the sensuous and the sacred: chola bronzes from south india: a resource for teachers

7/31/2019 The Sensuous and the Sacred: Chola Bronzes from South India: A Resource for Teachers

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l|jktgr `|g ~mgk vh`bgn ck v`h`kpwckr j| gh`lj|`~g jjngk bm`|cj~r `kn ~ègk ck v|jbgrrcjk c~m o|g`~ vjav`kn rvhgknj|+ -Rgg kj+ 00 ij| `k g}àvhg ji jjngk bm`|cj~ `nj|kgn c~m v`ck~gn jjngk ow`|nc`k icow|gr`kn j~mg| rbwhv~w|gr+ ^mg l|jktg caòg cr lgcko b`||cgn c~mck+# @k `kbcgk~ vjg~!r`ck~ ngrb|clgn jkg rwbmigr~cy`h ck ~mg ~jk ji K`|`csw| ij| Rmcy` `r ~mg Hj|n _mj N|cker ~mg Vjcrjk hceg ~mcr4

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9



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O|g`~ Ojnngrr Wa`

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=



ckbhwngn agk( jagk( `kn gygk jkg bmchn+ Kjkg ji ~mgrg r`ck~r cr lghcgygn ~j m`yg ncgn `k j|nck`|s ng`~m5|`~mg|( g`bm k`s`k`| ( ij| ckr~`kbg( rcavhs y`kcrmgn ck~j ~mg |`nc`kbg ji Rmcy`+ _c~mck Mcknw ~gavhgr( ~mg r`ck~r`|g mjkj|gn ck ` a`kkg| rcach`| ~j ~mg ojnr( `kn ~mgc| msakr `|g bm`k~gn jk ` y`|cg~s ji jbb`rcjkr ckbhwncko~mgc| lc|~mn`sr( mcbm `|g a`|egn jk ^àch b`hgkn`|r+

B|g`~cko Rjw~m Cknc`k gavhg L|jktgGyg|s l|jktg ck ` rjw~m Cknc`k ~gavhg cr wkcpwg+ G`bm cr b|g`~gn wrcko ~mg bc|g vg|nwg -hjr~!`}# v|jbgrr( ckmcbm ajh~gk ag~`h cr vjw|gn ck~j ` m`kn!i`rmcjkgn bh`s ajhn ~m`~ awr~ lg l|jegk `v`|~ ~j scghn ~mg ick`h j|eji `|~+ Vmj~jo|`vmr ckbhwngn ck ~mcr |grjw|bg -kjr+ 0>‒<6# njbwagk~ ~mg v|jbgrr ji l|jktg!b`r~cko `~ ~mgv|ckbcv`h rjw~m Cknc`k l|jktg j|ermjv hjb`~gn ck Ràca`h`c( ^àch K`nw( mcbm `ndjckr ~mg ~gavhg ~jk ji Ewalèjkà+ ^mgrg l|jktg!b`r~g|r r~chh gavhjs ~mg ijhhjcko v|jbgrr( mcbm `r wrgn ls Bmjh`!vg|cjn`|~cr~r40 Rbwhv~j|r ajhn caògr i|ja m`|n lggr`} ac}gn c~m ` ra`hh àjwk~ ji nàa`| -|grck# i|ja ~mg

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2 ^mg iwhhs `rrgalhgn `} ajngh cr ~mgk gkb`rgn c~mck rgyg|`h h`sg|r ji bh`s+ ^mg gk~c|g vcgbg cr mghn~jog~mg| c~m ag~`h c|g ~j gkrw|g ` r~|jko bjk~`ckg| ~m`~ chh c~mr~`kn ~mg mg`~ ji ic|g `kn ajh~gkag~`h+

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7 @i~g| bjjhcko ij| rgyg|`h n`sr( ~mg bh`s ajhn cr l|jegk jvgk ~j |gyg`h ` |jwom yg|rcjk ji ~mg rbwhv~w|g+9 ^mg rbwhv~j|r b`|giwhhs bmcv ``s ~mg bh`s `kn ~mgk rajj~m `kn vjhcrm ~mg l|jktg( v|jbgrr ~m`~ b`k

