the section 66a judgment

8/9/2019 The Section 66A judgment

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REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL/CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO.167 OF 2012

SHREYA SINGHAL … PETITIONER

VERSUS

UNION OF INDIA … RESPONDENT

WITH

WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.21 OF 2013


WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 97 OF 2013


WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 217 OF 2013





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!"0&+'% %'s"+%!' "% a !"00+(i!ai"(*'i!'? "%

6c 7 a( ')'!%"(i! 0ai) "% ')'!%"(i! 0ai)0'ssa2' #"% h' &+%&"s' "# !a+si(2a(("a(!' "% i(!"('(i'(!' "% "*'!'i' "% " 0is)'a* h' a**%'ss'' "%%'!i&i'( ab"+ h' "%i2i( "# s+!h0'ssa2's:

sha)) b' &+(ishab)' $ih i0&%is"(0'( #"% a '%0$hi!h 0a '4'(* " h%'' 'a%s a(* $ih #i('.

Explanation.> F"% h' &+%&"s's "# his s'!i"(:

'%0s =')'!%"(i! 0ai)B a(* =')'!%"(i! 0ai)0'ssa2'B 0'a(s a 0'ssa2' "% i(#"%0ai"( !%'a'*"% %a(s0i'* "% %'!'i'* "( a !"0&+'%: !"0&+'%ss'0: !"0&+'% %'s"+%!' "% !"00+(i!ai"(*'i!' i(!)+*i(2 aa!h0'(s i( '4: i0a2': a+*i":i*'" a(* a( "h'% ')'!%"(i! %'!"%*: $hi!h 0a b'%a(s0i'* $ih h' 0'ssa2'.B1

1

The genealogy of this Section may be traced back to Section 10(2)(a) of the U.K. Post Office

(mendment) ct! 1"#$! %hich made it an offence to send any message by tele&hone %hich is grosslyoffensi'e or of an indecent! obscene! or menacing character. This Section %as sbstantially re&rodced by

Section of the UK Post Office ct! 1"$# as follo%s*66. Prohibition of sending offensive or false telephone messages or false telegrams,

etc.

+f any &erson,

(a)sends any message by tele&hone %hich is grossly offensi'e or of an indecent! obscene

or menacing character -(b)sends any message by tele&hone! or any telegram! %hich he kno%s to be false! for the

&r&ose of casing annoyance! incon'enience or needless aniety to any other &erson - or

(c)&ersistently makes tele&hone calls %ithot reasonable case and for any sch &r&ose

as aforesaid!

he shall be liable on smmary con'iction to a fine not eceeding ten &onds! or to

im&risonment for a term not eceeding one month! or to both.This Section in trn %as re&laced by Section /" of the ritish Telecommnication ct! 1"1 and

Section /# of the ritish Telecommnication ct! 1"/. +n its &resent form in the UK! it is Section 12 ofthe Telecommnication ct! 200# %hich is rele'ant and %hich is as follo%s*3

127. Improper use of public electronic communications network

(1) &erson is gilty of an offence if he 3

(a) sends by means of a &blic electronic commnications net%ork a

message or other matter that is grossly offensi'e or of an indecent! obscene

or menacing character- or

(b) case any sch message or matter to be so sent.

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-. A %')a'* !ha))'(2' is a)s" 0a*' " S'!i"( 85A

i(%"*+!'* b h' sa0' a0'(*0'( $hi!h %'a*s as #"))"$s617 Wh'%' h' C'(%a)G"'%(0'( "% a( "# is "##i!'%s s&'!ia))a+h"%is'* b i i( his b'ha)# is sais#i'* ha i is('!'ssa% "% '4&'*i'( s" " *": i( h' i('%'s "#s"'%'i2( a(* i('2%i "# I(*ia: *'#'(!' "# I(*ia:s'!+%i "# h' Sa': #%i'(*) %')ai"(s $ih #"%'i2(Sa's "% &+b)i! "%*'% "% #"% &%''(i(2 i(!i'0'( "

h' !"00issi"( "# a( !"2(iab)' "##'(!' %')ai(2" ab"': i 0a s+b'! " h' &%"isi"(s "# s+bs'!i"( 6-7: #"% %'as"(s " b' %'!"%*'* i( $%ii(2: b"%*'%: *i%'! a( a2'(! "# h' G"'%(0'( "%i('%0'*ia% " b)"!@ #"% a!!'ss b h' &+b)i! "%!a+s' " b' b)"!@'* #"% a!!'ss b h' &+b)i! a(i(#"%0ai"( 2'('%a'*: %a(s0i'*: %'!'i'*: s"%'*"% h"s'* i( a( !"0&+'% %'s"+%!'.

6-7 Th' &%"!'*+%' a(* sa#'2+a%*s s+b'! " $hi!h

s+!h b)"!@i(2 #"% a!!'ss b h' &+b)i! 0a b'!a%%i'* "+: sha)) b' s+!h as 0a b' &%'s!%ib'*.

6,7 Th' i('%0'*ia% $h" #ai)s " !"0&) $ih h'*i%'!i"( iss+'* +(*'% s+bs'!i"( 617 sha)) b'

(2) &erson is gilty of an offence if! for the &r&ose of casing

annoyance! incon'enience or needless aniety to another! he3

(a) sends by means of a &blic electronic commnications net%ork! a

message that he kno%s to be false!(b) cases sch a message to be sent- or

(c) &ersistently makes se of a &blic electronic commnications net%ork.

(#) &erson gilty of an offence nder this section shall be liable! on

smmary con'iction! to im&risonment for a term not eceeding si months

or to a fine not eceeding le'el $ on the standard scale! or to both.

(/) Sbsections (1) and (2) do not a&&ly to anything done in the corse of

&ro'iding a &rogramme ser'ice (%ithin the meaning of the roadcasting ct

1""0 (c./2)).

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&+(ish'* $ih a( i0&%is"(0'( #"% a '%0 $hi!h0a '4'(* " s''( 'a%s a(* sha)) a)s" b' )iab)'" #i('.B

,. Th' Sa'0'( "# Ob'!s a(* R'as"(s a&&'(*'* " h'

i)) $hi!h i(%"*+!'* h' A0'(*0'( A! sa'* i( &a%a2%a&h ,

ha<

=,. A %a&i* i(!%'as' i( h' +s' "# !"0&+'% a(*i('%(' has 2i'( %is' " ('$ #"%0s "# !%i0's )i@'&+b)ishi(2 s'4+a)) '4&)i!i 0a'%ia)s i( ')'!%"(i!#"%0: i*'" "'+%is0 a(* b%'a!h "# !"(#i*'(ia)ia(* )'a@a2' "# *aa b i('%0'*ia%: '!"00'%!'#%a+*s )i@' &'%s"(ai"( !"00"() @("$( asPhishi(2: i*'(i h'# a(* "##'(si' 0'ssa2'sh%"+2h !"00+(i!ai"( s'%i!'s. S": &'(a)&%"isi"(s a%' %'3+i%'* " b' i(!)+*'* i( h'I(#"%0ai"( T'!h(")"2 A!: h' I(*ia( P'(a) !"*':h' I(*ia( Ei*'(!' A! a(* h' !"*' "# C%i0i(a)P%"!'*+%' " &%''( s+!h !%i0's.B

. Th' &'ii"('%s !"('(* ha h' '% basis "# S'!i"( 88A

ha i has 2i'( %is' " ('$ #"%0s "# !%i0's is i(!"%%'!: a(*

ha S'!i"(s 88 " 8;C a(* a%i"+s S'!i"(s "# h' I(*ia(

P'(a) C"*' 6$hi!h $i)) b' %'#'%%'* " h'%'i(a#'%7 a%' 2""*

'("+2h " *'a) $ih a)) h's' !%i0's.

. Th' &'ii"('%s a%i"+s !"+(s') %ais'* a )a%2' (+0b'% "#

&"i(s as " h' !"(si+i"(a)i "# S'!i"( 88A. A!!"%*i(2 "

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A)s": h' %i2h "# i'$'%s is i(#%i(2'* as s+!h !hi))i(2 '##'!

$"+)* (" 2i' h'0 h' b'('#i "# 0a( sha*'s "# 2%' i(

'%0s "# a%i"+s &"i(s "# i'$ ha !"+)* b' i'$'* "'% h'

i('%('.

Th' &'ii"('%s a)s" !"('(* ha h'i% %i2hs +(*'%

A%i!)'s 1 a(* -1 a%' b%'a!h'* i(as0+!h h'%' is ("

i('))i2ib)' *i##'%'(ia b'$''( h"s' $h" +s' h' i('%(' a(*

h"s' $h" b $"%*s s&"@'( "% $%i'( +s' "h'% 0'*i+0s "#

!"00+(i!ai"(. T" &+(ish s"0'b"* b'!a+s' h' +s's a

&a%i!+)a% 0'*i+0 "# !"00+(i!ai"( is is')# a *is!%i0i(a"%

"b'! a(* $"+)* #a)) #"+) "# A%i!)' 1 i( a( !as'.

8. I( %'&): M%. T+sha% M'ha: )'a%('* A**ii"(a) S")i!i"%

G'('%a) *'#'(*'* h' !"(si+i"(a)i "# S'!i"( 88A. H'

a%2+'* ha h' )'2is)a+%' is i( h' b's &"sii"( " +(*'%sa(*

a(* a&&%'!ia' h' (''*s "# h' &'"&)'. Th' C"+% $i)):

h'%'#"%': i('%#'%' $ih h' )'2is)ai' &%"!'ss "() $h'( a

sa+' is !)'a%) i")ai' "# h' %i2hs !"(#'%%'* "( h' !ii'(

+(*'% Pa%III "# h' C"(si+i"(. Th'%' is a &%'s+0&i"( i(

#a"+% "# h' !"(si+i"(a)i "# a( '(a!0'(. F+%h'%: h'

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C"+% $"+)* s" !"(s%+' a sa+' " 0a@' i $"%@ab)' a(* i(

*"i(2 s" !a( %'a* i(" i "% %'a* *"$( h' &%"isi"(s ha a%'

i0&+2('*. Th' C"(si+i"( *"'s (" i0&"s' i0&"ssib)'

sa(*a%*s "# *''%0i(i(2 a)i*i. M'%' &"ssibi)i "# ab+s' "# a

&%"isi"( !a((" b' a 2%"+(* " *'!)a%' a &%"isi"( i(a)i*.

L""s' )a(2+a2' 0a ha' b''( +s'* i( S'!i"( 88A " *'a)

$ih ("') 0'h"*s "# *is+%bi(2 "h'% &'"&)'s %i2hs b +si(2

h' i('%(' as a "") " *" s". F+%h'%: a2+'('ss is (" a

2%"+(* " *'!)a%' a sa+' +(!"(si+i"(a) i# h' sa+' is

"h'%$is' )'2is)ai') !"0&''( a(* ("(a%bi%a%. H' !i'* a

)a%2' (+0b'% "# +*20'(s b'#"%' +s b"h #%"0 his C"+% a(*

#%"0 "'%s'as " b+%'ss his s+b0issi"(s.

