The Second War of Independence (Chapter

12.1 (p.233-240)

1812- 1824Presidencies of Madison to

Monroe

Presidential Election of 1812

• Born in Virginia, 1751•Enlisted in Continental Army

but too small•Attended Princeton University

and became a lawyer.•Father of the Constitution and

Bill of Rights.•Secretary of State during

Jefferson’s Presidency•President, 1809 to 1817

•Most known for defending US Neutrality during the War of

1812.

• Born in Virginia, 1751•Enlisted in Continental Army

but too small•Attended Princeton University

and became a lawyer.•Father of the Constitution and

Bill of Rights.•Secretary of State during

Jefferson’s Presidency•President, 1809 to 1817

•Most known for defending US Neutrality during the War of

1812.

madwar

President James Madison

President James Madison

NEXT

War breaks out again between the United States and

Britain in 1812.

PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT

•Defend our neutrality•Freedom of the seas

•Defend our self interest

madwar

President James Madison

President James Madison

Madison brought the US into this war to defend the neutrality

of the US.

Would this be a violation of President Washington’s policy

of keeping the US out of war and neutral?

“Mr. Madison’s War”“Mr. Madison’s War”

Why Britain and not France? Impressment: destroying US economy British forts Arming of Indians (Tecumseh) Desire for Canada No respect from British

Was convinced by the War Hawks that this was a needed war.

“Mr. Madison’s War”“Mr. Madison’s War” June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of war

with England. Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London

repealed impressments policy 2 days prior to war

New England opposed to war but Southern/western states supported the war (**start of real sectionalism)- divided nation (quote p. 231)

US at war vs. most powerful nation, but US divided Poorly equipped US army initiated military action in

1812 by launching a 3-part invasion of Canada The British easily repulsed the Americans

Map war1812

•US unprepared for war.

•1812 & 1813-Failed invasion into

Canada- British forces weakest here.

•US forces set out from: Detroit,

Niagara, & Lake Champlain

US Navy Success in War of 1812

Most successful- Perry (Great Lakes), McDonough (Plattsburgh)

Did better than US army US navy v. Britain– US navy better!1. US ships more skillfully handled2. Better gunners3. Manned by non-press gang crews US frigates (Old Ironsides) thicker sides,

more fire power 1 in 6 sailors African-American

Naval BattlesNaval Battles

The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war. After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry

declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours” Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on

Lake Champlain which resulted in a British retreat US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812

The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813

The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813

British defeat on Great Lakes= British retreat from Detroit & Fort Malden

US military victory led by General William H. Harrison Tecumseh was killed during this battle

Napoleon defeated in Europe

• 1814- Napoleon was defeated & exiled= US can’t depend on French

• British soldiers flood into Canada• 1814- British prepared to crush NY• British invasion stopped by McDonough at

Plattsburgh• US-British peace talks affected• NY & NE saved

Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814 Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814

highlights

Dolly Madison escaped from White House and

took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the

British destroyed it.

Dolly Madison escaped from White House and

took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the

British destroyed it.

U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star

Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star

Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

highlights

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key

Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key

•About 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the About 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana

Purchase.Purchase.

•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of

Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.

•About 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the About 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana

Purchase.Purchase.

•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of

Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.

New orleans

•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that

time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained

respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana

Purchase under the control of the U.S.

•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that

time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained

respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana

Purchase under the control of the U.S.

New orleans

The Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent War of 1812 is considered a

“stalemate”…Dec. 1814 Peace commissioners in Ghent

devised the following terms of peace (John Q. Adams, Henry Clay) A halt to the fighting The return of all conquered

territory to the prewar borders Recognition of the prewar

boundary between Canada and the United States

Treaty was ratified by the Senate

Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems:

• U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy

1. Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade around the Atlantic coastline of US

*New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the war

*Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England

2. Proposed Amendment requiring 2/3 vote for future embargoes, new states admitted, or war declared

3. Wanted to abolish 3/5 Compromise

4. Limit Presidents to 2 terms

5. Prohibit 2 successive presidents from same state

** Delegates arrived in Washington just as news of New Orleans & Ghent arrived

The War’s Legacy The War’s Legacy U.S. gained the respect of other nations

1st round of sectionalism defeated (NE Federalist given a “black eye”)

The Federalist party came to an end as a national force War heroes emerged: Andrew Jackson, William H. Harrison Indians relinquished vast lands to US- North of Ohio River

US industry grew (blockade)- we are less dependent on Britain Canadians angry over Ghent Treaty (Rush-Bagot Treaty 1817-

demilitarized Great Lakes) Talk of nullification and secession in New England set a

precedent that would later be used by the South Gained our neutrality and became isolated from Europe

US turns from Europe & faced towards the west ** US NATIONALISM grew

Respect from the Europeans

The War of 1812 won new respect for America among many British. Michael Scott, a young lieutenant in the British navy wrote,

“I don’t like Americans; I never did, and never shall like them…..I have no wish to eat

with them, drink with them, deal with, or consort with them in any way; but let me tell

the whole truth, nor fight with them, were it not for the laurels to be acquired, by overcoming an enemy so brave, determined and alert, and in every way so worthy on one’s steel, as they

have always proved.