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3



0>+ Rbwhv~j|r rm`vcko `} ca`og+

06



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00



09+ _`} ca`og lgcko ~|g`~gn c~m bj`h ~j rajj~m rw|i`bg+

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02



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07



<6+ L|jktg rbwhv~w|g lgij|g i`bg cr rajj~mgn `kn vjhcrmgn+

09



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07+ _`} caòg lgcko ~|g`~gn c~m bj`h ~j rajj~m rw|i`bg+ Vmj~j Kgch O|ggk~|gg( <666

09+ _`} caòg lgcko ~|g`~gn c~m bj`h ~j rajj~m rw|i`bg+ Vmj~j Kgch O|ggk~|gg( <666

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03+ L|gècko ji bh`s ajhn ~j |gyg`h l|jktg rbwhv~w|g+ Vmj~j Kgch O|ggk~|gg( <666

<6+ L|jktg rbwhv~w|g lgij|g i`bg cr rajj~mgn `kn vjhcrmgn+ Vmj~j Kgch O|ggk~|gg( <666

0=



• _m`~ rm`vgr nj sjw| r~wngk~r rgg:

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rjag ji ~mg rsaljhr ~mgs ~mcke `|g ckbhwngn ck ~mcr rbwhv~w|g:

• Kj~g Rmcy`–r ogr~w|gr `kn vjr~w|g c~m sjw| r~wngk~r+ G}vh`ck m`~ ~mgs rcokcis+ @re r~wngk~r ms ~mgs

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@b~cyc~s4 _|c~cko Ngrb|cv~cjk

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O|`ng Hgygh4 Ghgagk~`|s( acnnhg( kn mcom rbmjjh

A`~g|c`hr4 V`vg| kn vgkbch

V|jbgnw|g4

• \g`n R`ck~ Rwkn`|`|–r vjga -|gv|ck~gn jk vòg <7# ~j sjw| bh`rr+

• @re r~wngk~r ~j |c~g gc~mg| ` ngrb|cv~cjk ck v|jrg j| ` vjga `ljw~ ~mg |ms~ma `kn ajygagk~ ~m`~ ~mgsrgg ck ~mg rbwhv~w|g ji Rmcy` `r K`~`|`d`+

@b~cyc~s4 Ncrbjyg|cko Ij|ar

@ca4 ^j |gnwbg ` rbwhv~w|g ~j c~r ajr~ l`rcb rm`vgr

O|`ng Hgygh4 Acnnhg kn mcom rbmjjh


V|jbgnw|g4

• V|jdgb~ ~mg rhcng ji Rmcy` `r K`~`|`d`+

• @re sjw| r~wngk~r ~j reg~bm ~mg rbwhv~w|g wrcko jkhs rcavhg ogjag~|cb rm`vgr+

• Gkbjw|òg ~mga ~j wrg ~mg gk~c|g vòg mgk n|`cko `kn ~j ijbwr jk ~mg v|ca`|s rm`vgr ~mgs rgg+

• Bjav`|g r~wngk~r– n|`ckor `kn rgg m`~ ~mgs m`yg ck bjaajk+

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`vvg`hgn ~j Rmcy` ~j |ghg`rg mg| i|ja ~mg lw|ngk ji mg| ihgrm `kn `regn jkhs ~m`~ rmg lg `lhg ~j j|rmcv mcr

n`kbcko igg~ ij|gyg|+ @ ac|`bhg jbbw||gn `kn Vwkc~ y`~c–r v|`sg|r g|g `krg|gn+ Ck vh`bg ji ~mg lg`w~ciwh

sjwko Vwkc~`y`~c( ~mg|g kj r~jjn `k ga`bc`~gn omjwh mj lgbàg ekjk `r ~mg ^àch r`ck~( Aj~mg| ji

E`|`cee`h+

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Cr ~mg bj|vrg |g`hhs ng`n:

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rmg rmjw~r( rmg `chr

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Rgyg|`h j~mg| omjwhr

ncrvg|rg ck ig`|

^mg|g( ck ~mg o`|l ji ` a`na`k

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`kn o|j~grpwg( ckihwgkbgn ~mg `|~cr~ ji ~mcr l|jktg vj|~|`s`h ji ~mg ga`bc`~gn r`ck~+ Mg m`r ocygk mg| ekjlls

rmjwhng|r( ` v|jackgk~ bmck( rm`|v ghljr( i`kor ck ~mg ajw~m( ig`|rjaghs bw|ygn gsgl|jr( cng jvgk gsgr(

`kn v|jackgk~ yg|~gl|`g `kn |clr+ C~ cr `hajr~ `r ci mg ekg ~mg rcok`~w|g yg|rg ji ~mg rjko pwj~gn `ljyg `kn

rg~ jw~ ~j |gv|jnwbg ~mg caòg rmg bjkdw|gr wv ji mg|rghi `r4

~mg omjwh ji E`|`cee`h

mj `kng|r ck ~mg ij|gr~

c~m ckb`kngrbgk~ ~gg~m `kn ajw~m<

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2+ @hcko`k` Bm`kn|`rmgem`|`( AjjkB|jkgn Rmcy` Gal|`bcko Wa`


L|jktg

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mcr jk( j| `bbjav`kcgn ls mcr bjkrj|~ mja mg ogk~hs gal|`bgr( ck mcbm b`rg mg cr ekjk `r `hcko`k`

-gal|`bcko# Bm`kn|`rmgem`|`+

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ij|a+ Rmcy` mjhnr ~mg ~svcb`h `~~|clw~gr ji Bm`kn|`rmgem`|`( `kn Wa` mjhnr ` hj~wr ck jkg m`kn `r rmg r~`knr

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~gavhg+


• @re r~wngk~r m`~ ~mgs ~mcke ~mg |gh`~cjkrmcv cr lg~ggk ~mg ~j icow|gr+

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<7



2+ @hcko`k` Bm`kn|`rmgem`|`( AjjkB|jkgn Rmcy` Gal|`bcko Wa`

<9



>+ Rja`re`kn`( Rmcy` c~m Wa` `kn Re`kn`


L|jktg

Bjhhgb~cjk Nj|cr _cgkg|( Kg Sj|e

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ji ` Rmcy` ~gavhg cr |gig||gn ~j `r ~mg l|`maj~r`y` -l|`ma` igr~cy`h#+ C~ cr lghcgygn ~m`~ L|`ma` bjknwb~r ~mcr

|c~g `kn icyg rg~r ji caògr( ekjk `r ~mg v`kbmàw|~c ( v`|~cbcv`~g+ ^mg v|cag caòg cr ~m`~ ji Rjare`kn`

-Rmcy` c~m Wa` `kn Re`kn`#5 ~mg j~mg| ijw| `|g Wa`( Re`kn` c~m mcr ~j cygr Y`hhc `kn Ngy`s`kc( O`kgrm`(

`kn R`ck~ Bm`kngrm ( mj cr bjkrcng|gn ~mg ow`|nc`k ji `hh Rmcy` ~gavhgr+ H`|og kwalg|r ji Rja`re`kn`

l|jktgr `hrj g}cr~ lgb`wrg a`ks r`b|gn ~g}~r r~`~g ~m`~ ci ` ~gavhg njgr kj~ vjrrgrr ~mg g}`b~ caòg |gpwc|gn

ij| ` rvgbcicb |c~w`h v|jbgrrcjk( ` Rja`re`kn` a`s lg wrgn ck c~r vh`bg+

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m`knr+ Rmcy` rc~r ck r~`~ghs ncokc~s i`bcko ~mg ngyj~gg( mchg ogk~hg Wa` `~bmgr jyg| Re`kn`+ Rmcy` mjhnr ~mg

l`~~hg!`} `kn ngg| ck ~j |g`| m`knr( mchg mcr |com~ i|jk~ m`kn aègr ~mg ogr~w|g ji v|j~gb~cjk( `kn ~mg hgi~ cr

mghn o|`bgiwhhs+ @ rg|vgk~ vgg|r jw~ i|ja Rmcy`–r ~`hh a`~~gn hjber( `kn mg cr |cbmhs `nj|kgn c~m awh~cvhg

j|kàgk~r ~m`~ ckbhwng jkg aè`|` -` as~mcb`h rg` b|g`~w|g |gv|grgk~cko `lwkn`kbg# `kn jkg |jwkn g`||cko(

rgyg|`h kgbeh`bgr( ` ~|cvhg!r~|`kn r`b|gn ~m|g`n( `|ahg~r( `kn `kehg~r+ Wa` cr gpw`hhs |cbmhs `nj|kgn `kn mchg

Rmcy` rc~r ck ~mg vjr~w|g ji g`rg ekjk `r h`hc~`r`k`( c~m jkg hgo ijhngn `kn vh`bgn jk ~mg rg`~ `kn ~mg j~mg|

vgkn`k~( Wa` rc~r ck ` y`|c`~cjk ji ~mcr vjrg c~m mg| ijhngn hgo |`crgn wv `~ `k `kohg+ Hc~~hg Re`kn` n`kbgr

c~m hj~wr lwnr ck lj~m m`knr+


• @re sjw| r~wngk~r ~j hjje `~ ~mg icow|gr `kn ~|s ~j ngrb|clg ~mg |gh`~cjkrmcvr lg~ggk ~mga+

• @i~g| ncrbwrrcko mj g`bm icow|g |gv|grgk~r( `re sjw| r~wngk~r m`~ ~mgs ~mcke ~mg `|~cr~ cr ~|scko ~j

bjaawkcb`~g ljw~ ~mga+

• Bjav`|g ~mg Rja`re`kn` rbwhv~w|g c~m @hcko`k` Bm`kn|`rmgem`|`( AjjkB|jkgn Rmcy` Gal|`bcko

Wa`+ _m`~ cr rcach`| j| nciig|gk~ `ljw~ ~mg ~j j|er: Kj~g ~mg vh`bgagk~ ji ~mg icow|gr ck |gh`~cjk ~j

jkg `kj~mg|+ Ncrbwrr ~mg icow|gr– `~~|clw~gr( vjrgr( `kn ogr~w|gr+

<?



>+ Rja`re`kn`( Rmcy` c~m Wa` `kn Re`kn`

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7+ O`kgrm`

Bmjh` vg|cjn( b`+ 06?6

L|jktg

^mg Bhgygh`kn Awrgwa ji @|~5 Oci~ ji E`~m`|ckg Mjhngk ^m`sg| -03?6+9<#

Vg|m`vr ~mg ajr~ wkcyg|r`hhs lghjygn ji Mcknw ojnr cr O`kgrm`( ghng| rjk ji Rmcy` `kn Wa`( `nn|grrgn ck ^àch

K`nw rcavhs `r Vchh`cs`| -|gyg|gn rjk Uji ~mg ncyckg bjwvhgQ#+ ^mg ajr~ vjvwh`| r~j|s ji O`kgrm` |gh`~gr mj

Wa`( hjkghs ck Rmcy`–r `lrgkbg( b|g`~gn ` mwa`k rjk `kn `regn mca ~j ow`|n mg| njj| mchg rmg l`~mgn+ _mgk

Rmcy` |g~w|kgn wkg}vgb~gnhs `kn nga`kngn gk~|s( ~mg ljs |giwrgn( wk``|g ji Rmcy`–r cngk~c~s+ Rmcy`

v|jbggngn ~j bw~ jii mcr mg`n+ _mgk Wa`( ck ngrv`c|( g}vh`ckgn m ~ m`n m`vvgkgn( Rmcy` ò|ggn ~j |gvh`bg

mg| rjk–r mg`n c~m ~mg mg`n ji ~mg ic|r~ hcycko b|g`~w|g ~m`~ b|jrrgn mcr v`~m+ ^mg ic|r~ b|g`~w|g ~j `vvg`|

lgij|g mca ~w|kgn jw~ ~j lg `k ghgvm`k~+

^mg ojn ji kg lgockkckor( O`kgrm` cr j|rmcvgn `~ ~mg r~`|~ ji `ks wkng|~ècko+ ^j ~mcr n`s ck

Cknc`( mg cr ckyjegn( ij| g}àvhg( ls r~wngk~r bjaagkbcko `k g}à( jagk r~`|~cko ~j aèg ` kg l`~bm ji

rgg~r( `kn `bbjwk~`k~r jvgkcko ~mg ljjer ij| ` kg sg`|+ O`kgrm` cr b`||cgn `~ ~mg mg`n ji `hh igr~cy`h

v|jbgrrcjkr( gygk lgij|g ~mg bmcgi ngc~s ji ~m`~ v`|~cbwh`| igr~cy`h5 ~mwr gyg|s ~gavhg vjrrgrrgr `~ hg`r~ jkg

O`kgrm` icow|g+

^mcr rbwhv~w|g ncrvh`sr vjg|iwh ajnghcko kn ngvcb~r O`kgrm` c~m mcr bm`|`b~g|cr~cb ogk~hg v`wkbm+

Mg mjhnr mcr ~svcb`h `~~|clw~gr„~mg ~j |g`| m`knr mjhn ` l`~~hg!`} `kn ` kjjrg j| |jr`|s( `kn ~mg ~j i|jk~

m`knr mjhn mcr jk ~wre -l|jegk ck ` ycb~j|cjwr l`~~hg ò`ckr~ ` acom~s ngajk# `kn ajnè` -rgg~r#+

O`kgrm`–r hjyg ji rgg~r cr v|jyg|lc`h( `kn rbwhv~j|r i|gpwgk~hs ckncb`~g ~mcr ls m`ycko mcr ~|wke ~jwbmcko ~mg

rgg~r+


• @re r~wngk~r ~j ngrb|clg ~mg rbwhv~w|g+

• Ncrbwrr ~mgc| |grvjkrgr ~j ~mg bjavjrc~g icow|g ji ` mwa`k `kn `k ghgvm`k~+

• N|` ~~gk~cjk ~j O`kgrm`–r v`|~cbwh`| ~~|clw~gr kn ncrbwrr m`~ ~mgs rcokcis+

<3



9+ L|`ma`

Bmjh` vg|cjn( 00~m bgk~w|s

L|jktg

@rc` Rjbcg~s( Kg Sj|e5 ^mg A|+ `kn A|r+ Djmk N+ \jbegighhg| 2|n Bjhhgb~cjk -03?3+<7#

Cav|grrcyg ck c~r o|jwkngn r~`lchc~s( ~mcr rbwhv~w|g ngvcb~r ~mg ojn L|`ma`( ck ~svcb`h i`rmcjk( c~m ijw| mg`nr

~m`~ hjje ck `hh nc|gb~cjkr rsaljhctcko ~mg ijw| Ygn`r -~mg Mcknw r`b|gn ~g}~r#+ Ck mcr ~j hgi~ m`knr mg mjhnr `

a`kwrb|cv~ kn mcr rcok`~w|g ~~|clw~g( ~mg eà`kn`hw -`~g| dwo#+ ^mg ~j |com~ m`knr mjhn ` h`nhg `kn ~mg

nàògn |gak`k~ ji ` lwknhg ji r`b|gn o|`rr( lj~m jldgb~r wrgn ck v|cgr~hs |c~w`h+ ^jog~mg| c~m ~mg i`b~ ~m`~

rbwhv~w|gr ji L|`ma` g|g |`|ghs b`r~ jk ~mgc| jk( ~mgrg jldgb~r rwoogr~ ~m`~ L|`ma`( ~mg b|g`~j| ji ~mg

wkcyg|rg( cr rmjk mg|g ck mcr |jhg `r ~mg ncyckg v|cgr~ mj( `bbj|ncko ~j Mcknw as~mjhjos( bjknwb~gn ~mg

bghgl|`~gn a`||còg ji Rmcy` `kn Wa`+

L|`ma`–r m`c| cr vchgn ghgo`k~hs wvjk mcr mg`n `kn `nj|kgn c~m ` ~c`|`+ Mg g`|r gh`lj|`~g

kgbeh`bgr( ` r`b|gn ~m|g`n bjavjrgn ji vg`|hr( `|ahg~r( `kn ` hjko `cr~ bhj~m+ ^mg gsgl|jr `kn gsgr jk `hh

ijw| i`bgr g|g awbm j|k ~m|jwom ogkg|`~cjkr ji |c~w`h j|rmcv5 ~mgs m`yg lggk rwldgb~ ~j |gbw~~cko ~j |g~w|k

~mg caòg ~j c~r vj~gkbs `r `k jldgb~ ji n`|rm`k+

L|`ma` cr ` ngc~s mj cr ig`~w|gn |gowh`|hs ck jkg ji ~mg ~m|gg bgk~|`h kcbmgr jk ~mg g}~g|cj| r`kb~wa

`hhr ji ~mg g`|hcgr~ Bmjh` ~gavhgr( lw~ mj ncr`vvg`|r i|ja v|jackgkbg rjjk ~mg|gì~g|+ @nc~s` Bmjh`–r ~ck

~gavhgr `~ Ech`csw| `kn mcr rm|ckg `~ R|ckcy`r`k`hhw|( `kn mcr rwbbgrrj| V`|`k~è`–r ~gavhg `~ Vwhhà`ko`c(

ig`~w|g r~`kncko caògr ji L|`ma` ck ~mcr hjb`~cjk+ _mgk b`|ygn ck r~jkg ~j jbbwvs ` ~gavhg kcbmg( ~mg ojn cr

rmjk c~m ~m|gg mg`nr( c~m ~mg ijw|~m wkng|r~jjn ~j lg i`bcko ~mg |g`|5 mgk b`r~ ck l|jktg( c~ `r vjrrclhg