F**/- -, ;** %/ E617 A))

!ii'(s sha)) ha' h' %i2h>

6a7 " #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"(?B

;. A%i!)' 156-7 sa's<

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A+&* 19. P-+*+&-% -, *+&% &+'

*/&% ,**/- -, '**" *+.>6-7 N"hi(2 i(

s+b!)a+s' 6a7 "# !)a+s' 617 sha)) a##'! h'

"&'%ai"( "# a( '4isi(2 )a$: "% &%''( h' Sa'

#%"0 0a@i(2 a( )a$: i( s" #a% as s+!h )a$ i0&"s's%'as"(ab)' %'s%i!i"(s "( h' '4'%!is' "# h' %i2h

!"(#'%%'* b h' sai* s+b!)a+s' i( h' i('%'ss "#

h' s"'%'i2( a(* i('2%i "# I(*ia: h' s'!+%i "#

h' Sa': #%i'(*) %')ai"(s $ih #"%'i2( Sa's:

&+b)i! "%*'%: *'!'(! "% 0"%a)i "% i( %')ai"( "

!"('0& "# !"+%: *'#a0ai"( "% i(!i'0'( " a(

"##'(!'.B

. Th' P%'a0b)' "# h' C"(si+i"( "# I(*ia inter alia s&'a@s

"# )ib'% "# h"+2h: '4&%'ssi"(: b')i'#: #aih a(* $"%shi&. I

a)s" sas ha I(*ia is a s"'%'i2( *'0"!%ai! %'&+b)i!. I

!a((" b' "'% '0&hasi'* ha $h'( i !"0's " *'0"!%a!:

)ib'% "# h"+2h a(* '4&%'ssi"( is a !a%*i(a) a)+' ha is "#

&a%a0"+( si2(i#i!a(!' +(*'% "+% !"(si+i"(a) s!h'0'.

5. Va%i"+s +*20'(s "# his C"+% ha' %'#'%%'* " h'

i0&"%a(!' "# #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( b"h #%"0 h'

&"i( "# i'$ "# h' )ib'% "# h' i(*ii*+a) a(* #%"0 h' &"i( "#

i'$ "# "+% *'0"!%ai! #"%0 "# 2"'%(0'(. F"% '4a0&)': i(

h' 'a%) !as' "# R-*' T . ;++* -, M/'" 159

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S.C.R. 5 a 89-: his C"+% sa'* ha #%''*"0 "# s&''!h )a

a h' #"+(*ai"( "# a)) *'0"!%ai! "%2a(iai"(s. I( ;

P*' (P) L+/. = O'. . U%&-% -, I%/&" 158- , S.C.R. -

a 88: a C"(si+i"( '(!h "# his C"+% sai* #%''*"0 "#

s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( "# "&i(i"( is "# &a%a0"+( i0&"%a(!'

+(*'% a *'0"!%ai! !"(si+i"( $hi!h '(isa2's !ha(2's i(

h' !"0&"sii"( "# )'2is)a+%'s a(* 2"'%(0'(s a(* 0+s b'

&%'s'%'*. I( a s'&a%a' !"(!+%%i(2 +*20'( '2:J. sai*: i(

B*%%*++ C-*% = C-. = O'. . U%&-% -, I%/& = O' .:

15;, - S.C.R. ;; a -5: ha h' #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* "#

h' &%'ss is h' A%@ "# h' C"'(a( "# D'0"!%a! b'!a+s'

&+b)i! !%ii!is0 is 'ss'(ia) " h' $"%@i(2 "# is i(si+i"(s.-

19. E3+a)): i( ;. >$'-- . >%%& = A%.: 6-9197

SCC 899 his C"+% sa'*: i( &a%a2%a&h ha h' i0&"%a(!'

"# #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( h"+2h (" abs")+' $as

('!'ssa% as $' (''* " ")'%a' +(&"&+)a% i'$s. This %i2h

2

Incidentally, the rk of the !ovenant is perhaps the single most important focal point in "udaism.

The original ten commandments %hich the 4ord himself ga'e to 5oses %as hosed in a %ooden chest %hich %as

gold &lated and called the rk of the 6o'enant and carried by the 7e%s from &lace to &lace ntil it fond its final

re&ose in the first tem&le 3 that is the tem&le bilt by Solomon.

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%'3+i%'s h' #%'' #)"$ "# "&i(i"(s a(* i*'as 'ss'(ia) " s+sai(

h' !"))'!i' )i#' "# h' !ii'(%. Whi)' a( i(#"%0'* !ii'(% is

a &%'!"(*ii"( #"% 0'a(i(2#+) 2"'%(a(!': h' !+)+%' "# "&'(

*ia)"2+' is 2'('%a)) "# 2%'a s"!i'a) i0&"%a(!'.

11. This )as +*20'( is i0&"%a( i( ha i %'#'%s " h'

=0a%@' &)a!' "# i*'asB !"(!'& ha has &'%0'a'* A0'%i!a(

La$. This $as &+ i( h' #')i!i"+s $"%*s "# J+si!' H")0's i(

his #a0"+s *iss'( i( A' . U%&+*/ ;++*'" -9 US 818

615157: h+s<

=+ $h'( 0'( ha' %'a)i'* ha i0' has +&s'0a( #i2hi(2 #aihs: h' 0a !"0' " b')i'' ''(0"%' ha( h' b')i'' h' '% #"+(*ai"(s "# h'i%"$( !"(*+! ha h' +)i0a' 2""* *'si%'* is b''%

%'a!h'* b #%'' %a*' i( i*'asha h' b's 's "#%+h is h' &"$'% "# h"+2h " 2' is')# a!!'&'* i(h' !"0&'ii"( "# h' 0a%@': a(* ha %+h is h'"() 2%"+(* +&"( $hi!h h'i% $ish's sa#') !a( b'!a%%i'* "+. Tha a a( %a' is h' h'"% "# "+%C"(si+i"(.B

1-. J+si!' %a(*'is i( his #a0"+s !"(!+%%i(2 +*20'( i(

W&+%*: . C&,-%&" ;1 L. E*. 195 sai*<

=Th"s' $h" $"( "+% i(*'&'(*'(!' b')i''* ha

h' #i(a) '(* "# h' sa' $as " 0a@' 0'( #%'' "

*'')"& h'i% #a!+)i's: a(* ha i( is 2"'%(0'(

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h' *')ib'%ai' #"%!'s sh"+)* &%'ai) "'% h'

a%bi%a%. Th' a)+'* )ib'% b"h as a( '(* a(* as

a 0'a(s. Th' b')i''* )ib'% " b' h' s'!%' "#

ha&&i('ss a(* !"+%a2' " b' h' s'!%' "# )ib'%.

Th' b')i''* ha #%''*"0 " hi(@ as "+ $i)) a(*" s&'a@ as "+ hi(@ a%' 0'a(s i(*is&'(sab)' "

h' *is!"'% a(* s&%'a* "# &")ii!a) %+h? ha

$ih"+ #%'' s&''!h a(* ass'0b) *is!+ssi"( $"+)*

b' #+i)'? ha $ih h'0: *is!+ssi"( a##"%*s

"%*i(a%i) a*'3+a' &%"'!i"( a2ai(s h'

*iss'0i(ai"( "# ("4i"+s *"!%i('? ha h' 2%'a's

0'(a!' " #%''*"0 is a( i('% &'"&)'? ha &+b)i!

*is!+ssi"( is a &")ii!a) *+? a(* ha his sh"+)* b'

a #+(*a0'(a) &%i(!i&)' "# h' A0'%i!a(

2"'%(0'(. Th' %'!"2(i'* h' %is@s " $hi!h a))

h+0a( i(si+i"(s a%' s+b'!. + h' @('$ ha

"%*'% !a((" b' s'!+%'* 0'%') h%"+2h #'a% "#

&+(ish0'( #"% is i(#%a!i"(? ha i is haa%*"+s "

*is!"+%a2' h"+2h: h"&' a(* i0a2i(ai"(? ha #'a%

b%''*s %'&%'ssi"(? ha %'&%'ssi"( b%''*s ha'? ha

ha' 0'(a!'s sab)' 2"'%(0'(? ha h' &ah "#

sa#' )i's i( h' "&&"%+(i " *is!+ss #%'')s+&&"s'* 2%i'a(!'s a(* &%"&"s'* %'0'*i's? a(*

ha h' #ii(2 %'0'* #"% 'i) !"+(s')s is 2""*

"('s. ')i'i(2 i( h' &"$'% "# %'as"( as a&&)i'*

h%"+2h &+b)i! *is!+ssi"(: h' 's!h'$'* si)'(!'

!"'%!'* b )a$h' a%2+0'( "# #"%!' i( is $"%s

#"%0. R'!"2(ii(2 h' "!!asi"(a) %a((i's "#

2"'%(i(2 0a"%ii's: h' a0'(*'* h' C"(si+i"(

s" ha #%'' s&''!h a(* ass'0b) sh"+)* b'

2+a%a(''*.

F'a% "# s'%i"+s i(+% !a((" a)"(' +si#

s+&&%'ssi"( "# #%'' s&''!h a(* ass'0b). M'(

#'a%'* $i!h's a(* b+%( $"0'(. I is h' #+(!i"( "#

s&''!h " #%'' 0'( #%"0 h' b"(*a2' "# i%%ai"(a)

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#'a%s. T" +si# s+&&%'ssi"( "# #%'' s&''!h h'%'

0+s b' %'as"(ab)' 2%"+(* " #'a% ha s'%i"+s 'i)

$i)) %'s+) i# #%'' s&''!h is &%a!i!'*. Th'%' 0+s b'

%'as"(ab)' 2%"+(* " b')i'' ha h' *a(2'%

a&&%'h'(*'* is i00i('(. Th'%' 0+s b'%'as"(ab)' 2%"+(* " b')i'' ha h' 'i) " b'

&%''('* is a s'%i"+s "('. E'% *'(+(!iai"( "#

'4isi(2 )a$ '(*s i( s"0' 0'as+%' " i(!%'as' h'

&%"babi)i ha h'%' $i)) b' i")ai"( "#

i. C"(*"(ai"( "# a b%'a!h '(ha(!'s h'

&%"babi)i. E4&%'ssi"(s "# a&&%"a) a** " h'

&%"babi)i. P%"&a2ai"( "# h' !%i0i(a) sa' "# 0i(*

b 'a!hi(2 s(*i!a)is0 i(!%'as's i. A*"!a! "#

)a$b%'a@i(2 h'i2h'(s i si)) #+%h'%. + ''(

a*"!a! "# i")ai"(: h"$''% %'&%'h'(sib)'

0"%a)): is (" a +si#i!ai"( #"% *'(i(2 #%'' s&''!h

$h'%' h' a*"!a! #a))s sh"% "# i(!i'0'( a(*

h'%' is ("hi(2 " i(*i!a' ha h' a*"!a! $"+)*

b' i00'*ia') a!'* "(. Th' $i*' *i##'%'(!'

b'$''( a*"!a! a(* i(!i'0'(: b'$''(

&%'&a%ai"( a(* a'0&: b'$''( ass'0b)i(2 a(*

!"(s&i%a!: 0+s b' b"%(' i( 0i(*. I( "%*'% "s+&&"% a #i(*i(2 "# !)'a% a(* &%'s'( *a(2'% i 0+s

b' sh"$( 'ih'% ha i00'*ia' s'%i"+s i")'(!'

