrene due to leakage & spillage

Benzene from cars: 154 tonnes

Benzo(a)pyrene: 360 kg

DEHP: 1,41 tonnes

Release of nickel from Danish highways: 108 kg

Thomas Ruby Bentzen, PhD thesis (2008)

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

Use of emission strings in a framework of Use of emission strings in a framework of consistent approach towards the management consistent approach towards the management PP emissions PP emissions

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

As standardized framework for the exchange of information

Defined in different processess: MonitoringPermittingPublic participationNon-compliance meausresGreen taxes Benchmarking (national, sectorial)Institutional analysis (shared responsibilities i.e. emergency response and regular pollution flow)Impact assessment (shared responsibilities for the impacts)Other

University of Ljubljana

Further elaboration of the classification efforts – Further elaboration of the classification efforts – beyond emission strings (ES as a core definition) beyond emission strings (ES as a core definition)

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

Definition of emission barriersDefinition of emission control measuresDefinition of emission control strategiesDefinition of substitution optionsAdaptation matrix (adaptation of ES to city/watershed level)Definition of economic dimensions of PP pollution (related benefits, costs)Definition of perception of the DPSIR concept by individuals – behaviour of households Definition of the emissions from product use (not only activities)

University of Ljubljana

Process definitions applied:Process definitions applied:

ES + AM + EB = emissions = Localized emission load ES + AM + EB = emissions = Localized emission load

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

University of Ljubljana

Emission control measures (ECM)Emission control measures (ECM)Emission control strategie (ECS) Emission control strategie (ECS)

ConclusionsConclusionsSCF established – based on literature knowledge about sourcesAbout 900 ESs established for the 25 WFD substances

Overall 16% with concrete knowledge about release quantitiesOverall 65% without any quantitative data on release into the technosphere

WFD substances occur in a wide variety of sources and activities in urban settings and are released to all studied compartments

Most sources are related to production activitiesOther large categories are households, waste disposal, agriculture, construction and transport

Classifying the sources according to the Urban Structure descriptor enables

Sources to be linked to GIS, thus enhancing visualisationDefinition of archetype sources and thus a better targeting of mitigation options and Emission Control Strategies

Aim Approach Substances Results Conclusions

AcknowledgementAcknowledgementThe presented results have been obtained within the framework of the project ScorePP - “Source Control Options for Reducing Emissions of Priority Pollutants”, contract no. 037036, a project coordinated by Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark within the Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development section of the European Community’s Sixth Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration.