the second quantum revolutionedu.lnf.infn.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2020-infn... · 2020. 4....
TRANSCRIPT
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The Second Quantum RevolutionFabio Sciarrino
Dipartimento di FisicaScuola Superiore di Studi Avanzati-SSAS
Sapienza Università di Roma
www.quantumlab.it
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Quantum computer: Microsoft approach
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Let’s start from 1927…
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The “golden year” of Quantum Mechanics:Solvay conference (1927)
Quantum Physics: Planck, Einstein, Bohr, Dirac, Schroedinger, Heisenberg, Pauli,...
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Quantum mechanics..Energy, like matter, has a discontinuous nature being formed
by elementary quantities.
QUANTUM THEORY
All processes of interaction between bodies(the "force fields") are "quantized"
["Elementary particles": photons, electrons ..]
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Single particle interference
Wall
Source
A
B
Shutter
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Probability to detect PL(x)
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Probability to detectparticlePA(x)
A
B
Single particle interference
Wall
Source
Shutter
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Single particle interference
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Probabilityto detect particlePR(x)
Single particle interference
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A
B
Single particle interference
Probability to detectparticlePB(x)
Wall
Source
Shutter
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“Classical behavior"
A
B Probabilityto detect particle
P(x) = PA(x) + PB(x)Wall
Source
Shutter
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Quantum interference
A
B
Which slit does the photon pass through? It is as if it passed from both!
Sorgente
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Coexistence of two complementary realities
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Quantum interference
“…the heart of quantum mechanics. In reality it contains the only mystery
...”
R.P. Feynman (1965)
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Quantum interference
The particle is in an overlapping stateof the two trajectories.
The wave function that characterizes the system is written as......
Classical physics: a particle can travelalong path A or along path B
Quantum physics: “a particle can travelalong path A and along path B "
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”Classical” behavior
Probability to detect
one particleP(x) = PL(x) + PR(x)
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“It from bit”J.A.Wheeler
Reality is also created by our questions, or by the information acquired.
The observation disturbs the phenomenon [“Heisenberg indeterminism”]
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“It from bit”J.A.Wheeler
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“There is a moon in the sky if I don't look at it?”
A. Einstein
Esistono le “proprietà oggettive”, gli“elements of physical reality” ?
A. Einstein
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Einstein: « God doesn't play dice »
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« While we have shown that the wave function does not provide a complete description
of the physical reality, we left open the question of whether or not such a description exists.
We believe, however, that such a theory is possible. »
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Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox:Entanglement
Let’s consider two particles (photons A and B)
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Let’s consider two particles (photons A and B)
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox:Entanglement
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+
Let’s consider two particles (photons A and B)
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox:Entanglement
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Two entangled particles
Let’s consider two particles (photons A and B)
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox:Entanglement
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31
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« I would not call entanglement one but ratherthe characteristic trait of quantum mechanics,
the one that enforces its entire departure from classical lines of thought. »
E. Schroedinger
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Quantum non-locality
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Generation of entangled states
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European Research Programon Quantum Technologies
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The second quantum revolution…
Quantum information
Quantum bit (qubit)
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Quantum information
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Quantum Mechanics
Information Theory
MeasurementTheory
EntanglementBell-EPR correlations
multi particle interference
Quantumalgorithms
Quantumcomputer
Computationalcomplexity Computer
TuringMachine Maxwell’s
damon
StatisticalMechanics
Cryptography
Quantum keydistribution
Quantumcontextuality
Shannon’stheorem
Errorcorrecting
code
Quantumerror
correction
Decoherence
Quantumsimulator
Machinelearning
Parameterestimation
Quantummetrology
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Quantum Mechanics
Information Theory
MeasurementTheory
EntanglementBell-EPR correlations
multi particle interference
Quantumalgorithms
Quantumcomputer
Computationalcomplexity Computer
TuringMachine Maxwell’s
damon
StatisticalMechanics
Cryptography
Quantum keydistribution
Quantumcontextuality
Shannon’stheorem
Errorcorrecting
code
Quantumerror
correction
Decoherence
Quantumsimulator
Machinelearning
Parameterestimation
Quantummetrology
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Quantum computation
Quantum simulation
Quantum communication
Quantum metrology
Foundationsof Quantum Mechanics
Implementation of Quantum InformationTrapped ions
Superconductingqubits
Quantum annealers
Spin qubit
Cold atoms in optical lattices
Single photons
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Polarization of a single photon
H: horizontalV: vertical
Polarizzation of a single photon
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Classical cryptographyCifrario di Cesare:
I sec a.C
ENIGMA:1940 II guerra mondiale
Internet:1990 - oggi
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Classic Cryptography: Private Key
«Encrypted message»
Alice Bobo
Eve:Spy
Private key protocol: key exchange via secure channel!
2
Private key
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47
Quantum cryptography
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Micius: “Quantum Sputnik”
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State-of-the-art in Satellite-based quantum key distribution
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State-of-the-art in Satellite-based quantum key distribution
Distribution of entanglement (Bell’s inequality)air-to-ground via two-link satellite
sender module
receiver module
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QubitQUBIT (Quantum Bit)
GOAL:TO EXPLOIT QUANTUM
PARALLELISM
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Current platforms and worldwide effort
Copyright: @pasqal
trapped ions
coldatoms
photonsadiabaticcomputing
Superconductingqubit
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Classical Quantum
orthogonal states
orthogonal states
orthogonal states
Quantum parallelism
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Inaccessibility of all the information of the wave functions
The quantum computation is parallel over
with probabilityThe measurement process outputs one state
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Inaccessibility of all the information of the wave functions
The quantum computation is parallel over
with probabilityThe measurement process outputs one state
Goal: to exploit quantum parallelism and to extract the desired information from the system
Quantum algorithms need to be processed appropriately
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How to achieve quantum supremacy?
(Quantum advantage)
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How to achieve quantum supremacy?
(Quantum advantage)Nature Special Issue on “Quantum software”
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1 qubit —> dimension of Hilbert space =2
2 qubit —> dimension of Hilbert space =22=4
3 qubit —> dimension of Hilbert space =22=8
The size of Hilbert's space grows exponentiallywith the number of qubits
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1 qubit —> dimension of Hilbert space =2
2 qubit —> dimension of Hilbert space =22=4
3 qubit —> dimension of Hilbert space =22=8
The size of Hilbert's space grows exponentiallywith the number of qubits
53 qubit:
dimension of Hilbert space
253 =1.8 x 1016
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MACROSCOPICWORLD
CLASSICALPHYSICS
MICROSCOPICWORLD
QUANTUMPHYSICS
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Zurek, Physics Today, October 1991, page 38
The boundary between quantum and classical world
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68
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Integrated quantum photonics
Preparation
Detection
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Integrated quantum photonics
Preparation
Detection
- Single photon sources- Manipulation- Single photon detectorsON THE SAME CHIP
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Enjoy life, enjoy quantum!
Thank you!
www.quantumlab.itwww.3dquest.euhttp://[email protected]: @FabioSciarrino