$as " b' '4&'!'* "% $as a*"!a'*: "% ha h'

&as !"(*+! #+%(ish'* %'as"( " b')i'' ha s+!h

a*"!a! $as h'( !"('0&)a'*.B 6a &a2' 119:

11987

1,. This )'a*s +s " a *is!+ssi"( "# $ha is h' !"('( "# h'

'4&%'ssi"( =#%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"(B. Th'%' a%'

h%'' !"(!'&s $hi!h a%' #+(*a0'(a) i( +(*'%sa(*i(2 h'

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%'a!h "# his 0"s basi! "# h+0a( %i2hs. Th' #i%s is

*is!+ssi"(: h' s'!"(* is a*"!a!: a(* h' hi%* is i(!i'0'(.

M'%' *is!+ssi"( "% ''( a*"!a! "# a &a%i!+)a% !a+s'

h"$s"''% +(&"&+)a% is a h' h'a% "# A%i!)' 156176a7. I is

"() $h'( s+!h *is!+ssi"( "% a*"!a! %'a!h's h' )'') "#

i(!i'0'( ha A%i!)' 156-7 @i!@s i(., I is a his sa2' ha a

)a$ 0a b' 0a*' !+%ai)i(2 h' s&''!h "% '4&%'ssi"( ha )'a*s

i('4"%ab) " "% '(*s " !a+s' &+b)i! *is"%*'% "% '(*s "

!a+s' "% '(*s " a##'! h' s"'%'i2( K i('2%i "# I(*ia: h'

3

good eam&le of the difference bet%een ad'ocacy and incitement is 5ark ntony8s s&eech in

Shakes&eare8s immortal classic 7lis 6aesar. 5ark ntony begins catiosly. rts is chastised for calling 7lis

6aesar ambitios and is re&eatedly said to be an 9honorable man:. ;e then sho%s the cro%d 6aesar8s mantle and

describes %ho strck 6aesar %here. +t is at this &oint! after the interTO>?3 @ood friends! s%eet friends! let me not stir yo &

To sch a sdden flood of mtiny.

They that ha'e done this deed are honorable*

Ahat &ri'ate griefs they ha'e! alas! + kno% not!

That made them do it* they are %ise and honorable!

nd %ill! no dobt! %ith reasons ans%er yo.

+ come not! friends! to steal a%ay yor hearts*+ am no orator! as rts is-

t! as yo kno% me all! a &lain blnt man!

That lo'e my friend- and that they kno% fll %ell

That ga'e me &blic lea'e to s&eak of him*

Bor + ha'e neither %it! nor %ords! nor %orth!

ction! nor tterance! nor the &o%er of s&eech!To stir menCs blood* + only s&eak right on-

+ tell yo that %hich yo yorsel'es do kno%-Sho% yo s%eet 6aesarCs %onds! &oor &oor dmb moths!

nd bid them s&eak for me* bt %ere + rts!

nd rts ntony! there %ere an ntony

Aold rffle & yor s&irits and &t a tonge

+n e'ery %ond of 6aesar that shold mo'e

The stones of Dome to rise and mtiny.

443 AeCll mtiny.:

14


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s'!+%i "# h' Sa': #%i'(*) %')ai"(s $ih #"%'i2( Sa's: '!.

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ab%i*2'*: $h'%'as +(*'% "+% C"(si+i"(: %'as"(ab)'

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%ais' a( C"(si+i"(a) &%"b)'0. Th's' i(!)+*' h')'$* a(* "bs!'(': h' &%"#a(': h' )ib')"+s: a(*h' i(s+)i(2 "% #i2hi(2 $"%*s>h"s' $hi!h bh'i% '% +'%a(!' i(#)i! i(+% "% '(* " i(!i' a(i00'*ia' b%'a!h "# h' &'a!'. I has b''( $'))"bs'%'* ha s+!h +'%a(!'s a%' (" 'ss'(ia) &a%"# a( '4&"sii"( "# i*'as: a(* a%' "# s+!h s)i2hs"!ia) a)+' as a s'& " %+h ha a( b'('#i ha0a b' *'%i'* #%"0 h'0 is !)'a%) "+$'i2h'* bh' s"!ia) i('%'s i( "%*'% a(* 0"%a)i. R's"% "'&ih's "% &'%s"(a) ab+s' is (" i( a( &%"&'%s'(s' !"00+(i!ai"( "# i(#"%0ai"( "% "&i(i"(sa#'2+a%*'* b h' C"(si+i"(: a(* is &+(ish0'(as a !%i0i(a) a! $"+)* %ais' (" 3+'si"( +(*'% ha

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%'s%i! "() $ha is abs")+') ('!'ssa%. I is "() $h'( i

!"0's " h' 'i2h s+b'! 0a'%s ha h'%' is a as

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;++* -, B& = A%." 158- S+&&. 6,7 S.C.R. ,85: his C"+%

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&"$'% "( h' C"(2%'ss " i0&"s' a( %'s%i!i"( "(h' '4'%!is' "# h' 2+a%a(''* %i2h: si)) i hasa)$as b''( +(*'%s""* ha h' #%''*"02+a%a(''* is s+b'! " h' &")i!' &"$'% h's!"&' "# $hi!h h"$''% has (" b''( *'#i('* $ih&%'!isi"( "% +(i#"%0). I is "( h' basis "# h' &")i!'&"$'% " ab%i*2' ha #%''*"0 ha h' !"(si+i"(a)a)i*i "# )a$s &'(a)isi(2 )ib')s: a(* h"s' %')ai(2" s'*ii"(: "% " "bs!'(' &+b)i!ai"(s '!.: hasb''( s+sai('*. Th' %'s+)a( #)'4ibi)i "# h'%'s%i!i"(s ha !"+)* b' a)i*) i0&"s'* %'(*'%sh' A0'%i!a( *'!isi"(s i(a&&)i!ab)' " a(* $ih"+0+!h +s' #"% %'s")i(2 h' 3+'si"(s a%isi(2 +(*'%

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is '%0s. Th' %i2hs 2+a%a(''* +(*'% A%i!)' 15 6176a7 a(* A%i!)' 15 617 627 "# h' C"(si+i"( a%' " b'%'a* a)"(2 $ih !)a+s's 6-7 a(* 687 "# A%i!)'15 $hi!h !a%' "+ a%'as i( %'s&'! "# $hi!h a)i*)'2is)ai"( !a( b' 0a*'.B 6a &a2' ,-7

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=Th' *'!isi"(: i( "+% i'$: )as *"$( h' !"%%'!'s. Th' )i0iai"( i0&"s'* i( h' i('%'ss "# &+b)i!"%*'% " b' a %'as"(ab)' %'s%i!i"(: sh"+)* b' "('

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h' s!a)' "# a)+'s "# h' +*2's &a%i!i&ai(2 i( h'*'!isi"( sh"+)* &)a a( i0&"%a( &a%: a(* h' )i0i" h'i% i('%#'%'(!' $ih )'2is)ai' +*20'( i(s+!h !as's !a( "() b' *i!a'* b h'i% s'(s' "#%'s&"(sibi)i a(* s')# %'s%ai( a(* h' s"b'%i(2%'#)'!i"( ha h' C"(si+i"( is 0'a( (" "() #"%&'"&)' "# h'i% $a "# hi(@i(2 b+ #"% a)): a(* hah' 0a"%i "# h' ')'!'* %'&%'s'(ai's "# h'&'"&)' ha': i( a+h"%isi(2 h' i0&"sii"( "# h'%'s%i!i"(s: !"(si*'%'* h'0 " b' %'as"(ab)'.B 6a&a2' 89889;7

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-8. I( . N. B. >* . ;++* -, *&" 159 S.C.R. 15: a

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s+b0issi"(s: $' a%' s'i(2 "+ his $%i'( s+b0issi"(

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b' s&%'a* " %i))i"(s "# &'"&)' $ih"+ a( !h'!@$hi!h is (" &"ssib)' i( !as' "# "h'% 0'*i+0s.

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i*'a) "&i(i"(s #i)0s hai(2 s'%i"+s &"'(ia) "#!%'ai(2 a s"!ia) *is"%*'% (''% 2's 2'('%a'*si(!' is "%i2i( is b"+(* " b' @("$(. Whi)' i( !as'"# a( i('%(' 0"s) is ab+s' a@'s &)a!' +(*'% h'2a%b "# a("(0i $hi!h !a( b' +('i)'* "() a#'%h"%"+2h i('si2ai"(.

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&'%0issib)' +(*'% A%i!)' 156-7 a(* *i!a'* b h'+s' "# &+b)i! %'s"+%!'s i( h' b's i('%'ss "# h's"!i' a )a%2': is " 0is!"(!'i' b"h h' !"('("# h' #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( a(* h'&%"b)'0s &"s'* b h' ')'0'( "# &+b)i! &%"&'%i(: a(* h' a))'2'* s!a%!i "#: h' #%'3+'(!i's as$')) as b h' $i*'% %'a!h "# h' 0'*ia. I# h' %i2h" #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( i(!)+*'s h'%i2h " *iss'0i(a' i(#"%0ai"( " as $i*' a s'!i"("# h' &"&+)ai"( as is &"ssib)': h' a!!'ss $hi!h'(ab)'s h' %i2h " b' s" '4'%!is'* is a)s" a(i('2%a) &a% "# h' sai* %i2h. Th' $i*'% %a(2' "#!i%!+)ai"( "# i(#"%0ai"( "% is 2%'a'% i0&a!!a((" %'s%i! h' !"('( "# h' %i2h ("% !a( i

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&"sii"( " +s' i " s+bs'%' h'i% "$( i('%'s b0a(i&+)ai(2 ('$s a(* i'$s. Tha a)s" &"s's a*a(2'% " h' #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( "#h' ha'("s b *'(i(2 h'0 h' %+h#+)i(#"%0ai"( "( a)) si*'s "# a( iss+' $hi!h is s"('!'ssa% " #"%0 a s"+(* i'$ "( a( s+b'!.Tha is $h h' *"!%i(' "# #ai%('ss has b''('")'* i( h' US i( h' !"('4 "# h' &%ia'b%"a*!as'%s )i!'(s'* " sha%' h' )i0i'*#%'3+'(!i's $ih h' !'(%a) a2'(! )i@' h' FCC "%'2+)a' h' &%"2%a00i(2. + his &h'("0'("("!!+%s ''( i( h' !as' "# h' &%i( 0'*ia "# a)) h'!"+(%i's. H'(!' h' b"* )i@' h' P%'ss C"+(!i) "#I(*ia $hi!h is '0&"$'%'* " '(#"%!': h"$''%

i0&'%#'!): h' %i2h " %'&). Th' &%i( 0'*ia #+%h'%'("s as i( "+% !"+(%: #%''*"0 #%"0 &%'!'(s"%shi& +()i@' h' ')'!%"(i! 0'*ia.B

P$& O/*

,9. I( A%i!)' 156-7 6as i "%i2i(a)) s""*7 his s+bh'a* $as

!"(s&i!+"+s) abs'(. '!a+s' "# is abs'(!': !ha))'(2's

0a*' " a( "%*'% 0a*' +(*'% S'!i"( ; "# h' P+(ab

Mai('(a(!' "# P+b)i! O%*'% A! a(* " a( "%*'% 0a*' +(*'%

S'!i"( 5 6176a7 "# h' Ma*%as Mai('(a(!' "# P+b)i! O%*'% A!

$'%' a))"$'* i( $" 'a%) +*20'(s b his C"+%. Th+s i(

R-*' T . ;++* -, M/'" 159 S.C.R. 5: his

C"+% h')* ha a( "%*'% 0a*' +(*'% S'!i"( 56176a7 "# h'

Ma*%as Mai('(a(!' "# P+b)i! O%*'% A! 6QQIII "# 1557 $as

+(!"(si+i"(a) a(* "i* i( ha i !"+)* (" b' +si#i'* as a

35


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0'as+%' !"(('!'* $ih s'!+%i "# h' Sa'. Whi)' *'a)i(2

$ih h' '4&%'ssi"( =&+b)i! "%*'%B: his C"+% h')* ha =&+b)i!

"%*'%B is a( '4&%'ssi"( $hi!h si2(i#i's a sa' "# %a(3+i)i

$hi!h &%'ai)s a0"(2s h' 0'0b'%s "# a &")ii!a) s"!i' as a

%'s+) "# h' i('%(a) %'2+)ai"(s '(#"%!'* b h' G"'%(0'(

$hi!h h' ha' 'sab)ish'*.

,1. Si0i)a%): i( Brij Bhushan & Anr. v. State of Delhi,

[1950] S.C.R. 605, an order made under Section 7 of te !a"t

#un$a% #u%&ic Safet' (ct, 1949, )a" e&d to %e uncon"titutiona&

and void for te "e&f*"ame rea"on.

,-. As a( a#'%0ah "# h's' +*20'(s: h' C"(si+i"( Fi%s

A0'(*0'( a**'* h' $"%*s =&+b)i! "%*'%B " A%i!)' 156-7.

,,. I( ;$*&%+*%/*%+" C*%+ P&'-%" F+* . R

M%- L-&" 1589 - S.C.R. -1: his C"+% h')* ha

&+b)i! "%*'% is s("(0"+s $ih &+b)i! sa#' a(* %a(3+i)i? i

is h' abs'(!' "# *is"%*'% i(")i(2 b%'a!h's "# )"!a)

si2(i#i!a(!' i( !"(%a*isi(!i"( " (ai"(a) +&h'aa)s: s+!h as

36


37/122Page 37

%'")+i"(: !ii) s%i#': $a%: a##'!i(2 h' s'!+%i "# h' Sa'.

This *'#i(ii"( $as #+%h'% %'#i('* i( . R M%- L-& .

;++* -, B& = O'." 1588 1 S.C.R. ;95: $h'%' his C"+%

h')*<

=I $i)) h+s a&&'a% ha +s as &+b)i! "%*'% i( h'%+)i(2s "# his C"+% 6'a%)i'% !i'*7 $as sai* "!"0&%'h'(* *is"%*'%s "# )'ss 2%ai ha( h"s'a##'!i(2 s'!+%i "# Sa': )a$ a(* "%*'% a)s"!"0&%'h'(*s *is"%*'%s "# )'ss 2%ai ha( h"s'

a##'!i(2 &+b)i! "%*'%. O(' has " i0a2i(' h%''!"(!'(%i! !i%!)'s. La$ a(* "%*'% %'&%'s'(s h')a%2's !i%!)' $ihi( $hi!h is h' ('4 !i%!)'%'&%'s'(i(2 &+b)i! "%*'% a(* h' s0a))'s !i%!)'%'&%'s'(s s'!+%i "# Sa'. I is h'( 'as " s''ha a( a! 0a a##'! )a$ a(* "%*'% b+ (" &+b)i!"%*'% +s as a( a! 0a a##'! &+b)i! "%*'% b+ ("s'!+%i "# h' Sa'.B 6a &a2' ;87

,. I( A$% !-' . ;++* -, W*'+ B*%" 15;9 , S.C.R.

-: R M%- L-&@' '* $as %'#'%%'* " $ih a&&%"a)

i( h' #"))"$i(2 '%0s<

=I( D%. Ra0 Ma("ha% L"hias !as' his C"+%&"i('* "+ h' *i##'%'(!' b'$''( 0ai('(a(!' "#)a$ a(* "%*'% a(* is *is+%ba(!' a(* h'0ai('(a(!' "# &+b)i! "%*'% a(* is *is+%ba(!'.P+b)i! "%*'% $as sai* " '0b%a!' 0"%' "# h'!"00+(i ha( )a$ a(* "%*'%. P+b)i! "%*'% is h'''( '0&" "# h' )i#' "# h' !"00+(i a@i(2 h'!"+(% as a $h")' "% ''( a s&'!i#i'* )"!a)i.Dis+%ba(!' "# &+b)i! "%*'% is " b' *isi(2+ish'*:

37


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39/122Page 39

!"00+(i. His a! 0a@'s a)) h' $"0'(a&&%'h'(si' "# h'i% h"("+% a(* h' !a( b' sai* "b' !a+si(2 *is+%ba(!' "# &+b)i! "%*'% a(* ("0'%') !"00ii(2 i(*ii*+a) a!i"(s $hi!h 0a b'a@'( ("' "# b h' !%i0i(a) &%"s'!+i"( a2'(!i's.I 0'a(s h'%'#"%' ha h' 3+'si"( $h'h'% a 0a(has "() !"00i'* a b%'a!h "# )a$ a(* "%*'% "%has a!'* i( a 0a(('% )i@') " !a+s' a *is+%ba(!'"# h' &+b)i! "%*'% is a 3+'si"( "# *'2%'' a(* h''4'( "# h' %'a!h "# h' a! +&"( h' s"!i'. Th'F%'(!h *isi(2+ish )a$ a(* "%*'% a(* &+b)i! "%*'%b *'si2(ai(2 h' )a'% as "%*'% &+b)i3+'. Th')a'% '4&%'ssi"( has b''( %'!"2(is'* as 0'a(i(2s"0'hi(2 0"%' ha( "%*i(a% 0ai('(a(!' "# )a$

a(* "%*'%. J+si!' Ra0as$a0i i( W%i P'ii"( N".1;5 "# 158 *%'$ a )i(' "# *'0a%!ai"( b'$''( h's'%i"+s a(* a22%aa'* #"%0s "# b%'a!h's "# &+b)i!"%*'% $hi!h a##'! h' !"00+(i "% '(*a(2'% h'&+b)i! i('%'s a )a%2' #%"0 0i("% b%'a!h's "#&'a!' $hi!h *" (" a##'! h' &+b)i! a )a%2'. H'*%'$ a( a(a)"2 b'$''( &+b)i! a(* &%ia' !%i0's.Th' a(a)"2 is +s'#+) b+ (" " b' &+sh'* "" #a%. A)a%2' (+0b'% "# a!s *i%'!'* a2ai(s &'%s"(s "%i(*ii*+a)s 0a "a) +& i(" a b%'a!h "# &+b)i!"%*'%. I( D%. Ra0 Ma("ha% L"hias !as' '4a0&)'s$'%' 2i'( b Sa%@a%: a(* Hi*aa+))ah: JJ. Th'sh"$ h"$ si0i)a% a!s i( *i##'%'( !"('4s a##'!*i##'%'() )a$ a(* "%*'% "( h' "(' ha(* a(* &+b)i!"%*'% "( h' "h'%. I is a)$as a 3+'si"( "# *'2%''"# h' ha%0 a(* is '##'! +&"( h' !"00+(i. Th'3+'si"( " as@ is< D"'s i )'a* " *is+%ba(!' "# h'!+%%'( "# )i#' "# h' !"00+(i s" as " a0"+( " a*is+%ba(!' "# h' &+b)i! "%*'% "% *"'s i a##'!

0'%') a( i(*ii*+a) )'ai(2 h' %a(3+i)i "# h's"!i' +(*is+%b'* This 3+'si"( has " b' #a!'*i( ''% !as' "( #a!s. Th'%' is (" #"%0+)a b $hi!h"(' !as' !a( b' *isi(2+ish'* #%"0 a("h'%.B 6a&a2's -59 a(* -517.

39


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,. This *'!isi"( )as *"$( h' 's ha has " b' #"%0+)a'*

i( a)) h's' !as's. W' ha' " as@ "+%s')'s h' 3+'si"(<

*"'s a &a%i!+)a% a! )'a* " *is+%ba(!' "# h' !+%%'( )i#' "# h'

!"00+(i "% *"'s i 0'%') a##'! a( i(*ii*+a) )'ai(2 h'

%a(3+i)i "# s"!i' +(*is+%b'* G"i(2 b his 's: i is !)'a%

ha S'!i"( 88A is i('(*'* " &+(ish a( &'%s"( $h" +s's h'

i('%(' " *iss'0i(a' a( i(#"%0ai"( ha #a))s $ihi( h' s+b

!)a+s's "# S'!i"( 88A. I $i)) b' i00'*ia') ("i!'* ha h'

%'!i&i'( "# h' $%i'( $"%* ha is s'( b h' &'%s"( $h" is

a!!+s'* "# h' "##'(!' is (" "# a( i0&"%a(!' s" #a% as his

S'!i"( is !"(!'%('*. 6Sa' a(* '4!'& $h'%' +(*'% s+b

!)a+s' 6!7 h' a**%'ss'' "% %'!i&i'( is *'!'i'* "% 0is)'*

ab"+ h' "%i2i( "# a &a%i!+)a% 0'ssa2'.7 I is !)'a%: h'%'#"%':

ha h' i(#"%0ai"( ha is *iss'0i(a'* 0a b' " "('

i(*ii*+a) "% s''%a) i(*ii*+a)s. Th' S'!i"( 0a@'s ("

*isi(!i"( b'$''( 0ass *iss'0i(ai"( a(* *iss'0i(ai"( "

"(' &'%s"(. F+%h'%: h' S'!i"( *"'s (" %'3+i%' ha s+!h

0'ssa2' sh"+)* ha' a !)'a% '(*'(! " *is%+& &+b)i! "%*'%.

S+!h 0'ssa2' (''* (" ha' a( &"'(ia) $hi!h !"+)* *is+%b

h' !"00+(i a )a%2'. Th' ('4+s b'$''( h' 0'ssa2' a(*

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a!i"( ha 0a b' a@'( bas'* "( h' 0'ssa2' is

!"(s&i!+"+s) abs'( h'%' is (" i(2%'*i'( i( his "##'(!' "#

i(!ii(2 a(b"* " *" a(hi(2 $hi!h a %'as"(ab)' 0a( $"+)*

h'( sa $"+)* ha' h' '(*'(! "# b'i(2 a( i00'*ia' h%'a

" &+b)i! sa#' "% %a(3+i)i. O( a)) h's' !"+(s: i is !)'a% ha

h' S'!i"( has (" &%"4i0a' %')ai"(shi& " &+b)i! "%*'%

$has"''%. Th' '4a0&)' "# a 2+'s a a h"') a(("i(2 2i%)s

is '))i(2 his C"+% has h')* ha 0'%' a(("a(!' (''* ("

!a+s' *is+%ba(!' "# &+b)i! "%*'%. U(*'% S'!i"( 88A: h'

"##'(!' is !"0&)'' b s'(*i(2 a 0'ssa2' #"% h' &+%&"s' "#

!a+si(2 a(("a(!': 'ih'% &'%sis'() "% "h'%$is' $ih"+ i(

a( 0a(('% i0&a!i(2 &+b)i! "%*'%.

C* %/ *'*%+ /%* +*%/*%: +- ,,*+.

,8. I $i)) b' %'0'0b'%'* ha J+si!' H")0's i( ;*% .

U%&+*/ ;++*'" 8, L. E*. ;9 '(+(!ia'* h' !)'a% a(* &%'s'(

*a(2'% 's as #"))"$s<

=…Th' 0"s s%i(2'( &%"'!i"( "# #%'' s&''!h$"+)* (" &%"'! a 0a( i( #a)s') sh"+i(2 #i%' i( ah'a%' a(* !a+si(2 a &a(i!. I *"'s (" ''(&%"'! a 0a( #%"0 a( i(+(!i"( a2ai(s +'%i(2$"%*s ha 0a ha' a)) h' '##'! "# #"%!'.G"0&'%s . +!@s S"' K Ra(2' C".: --1 U. S.

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1: ,5: ,1 S+&. C. 5-: L. '*. ;5;: , L. R. A.6N. S.7 ;. Th' 3+'si"( i( ''% !as' is $h'h'%h' $"%*s +s'* a%' +s'* i( s+!h !i%!+0sa(!'s a(*a%' "# s+!h a (a+%' as " !%'a' a !)'a% a(*&%'s'( *a(2'% ha h' $i)) b%i(2 ab"+ h's+bsa(i' 'i)s ha C"(2%'ss has a %i2h "&%''(. I is a 3+'si"( "# &%"4i0i a(* *'2%''.B6A &a2' ;,: ;7

,;. This $as #+%h'% %'#i('* i( A' . U%&+*' ;++*' -9

U.S. 818 615157: his i0' i( a H")0'sia( *iss'(: " b' !)'a%

a(* i00i('( *a(2'%. H"$''%: i( 0"s "# h' s+bs'3+'(

+*20'(s "# h' U.S. S+&%'0' C"+%: h' 's has b''(

+(*'%s""* " 0'a( " b' =!)'a% a(* &%'s'( *a(2'%B. Th' 's

"# =!)'a% a(* &%'s'( *a(2'%B has b''( +s'* b h' U.S.

S+&%'0' C"+% i( 0a( a%i(2 si+ai"(s a(* has b''(

a*+s'* a!!"%*i(2 " a%i(2 #a! si+ai"(s. I a&&'a%s " ha'

b''( %'&'a'*) a&&)i'*: s'' T*&%&*- . C&+: -, C&-

5, L. E*. 11,1 61557 a &a2' 11,11,: B%/*%$ .

O&- -, L. E*. -* ,9 615857 a ,, K ,8: V&&%& .

B 1 L. E*. -* , 6-99,7 a &a2' 1: - a(* ,.

4

+n its &resent form the clear and &resent danger test has been reformlated to say that*

9The constittional garantees of free s&eech and free &ress do not &ermit a State to forbid or &roscribe

ad'ocacy of the se of force or of la% 'iolation ece&t %here sch ad'ocacy is directed to inciting or &rodcing

imminent la%less action and is likely to incite or &rodce sch action.:

+nterestingly! the US 6orts ha'e gone on to make a frther refinement. The State may ban %hat is called a

9tre threat:.

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,. W' ha' '!h"'s "# i i( "+% )a$ as $')) ;. R%% .

P. J&% = O'." 61557 - SCC ; a &a%a2%a&h <

=. Th' &%"b)'0 "# *'#i(i(2 h' a%'a "# #%''*"0 "#'4&%'ssi"( $h'( i a&&'a%s " !"(#)i! $ih h'a%i"+s s"!ia) i('%'ss '(+0'%a'* +(*'% A%i!)'156-7 0a b%i'#) b' "+!h'* +&"( h'%'. Th'%' *"'si(*''* ha' " b' a !"0&%"0is' b'$''( h'i('%'s "# #%''*"0 "# '4&%'ssi"( a(* s&'!ia)i('%'ss. + $' !a((" si0&) ba)a(!' h' $"i('%'ss as i# h' a%' "# '3+a) $'i2h. O+%

!"00i0'( "# #%''*"0 "# '4&%'ssi"( *'0a(*s hai !a((" b' s+&&%'ss'* +()'ss h' si+ai"(s!%'a'* b a))"$i(2 h' #%''*"0 a%' &%'ssi(2 a(*h' !"00+(i i('%'s is '(*a(2'%'*. Th'a(i!i&a'* *a(2'% sh"+)* (" b' %'0"':!"('!+%a) "% #a%#'!h'*. I sh"+)* ha' &%"4i0a'a(* *i%'! ('4+s $ih h' '4&%'ssi"(. Th''4&%'ssi"( "# h"+2h sh"+)* b' i(%i(si!a))*a(2'%"+s " h' &+b)i! i('%'s. I( "h'% $"%*s: h'

'4&%'ssi"( sh"+)* b' i(s'&a%ab) )"!@'* +& $ih h'a!i"( !"('0&)a'* )i@' h' '3+ia)'( "# a =s&a%@i( a &"$*'% @'2B.

98Tre threats8 encom&ass those statements %here the s&eaker means to commnicate a serios e&ression

of an intent to commit an act of nla%fl 'iolence to a &articlar indi'idal or gro& of indi'idals.:

9The s&eaker need not actally intend to carry ot the threat. Dather! a &rohibition on tre threats &rotects

indi'idals from the fear of 'iolence and from the disr&tion that fear engenders! in addition to &rotecting &eo&le

from the &ossibility that the threatened 'iolence %ill occr. +ntimidation in the constittionally &roscribable sense of

the %ord is a ty&e of tre threat! %here a s&eaker directs a threat to a &erson or gro& of &ersons %ith the intent of

&lacing the 'ictim in fear of bodily harm or death.:

See Eirginia '. lack (S&ra) and Aatts '. United States 22 4. Fd. 2d. / at

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,5. This C"+% has +s'* h' '4&%'ssi"( ='(*'(!B " a

&a%i!+)a% a!. Th+s: i( ;++* -, B& . ;& *&"

15- S.C.R. 8: a( 'a%) *'!isi"( "# his C"+% sai* ha a(

a%i!)': i( "%*'% " b' ba(('* 0+s ha' a '(*'(! " '4!i'

&'%s"(s " a!s "# i")'(!' 6a &a2' 88-88,7. Th' 's )ai*

*"$( i( h' sai* *'!isi"( $as ha h' a%i!)' sh"+)* b'

!"(si*'%'* as a $h")' i( a #ai% #%'' )ib'%a) s&i%i a(* h'( i 0+s

b' *'!i*'* $ha '##'! i $"+)* ha' "( h' 0i(* "# a

%'as"(ab)' %'a*'%. 6a &a2's 88887

9. I( R& L M-/& . T* ;++* -, U.P." 15; S.C.R.

89 a &a2' 8;: his !"+% +&h')* S'!i"( -5A "# h' I(*ia(

P'(a) C"*' "() b'!a+s' i $as %'a* *"$( " 0'a( ha

a22%aa'* #"%0s "# i(s+)s " %')i2i"( 0+s ha' a '(*'(! "

*is%+& &+b)i! "%*'%. Si0i)a%): i( >*/ N+ ;&% . ;++* -,

B&" 158- S+&&. 6-7 S.C.R. ;85: S'!i"( 1-A "# h' I(*ia(

P'(a) C"*' $as +&h')* b !"(s%+i(2 i (a%%"$) a(* sai(2

ha h' "##'(!' $"+)* "() b' !"0&)'' i# h' $"%*s

!"0&)ai('* "# ha' a '(*'(! "# !%'ai(2 &+b)i! *is"%*'% b

i")'(!'. I $as a**'* ha 0'%') !%'ai(2 *isa##'!i"( "%

44


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!%'ai(2 #'')i(2s "# '(0i i( !'%ai( &'"&)' $as (" 2""*

'("+2h "% ')s' i $"+)* i")a' h' #+(*a0'(a) %i2h "# #%''

s&''!h +(*'% A%i!)' 156176a7. A2ai(: i( . R*' *'%+

P-- . P >'&%+ >$%+* = O'." 1558 617

SCC 1,9: S'!i"( 1-, 6,A7 "# h' R'&%'s'(ai"( "# P'"&)'

A! $as +&h')* "() i# h' '(0i "% ha%'* ha $as s&"@'(

ab"+ i( h' S'!i"( $"+)* '(* " !%'a' i00'*ia' &+b)i!

*is"%*'% a(* (" "h'%$is'.

1. Vi'$'* a 'ih'% b h' sa(*&"i( "# h' !)'a% a(*

&%'s'( *a(2'% 's "% h' '(*'(! " !%'a' &+b)i! *is"%*'%:

S'!i"( 88A $"+)* (" &ass 0+s'% as i has (" ')'0'( "# a(

'(*'(! " !%'a' &+b)i! *is"%*'% $hi!h "+2h " b' a(

'ss'(ia) i(2%'*i'( "# h' "##'(!' $hi!h i !%'a's.

*,+&-%

-. D'#a0ai"( is *'#i('* i( S'!i"( 55 "# h' P'(a) C"*'

as #"))"$s<

=55. *,+&-%.>Wh"''%: b $"%*s 'ih'%s&"@'( "% i('(*'* " b' %'a*: "% b si2(s "% b

45


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isib)' %'&%'s'(ai"(s: 0a@'s "% &+b)ish's a(i0&+ai"( !"(!'%(i(2 a( &'%s"( i('(*i(2 "ha%0: "% @("$i(2 "% hai(2 %'as"( " b')i'' has+!h i0&+ai"( $i)) ha%0: h' %'&+ai"( "# s+!h&'%s"(: is sai*: '4!'& i( h' !as's h'%'i(a#'%'4!'&'*: " *'#a0' ha &'%s"(.

Explanation 1.>I 0a a0"+( " *'#a0ai"( "i0&+' a(hi(2 " a *'!'as'* &'%s"(: i# h'i0&+ai"( $"+)* ha%0 h' %'&+ai"( "# ha &'%s"(i# )ii(2: a(* is i('(*'* " b' h+%#+) " h' #'')i(2s"# his #a0i) "% "h'% ('a% %')ai's.

Explanation 2 .>I 0a a0"+( " *'#a0ai"( "

0a@' a( i0&+ai"( !"(!'%(i(2 a !"0&a( "% a(ass"!iai"( "% !"))'!i"( "# &'%s"(s as s+!h.

Explanation 3.>A( i0&+ai"( i( h' #"%0 "# a(a)'%(ai' "% '4&%'ss'* i%"(i!a)): 0a a0"+( "*'#a0ai"(.

Explanation 4.>N" i0&+ai"( is sai* " ha%0 a&'%s"(s %'&+ai"(: +()'ss ha i0&+ai"( *i%'!)"% i(*i%'!): i( h' 'si0ai"( "# "h'%s: )"$'%s h'

0"%a) "% i('))'!+a) !ha%a!'% "# ha &'%s"(: "%)"$'%s h' !ha%a!'% "# ha &'%s"( i( %'s&'! "# his!as' "% "# his !a))i(2: "% )"$'%s h' !%'*i "# ha&'%s"(: "% !a+s's i " b' b')i''* ha h' b"* "#ha &'%s"( is i( a )"ahs"0' sa': "% i( a sa'2'('%a)) !"(si*'%'* as *is2%a!'#+).B

,. I $i)) b' ("i!'* ha #"% s"0'hi(2 " b' *'#a0a"%:

i(+% " %'&+ai"( is a basi! i(2%'*i'(. S'!i"( 88A *"'s ("

!"(!'%( is')# $ih i(+% " %'&+ai"(. S"0'hi(2 0a b'

2%"ss) "##'(si' a(* 0a a((" "% b' i(!"('(i'( "

46


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s"0'b"* $ih"+ a a)) a##'!i(2 his %'&+ai"(. I is !)'a%

h'%'#"%' ha h' S'!i"( is (" ai0'* a *'#a0a"%

sa'0'(s a a)).

I%&+**%+ +- % -,,*%*<

. E3+a)): S'!i"( 88A has (" &%"4i0a' !"(('!i"( $ih

i(!i'0'( " !"00i a( "##'(!'. Fi%s): h' i(#"%0ai"(

*iss'0i(a'* "'% h' i('%(' (''* (" b' i(#"%0ai"( $hi!h

=i(!i'sB a(b"* a a)). W%i'( $"%*s 0a b' s'( ha 0a b'

&+%') i( h' %'a)0 "# =*is!+ssi"(B "% =a*"!a!B "# a =&a%i!+)a%

&"i( "# i'$B. F+%h'%: h' 0'%' !a+si(2 "# a(("a(!':

i(!"('(i'(!': *a(2'% '!.: "% b'i(2 2%"ss) "##'(si' "% hai(2

a 0'(a!i(2 !ha%a!'% a%' (" "##'(!'s +(*'% h' P'(a) C"*' a

a)). Th' 0a b' i(2%'*i'(s "# !'%ai( "##'(!'s +(*'% h'

P'(a) C"*' b+ a%' (" "##'(!'s i( h'0s')'s. F"% h's'

%'as"(s: S'!i"( 88A has ("hi(2 " *" $ih =i(!i'0'( " a(

"##'(!'B. As S'!i"( 88A s''%') !+%ai)s i(#"%0ai"( ha 0a

b' s'( "( h' i('%(' bas'* "( $h'h'% i is 2%"ss) "##'(si':

a(("i(2: i(!"('(i'(: '!. a(* b'i(2 +(%')a'* " a( "# h'

'i2h s+b'! 0a'%s +(*'% A%i!)' 156-7 0+s: h'%'#"%': #a))

47


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#"+) "# A%i!)' 156176a7: a(* (" b'i(2 sa'* +(*'% A%i!)' 156-7:

is *'!)a%'* as +(!"(si+i"(a).

**%: - M-&+:

45. +i" Court in Ranjit Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra

[1965] 1 S.C.R. 65 too a rater re"trictive vie) of )at )ou&d

-a"" mu"ter a" not %ein o%"cene. +e Court fo&&o)ed te te"t

&aid do)n in te o&d !n&i" $udment in Hicklin’s case )ic

)a" )eter te tendenc' of te matter cared a" o%"cene i"

to de-rave and corru-t to"e )o"e mind" are o-en to "uc

immora& inf&uence" and into )o"e and" a -u%&ication of ti"

"ort ma' fa&&. /reat "tride" ave %een made "ince ti" deci"ion in

te , nited State" a" )e&& a" in our countr'. +u", in Director

General, Directorate General of Doordarshan v. Anand

Patardhan, 2006 8 SCC 433, ti" Court noticed te &a) in te

nited State" and "aid tat a materia& ma' %e rearded a"

o%"cene if te averae -er"on a--&'in contem-orar'

communit' "tandard" )ou&d find tat te "u%$ect matter taen a"

a )o&e a--ea&" to te -rurient intere"t and tat taen a" a

)o&e it oter)i"e &ac" "eriou" &iterar' arti"tic, -o&itica&,

educationa& or "cientific va&ue "ee #ara 31.

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8. I( a %'!'( +*20'( "# his C"+%: A!eek Sarkar v. State

of "est Ben#al, 2014 4 SCC 257, ti" Court referred to

!n&i", .S. and Canadian $udment" and moved a)a' from te

ic&in te"t and a--&ied te contem-orar' communit' "tandard"

te"t.

;. Wha has b''( sai* $ih %'2a%* " &+b)i! "%*'% a(*

i(!i'0'( " a( "##'(!' '3+a)) a&&)i's h'%'. S'!i"( 88A

!a((" &"ssib) b' sai* " !%'a' a( "##'(!' $hi!h #a))s $ihi(

h' '4&%'ssi"( *'!'(! "% 0"%a)i i( ha $ha 0a b'

2%"ss) "##'(si' "% a(("i(2 +(*'% h' S'!i"( (''* (" b'

"bs!'(' a a)) i( #a! h' $"%* "bs!'(' is !"(s&i!+"+s b is

abs'(!' i( S'!i"( 88A.

. H"$''%: h' )'a%('* A**ii"(a) S")i!i"% G'('%a) as@'*

+s " %'a* i(" S'!i"( 88A 'a!h "# h' s+b'! 0a'%s

!"(ai('* i( A%i!)' 156-7 i( "%*'% " sa' h' !"(si+i"(a)i "#

h' &%"isi"(. W' a%' a#%ai* ha s+!h a( '4'%!is' is ("

&"ssib)' #"% h' si0&)' %'as"( ha $h'( h' )'2is)a+%'

i('(*'* " *" s": i &%"i*'* #"% s"0' "# h' s+b'! 0a'%s

!"(ai('* i( A%i!)' 156-7 i( S'!i"( 85A. W' $"+)* b' *"i(2

49


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!"0&)'' i")'(!' " h' )a(2+a2' "# S'!i"( 88A i# $' $'%' "

%'a* i(" i s"0'hi(2 ha $as (''% i('(*'* " b' %'a* i(" i.

F+%h'%: h' a%2+'* ha h' sa+' sh"+)* b' 0a*' $"%@ab)':

a(* h' #"))"$i(2 sh"+)* b' %'a* i(" S'!i"( 88A<

=6i7 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h $"+)* a&&'a% hi2h)ab+si': i(s+)i(2: &'"%ai': "##'(si' b%'as"(ab)' &'%s"( i( 2'('%a): +*2'* b h'sa(*a%*s "# a( "&'( a(* +s 0+)i!as': 0+)i%')i2i"+s: 0+)i %a!ia) s"!i'?

* &*+- -, P$& P-'*$+&-%' . C-&%' (2006) 1 WLR 2223 &a%a 5 a(* -1

* C-%%-: . &*+- -, P$& P-'*$+&-%'%'&"%'* i( -99 1 W.L.R. -;8/-99; 1 A)) ER191-

* H"+s' "# L"%*s S')'! C"00i'' 1s R'&"% "#S'ssi"( -91-91 "( C"00+(i!ai"(s i)'* as=S"!ia) M'*ia A(* C%i0i(a) O##'(!'sB &2 -89

"# !"0&i)ai"( "# +*20'(s V") I Pa%

6ii7 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h is *i%'!'* " i(!i' "% !a(&%"*+!' i00i('( )a$)'ss a!i"( B%/*%$ .O&- 395 U.;. 444 (1969)D

6iii7 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h 0a !"(si+' !%'*ib)'

h%'as "# i")'(!' " h' &'%s"( "% *a0a2'?

6i7 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h si%s h' &+b)i! " a(2'%:i(i's i")'( *is&+'s b%i(2s ab"+ !"(*ii"( "#i")'( +(%'s a(* *is+%ba(!'s?

50


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Terminiello v. Chicago 337 US 1 (1949)

67 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h a*"!a's "% 'a!h's h' *+:

('!'ssi "% &%"&%i'a% "# i")'(!' as a 0'a(s "#a!!"0&)ishi(2 &")ii!a): s"!ia) "% %')i2i"+s %'#"%0a(*/"% +si#i's !"00issi"(i(2 "# i")'( a!s $iha( i('( " '4'0&)i# 2)"%i# s+!h i")'( 0'a(s "a!!"0&)ish &")ii!a): s"!ia): '!"("0i!a) "% %')i2i"+s%'#"%0s

[Whitney vs. California 74 US 3!7"#

6i7 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h !"(ai(s #i2hi(2 "% ab+si'0a'%ia)?

Cha$lins%y v. &e' am$shire 31! U.S. !*+(194)

6ii7 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h &%"0"'s ha' s&''!h i.'.

6a7I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h &%"&a2a's ha%'* "$a%*si(*ii*+a) "% a 2%"+&s: "( h' basis "# %a!':%')i2i"(: %')i2i"(: !as'is0: 'h(i!i:

6b7I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h is i('(*'* " sh"$ h's+&%'0a! "# "(' &a%i!+)a%%')i2i"(/%a!'/!as' b 0a@i(2 *is&a%a2i(2:ab+si' a(*/"% hi2h) i(#)a00a"% %'0a%@sa2ai(s %')i2i"(/%a!'/!as'.

6!7I(#"%0ai"( *'&i!i(2 %')i2i"+s *'ii's: h")&'%s"(s: h") s0b")s: h") b""@s $hi!h a%'!%'a'* " i(s+) "% " sh"$ !"('0& "% )a!@

51


52/122Page 52

"# %''%'(!' #"% s+!h %')i2i"+s *'ii's: h")&'%s"(s: h") s0b")s: h") b""@s "% "$a%*ss"0'hi(2 $hi!h is !"(si*'%'* sa!%'* "%i(i")ab)'.

6iii7 Sai%i!a) "% i!"("!)asi! !a%""( a(* !a%i!a+%'$hi!h #ai)s h' 's )ai* *"$( i( ,stler -againe/nc. v. 0al'ell 4+! U.S. 4* (19++)

6i47 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h 2)"%i#i's '%%"%is0 a(* +s' "#*%+2s?

647 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h i(#%i(2's %i2h "# &%ia! "# h'"h'%s a(* i(!)+*'s a!s "# !b'% b+))i(2:ha%ass0'( "% sa)@i(2.

64i7 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h is "bs!'(' a(* has h''(*'(! " a%"+s' #'')i(2 "% %''a)i(2 a( "'%s'4+a) *'si%' a(* sh"+)* b' s+22'si' "# *'&%a'0i(* a(* *'si2('* " '4!i' s'4+a) &assi"( i(&'%s"(s $h" a%' )i@') " s'' i.

vee% Sar%ar an2 nr. vs. State of West engalan2 rs. (2014) 4 SCC 257.

64ii7 C"('4 a(* ba!@2%"+(* 's "# "bs!'(i.I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h is &"s'* i( s+!h a !"('4 "%

ba!@2%"+(* $hi!h has a !"(s'3+'(ia) '##'! "#"+%a2i(2 h' 0"*'s "# h' &i!+%'* i(*ii*+a).

vee% Sar%ar an2 nr. vs. State of West engalan2 rs. (2014) 4 SCC 257.”

52


53/122Page 53

5. Wha h' )'a%('* A**ii"(a) S")i!i"% G'('%a) is as@i(2 +s

" *" is (" " %'a* *"$( S'!i"( 88A h' is as@i(2 #"% a

$h")'sa)' s+bsi+i"( "# h' &%"isi"( $hi!h is "bi"+s) ("

&"ssib)'.

V$*%*''

9. C"+(s') #"% h' &'ii"('%s a%2+'* ha h' )a(2+a2' +s'*

i( S'!i"( 88A is s" a2+' ha ('ih'% $"+)* a( a!!+s'*

&'%s"( b' &+ "( ("i!' as " $ha '4a!) is h' "##'(!' $hi!h

has b''( !"00i'* ("% $"+)* h' a+h"%ii's a*0i(is'%i(2 h'

S'!i"( b' !)'a% as " "( $hi!h si*' "# a !)'a%) *%a$( )i(' a

&a%i!+)a% !"00+(i!ai"( $i)) #a)).

1. W' $'%' 2i'( C"))i(s *i!i"(a%: $hi!h *'#i('* 0"s "#

h' '%0s +s'* i( S'!i"( 88A: as #"))"$s<

=O##'(si'


54/122Page 54

1. T" h%'a'( $ih i")'(!': *a(2'%: '!.

-. A h%'a "# h' a! "# h%'a'(i(2

,. S"0'hi(2 0'(a!i(2? a s"+%!' "# *a(2'%

. A (+isa(!'

A(("


55/122Page 55

,. A( "##'(si' "% !"('0&+"+s %'0a%@ "% a!i"(? a##%"(?s)i2h

. A &'%s"( "% hi(2 &%"*+!i(2 h' '##'! "# a( a##%"( s"0' ')'isi"( is a( i(s+) " i('))i2'(!'

. A( i(+% "% %a+0a.B

-. Th' U.S. S+&%'0' C"+% has %'&'a'*) h')* i( a s'%i's

"# +*20'(s ha $h'%' (" %'as"(ab)' sa(*a%*s a%' )ai* *"$(

" *'#i(' 2+i) i( a S'!i"( $hi!h !%'a's a( "##'(!': a(* $h'%'

(" !)'a% 2+i*a(!' is 2i'( " 'ih'% )a$ abi*i(2 !ii'(s "% "

a+h"%ii's a(* !"+%s: a S'!i"( $hi!h !%'a's a( "##'(!' a(*

$hi!h is a2+' 0+s b' s%+!@ *"$( as b'i(2 a%bi%a% a(*

+(%'as"(ab)'. Th+s: i( M$''* . U+: 5- L. E*. 8-: a Uah

sa+' $hi!h "+)a$'* !"(s&i%a! " !"00i a!s i(+%i"+s "

&+b)i! 0"%a)s $as s%+!@ *"$(.

,. I( W&%+*' . P*-* -, ;++* -, N* -" 5- L. E*.

9: a N'$ Y"%@ P'(a) La$ %'a* as #"))"$s


56/122Page 56

i('( " s')): )'(*: 2i' a$a: *is%ib+' "% sh"$: "%"h'%$is' "##'%s #"% sa)': )"a(: 2i# "% *is%ib+i"(:a( b""@: &a0&h)': 0a2ai(': ('$s&a&'% "% "h'%&%i('* &a&'% *'"'* " h' &+b)i!ai"(: a(*&%i(!i&a)) 0a*' +& "# !%i0i(a) ('$s: &")i!' %'&"%s:"% a!!"+(s "# !%i0i(a) *''*s: "% &i!+%'s: "% s"%i's"# *''*s "# b)""*sh'*: )+s "% !%i0'?……………………………………………..

Is 2+i) "# a 0is*'0'a("%: …..B 6a &a2' 87

Th' !"+% i( s%i@i(2 *"$( h' sai* sa+' h')*<

=Th' i0&"ssibi)i "# *'#i(i(2 h' &%'!is' )i('b'$''( &'%0issib)' +(!'%ai( i( sa+'s !a+s'*b *'s!%ibi(2 !%i0's b $"%*s $')) +(*'%s""*h%"+2h )"(2 +s' i( h' !%i0i(a) )a$ "bs!'(':)'$*: )as!ii"+s: #i)h: i(*'!'( "% *is2+si(2>a(*h' +(!"(si+i"(a) a2+'('ss ha )'a's a &'%s"(+(!'%ai( as " h' @i(* "# &%"hibi'* !"(*+!>0assi(2 s"%i's " i(!i' !%i0'>has %'s+)'* i(

h%'' a%2+0'(s "# his !as' i( his C"+%. Th')'2is)ai' b"*i's i( *%a#s0a(shi& "bi"+s) ha'h' sa0' *i##i!+) as *" h' +*i!ia) i(i('%&%'ai"(. N''%h')'ss *'s&i' h' *i##i!+)i's:!"+%s 0+s *" h'i% b's " *''%0i(' $h'h'% "%(" h' a2+'('ss is "# s+!h a !ha%a!'% ha 0'("# !"00"( i('))i2'(!' 0+s ('!'ssa%i) 2+'ss ais 0'a(i(2. C"((a)) . G'('%a) C"(s%. C".: -85U.S. ,: ,51: 8 S.C. 1-8: 1-;: ;9 L.E*. ,--. Th''(i%' '4 "# h' sa+' "% h' s+b'!s *'a) $ih0a #+%(ish a( a*'3+a' sa(*a%*. Th' &%'s'(!as' as " a a2+' sa+' ab%i*2i(2 #%'' s&''!hi(")'s h' !i%!+)ai"( "# "() +)2a% 0a2ai('s.Th' ('4 0a !a)) #"% *'!isi"( as " #%'' '4&%'ssi"("# &")ii!a) i'$s i( h' )i2h "# a sa+' i('(*'* "&+(ish s+b'%si' a!iii's.

56


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Th' s+bs'!i"( "# h' N'$ Y"%@ P'(a) La$: as ("$i('%&%''* b h' C"+% "# A&&'a)s &%"hibis*is%ib+i"( "# a 0a2ai(' &%i(!i&a)) 0a*' +& "#!%i0i(a) ('$s "% s"%i's "# *''*s "# b)""*sh'*: "%)+s: s" 0ass'* as " b'!"0' 'hi!)'s #"% i(!ii(2i")'( a(* *'&%a'* !%i0's a2ai(s h' &'%s"(. +''( !"(si*'%i(2 h' 2)"ss &+ +&"( h' )i'%a)0'a(i(2 b h' C"+% "# A&&'a)s %'s%i!i"( "# h'sa+' " !"))'!i"(s "# s"%i's s" 0ass'* as "b'!"0' 'hi!)'s #"% i(!ii(2 i")'( a(* *'&%a'*!%i0's a2ai(s h' &'%s"( (" ('!'ssa%i) s'4+a) &assi"(: $' #i(* h' s&'!i#i!ai"( "#&+b)i!ai"(s: &%"hibi'* #%"0 *is%ib+i"(: ""+(!'%ai( a(* i(*'#i(i' " +si# h' !"(i!i"( "#

his &'ii"('%. E'( h"+2h a)) *''!i' a)'s a(*%'ais's "( !%i0i(")"2 a%' (" #"%bi**'(: a(*h"+2h &+b)i!ai"(s 0a*' +& "# !%i0i(a) *''*s ("!ha%a!'%i'* b b)""*sh'* "% )+s a%' "0i'* #%"0h' i('%&%'ai"( "# h' C"+% "# A&&'a)s: $' hi(@#ai% +s' "# !"))'!i"(s "# &i!+%'s a(* s"%i's $"+)*b' i('%*i!'* b'!a+s' "# h' +'% i0&"ssibi)i "#h' a!"% "% h' %i'% " @("$ $h'%' his ('$sa(*a%* "# 2+i) $"+)* *%a$ h' )i(' b'$''( h'a))"$ab)' a(* h' #"%bi**'( &+b)i!ai"(s. N" i('("% &+%&"s' is %'3+i%'*>(" i(*'!'(! "% "bs!'(ii( a( s'(s' h'%'"#"%' @("$( " h' )a$. S"0ass'* as " i(!i' " !%i0' !a( b'!"0'0'a(i(2#+) "() b !"(!%'' i(sa(!'s. This "(''4a0&)' is (" '("+2h. Th' !)a+s' &%"&"s's "&+(ish h' &%i(i(2 a(* !i%!+)ai"( "# &+b)i!ai"(sha !"+%s "% +%i's 0a hi(@ i(#)+'(!' 2'('%a))&'%s"(s " !"00i !%i0' "# i")'(!' a2ai(s h'&'%s"(. N" !"(s&i%a! " !"00i a !%i0' is

%'3+i%'*. S'' M+ss'% . Sa' "# Uah: 8 S.C. ,5;:his T'%0. I is (" a( '##'!i' ("i!' "# ('$ !%i0'.Th' !)a+s' has (" '!h(i!a) "% !"00"( )a$0'a(i(2. N"% !a( )i2h as " h' 0'a(i(2 b' 2ai('*#%"0 h' s'!i"( as a $h")' "% h' A%i!)' "# h'P'(a) La$ +(*'% $hi!h i a&&'a%s. As sai* i( h'C"h'( G%"!'% C". !as': s+&%a: - U.S. a &a2'

57


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5: 1 S.C. a &a2' ,99: 8 L.E*. 18: 1 A.L.R.19<

I )'a's "&'(: h'%'#"%': h' $i*'s !"(!'iab)'i(3+i%: h' s!"&' "# $hi!h (" "(' !a( #"%'s'' a(*h' %'s+) "# $hi!h (" "(' !a( #"%'sha*"$ "%a*'3+a') 2+a%* a2ai(s.

Th' sa+' as !"(s%+'* b h' C"+% "# A&&'a)s*"'s (" )i0i &+(ish0'( " h' i(*'!'( a(*"bs!'(': as #"%0'%) +(*'%s""*. Wh'( s"%i's "#*''*s "# b)""*sh'*: s+!h as 0a( i( h' a!!+s'*0a2ai('s: a%' 0ass'* s" as " i(!i' " i")'(!%i0's: h' sa+' is i")a'*. i *"'s (" s''0 "

+s ha a( h"('s *is%ib+"% "# &+b)i!ai"(s !"+)*@("$ $h'( h' 0i2h b' h')* " ha' i2("%'* s+!h a&%"hibii"(. C"))'!i"(s "# a)'s "# $a% h"%%"%s:"h'%$is' +('4!'&i"(ab)': 0i2h $')) b' #"+(* "b' 0ass'* s" as " b'!"0' 'hi!)'s #"% i(!ii(2i")'( a(* *'&%a'* !%i0's. Wh'%' a sa+' is s"a2+' as " 0a@' !%i0i(a) a( i(("!'( a!: a!"(i!i"( +(*'% i !a((" b' s+sai('*. H'%(*"( .L"$%: ,91 U.S. --: -5: ; S.C. ;,-: ;,5: 1L.E*. 1988.B 6a &a2' 1-7

. I( B$'+:% . W&'-%" 58 L. E*. 195: sa!%i)'2i"+s

$%ii(2s a(* +'%a(!'s $'%' "+)a$'*. H'%' a2ai(: h' U.S.

S+&%'0' C"+% s'&&'* i( " s%i@' *"$( h' "##'(*i(2 S'!i"(

sai(2<

=I is (" a s+##i!i'( a(s$'% " sa ha sa!%i)'2i"+sis *'#i(i': b'!a+s' a)) s+b'!s ha i( a( $a0i2h b' i('%&%''* as "##'(*i(2 h' %')i2i"+sb')i'#s "# a( "(' "# h' ,99 s'!s "# h' U(i'*Sa's a%' ba(('* i( N'$ Y"%@. T" a))"$ s+!h

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5. S'!"(*): h'%' ha* " b' *'0"(s%a'* a !a+sa)i

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!"+(% a(* i(*''* h' $"%)* as ' s''(. Th'&)ai(i##s i( h's' a!i"(s !"%%'!) *'s!%ib' h'*'0"!%aii(2 '##'!s "# I('%(' !"00+(i!ai"(<i(*ii*+a) !ii'(s "# )i0i'* 0'a(s !a( s&'a@ " a$"%)*$i*' a+*i'(!' "( iss+'s "# !"(!'%( " h'0.F'*'%a)iss a(* A(i#'*'%a)iss 0a *'ba' h's%+!+%' "# h'i% 2"'%(0'( (i2h): b+ h's'*'ba's "!!+% i( ('$s2%"+&s "% !ha %""0s %ah'%ha( i( &a0&h)'s. M"*'%(*a L+h'%s si)) &"sh'i% h's's: b+ " ')'!%"(i! b+))'i(s b"a%*s %ah'%ha( h' *""% "# h' Wi'(b'%2 S!h)"ss@i%!h'.M"%' 0+(*a(' 6b+ #%"0 a !"(si+i"(a)&'%s&'!i': '3+a)) i0&"%a(7 *ia)"2+' "!!+%sb'$''( as&i%i(2 a%iss: "% F%'(!h !""@s: "% *"2

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ha' a !"(si+i"(a) %i2h " %'!'i' a(* " a**%'ss " "('

a("h'%.

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h')* ha h' 2'('%a) +(*'#i('* '%0 =&a'() "##'(si'B !"'%s

)a%2' a0"+(s "# ("(&"%("2%a&hi! 0a'%ia) $ih s'%i"+s

'*+!ai"(a) "% "h'% a)+' a(* $as b"h a2+' a(* "'% b%"a*.

t )a", tu", e&d tat te im-uned "tatute )a" not

narro)&' tai&ored and )ou&d fa&& fou& of te fir"t amendment.

8,. I( F*/* C-$%&+&-%' C-&''&-% . F-<

T**&'&-% ;++&-%': 1,- S.C. -,9;: i $as h')*<

=A #+(*a0'(a) &%i(!i&)' i( "+% )'2a) ss'0 is ha)a$s $hi!h %'2+)a' &'%s"(s "% '(ii's 0+s 2i'#ai% ("i!' "# !"(*+! ha is #"%bi**'( "% %'3+i%'*.S'' Connally . General Constr. Co.: -85 U. S.,: ,51 615-87 6=A sa+' $hi!h 'ih'% #"%bi*s "%%'3+i%'s h' *"i(2 "# a( a! i( '%0s s" a2+' ha

0'( "# !"00"( i('))i2'(!' 0+s ('!'ssa%i) 2+'ssa is 0'a(i(2 a(* *i##'% as " is a&&)i!ai"(:i")a's h' #i%s 'ss'(ia) "# *+' &%"!'ss "# )a$B7?Papacristo! . "ac#son$ille: 9 U. S. 18: 18-615;-7 6=Lii(2 +(*'% a %+)' "# )a$ '(ai)s a%i"+ss+&&"sii"(s: "(' "# $hi!h is ha a)) &'%s"(s a%''(i)'* " b' i(#"%0'* as " $ha h' Sa'!"00a(*s "% #"%bi*sB 63+"i(2 %an&etta . 'e"ersey : ,98 U. S. 1: , 615,57 6a)'%ai"( i("%i2i(a)777. This %'3+i%'0'( "# !)a%i i( %'2+)ai"( is

'ss'(ia) " h' &%"'!i"(s &%"i*'* b h' D+'P%"!'ss C)a+s' "# h' Fi#h A0'(*0'(.S'' nite* States . +illia,s: , U. S. -: ,96-997. I %'3+i%'s h' i(a)i*ai"( "# )a$s ha a%'i0&'%0issib) a2+'. A !"(i!i"( "% &+(ish0'(#ai)s " !"0&) $ih *+' &%"!'ss i# h' sa+' "%%'2+)ai"( +(*'% $hi!h i is "bai('* =#ai)s " &%"i*'

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a &'%s"( "# "%*i(a% i('))i2'(!' #ai% ("i!' "# $hais &%"hibi'*: "% is s" sa(*a%*)'ss ha i a+h"%i's"% '(!"+%a2's s'%i"+s) *is!%i0i(a"%'(#"%!'0'(.B -bi*. As his C"+% has '4&)ai('*: a%'2+)ai"( is (" a2+' b'!a+s' i 0a a i0's b'*i##i!+) " &%"' a( i(!%i0i(ai(2 #a! b+ %ah'%b'!a+s' i is +(!)'a% as " $ha #a! 0+s b'&%"'*. S'' i*.: a ,98.

E'( $h'( s&''!h is (" a iss+': h' "i* #"%a2+'('ss *"!%i(' a**%'ss's a )'as $"!"(('!'* b+ *is!%'' *+' &%"!'ss !"(!'%(s< #i%s:ha %'2+)a'* &a%i's sh"+)* @("$ $ha is %'3+i%'*"# h'0 s" h' 0a a! a!!"%*i(2)? s'!"(*:

&%'!isi"( a(* 2+i*a(!' a%' ('!'ssa% s" ha h"s''(#"%!i(2 h' )a$ *" (" a! i( a( a%bi%a% "%*is!%i0i(a"% $a. S'' Grayne* . City o/oc#or* : 9 U. S. 19: 19195 615;-7. Wh'(s&''!h is i(")'*: %i2"%"+s a*h'%'(!' " h"s'%'3+i%'0'(s is ('!'ssa% " '(s+%' ha a0bi2+i*"'s (" !hi)) &%"'!'* s&''!h.B6a &a2' -,1;7

8. C"0i(2 " his C"+%s +*20'(s: i( ;++* -, M/:

P/*' . B/*- P'/" 1581 1 S.C.R. 5;9 a( i(!)+si'

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i *"'s (" i(*i!a' $hi!h 'ss ha' " b' a&&)i'* i(*'!i*i(2 $h'h'% a &'%s"( #a))s i( h' #i%s &a% "#h' *'#i(ii"(. R'!"+%s' " h' *i!i"(a% 0'a(i(2 "#h' $"%* $"+)* ha%*) b' "# a( assisa(!' i( his0a'%. A#'% a)) i 0+s b' b"%(' i( 0i(* ha h' A!a+h"%is's h' Dis%i! Ma2is%a' " *'&%i' a!ii'( "# his #+(*a0'(a) %i2h +(*'% A%. 156176*7a(* 6'7: a(* h"+2h h' "b'! "# h' A! a(* is&+%&"s' $"+)* +(*"+b'*) a%a! h' &%"isi"(s "#

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"h'%$is' $h'( a(* +(*'% $ha !i%!+0sa(!'s a&'%s"( !a( b' !a))'* a 2""(*a: a(* i 0+s i0&"s'a( "b)i2ai"( "( h' Dis%i! Ma2is%a' " a&&) his0i(* " h' 3+'si"( as " $h

the section 66a judgment

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