~j ngvcb~ ~mg ijw|~m mg`n+ L|jktg caògr ji L|`ma` `|g |gh`~cyghs |`|g `kn g|g b|g`~gn v|ca`|chs ~j lg v`|~ ji

~mg a`||còg o|jwv ji Rmcy` `kn Wa`+ @bbj|ncko ~j jkg yg|rcjk ji ~mg hgogkn ji ~mg ncyckg gnncko( L|`ma`

rg|ygn `r ~mg jiicbc`~cko v|cgr~ mj vg|ij|agn ~mg `b~w`h bg|gajks5 ~mg |c~w`h h`nhg rggk ck L|`ma`–r m`kn ck

~mcr l|jktg cr `vv|jv|c`~g ij| ~mcr iwkb~cjk+ @ ickg g}àvhg ji ghgygk~m bgk~w|s l|jktg!b`r~cko( ~mg rctg ji ~mcrrbwhv~w|g rwoogr~r ` a`||còg o|jwv ji rwlr~`k~c`h v|jvj|~cjkr+


• @re r~wngk~r ~j ngrb|clg ~mcr icow|g+ Ncrbwrr mcr vjrg( ogr~w|gr( i`bc`h g}v|grrcjk( `kn `~~|clw~gr+

• Mj cr ~mcr icow|g `nj|kgn:

• G}vh`ck ~m`~ ~mg icow|g m`r ijw| mg`nr -gycngk~ mgk rggcko ~mg j|cock`h rbwhv~w|g( lw~ kj~ ck ~mg rhcng#+

_ms jwhn ` icow|g lg ngvcb~gn ~mcr `s: Ncrbwrr mj L|`ma` rggr ck `hh nc|gb~cjkr+

• Ncrbwrr ~mg nciig|gkbg lg~ggk ` k`~w|`hcr~cb ngvcb~cjk ji ` icow|g `kn ` rsaljhcb jkg+

20



9+ L|`ma`

2<



?+ Nw|o`

Bmjh` vg|cjn( b`+ 3?6

L|jktg

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Sjw jkbg r~jjn jk ~mg l`be ji ` hcjk

_c~m |gn( `ko|s gsgr( mjhncko

^mg bjkbm rmghh `kn mggh ck sjw| hj~wr m`kn+

Kj sjw r~`kn v|`crgn ls ~mg Ygn`r…0

O|g`~ Ojnngrr Wa`( ~mg o|`bcjwr cig `kn aj~mg|( cr `hrj Nw|o` -Cav`rr`lhg Jkg#( ~mg vjg|iwh `||cj|

ojnngrr `kn ngr~|jsg| ji ngajkr+ Nw|o` cr ckyjegn `r v|j~gb~j|( `kn ngvcb~cjkr ji mg| `|g ji~gk vh`bgn `~ ~mg

gk~|`kbg ~j ij|~r( v`h`bgr( `kn ~gavhgr+ Ck ^àch K`nw rmg cr `hrj cnghs vg|bgcygn `r ~mg rcr~g| ji Ycrmkw(

mjrg `~~|clw~gr ji ncrbwr `kn bjkbm rmghh rmg i|gpwgk~hs mjhnr( hg`ncko ~j mg| vjvwh`| kàg ji Ycrmkw!Nw|o`c+

_mchg caògr ji Nw|o` `kn rm|ckgr ngncb`~gn ~j mg| `|g ijwkn aj|g ji~gk ck ~mg bjk~g}~ ji ` Rmcy` ~gavhg(

ckrb|cv~cjkr jk l|jktgr `kn ~gavhg `hhr rwoogr~ ~m`~ rmg cr `hrj `~ mjag ck ` Y`crmk`y` -|gh`~cko ~j Ycrmkw#

rg~~cko+

^mcr g}pwcrc~g g`|hs caòg ji Nw|o` v|grgk~r ` hc~mg( sjw~miwh ojnngrr( mjrg ljnchs ij|a cr `hajr~

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j~mg| |gr~r o|`bgiwhhs ò`ckr~ mg| ~mcom ck e`~s`y`hàlc~` -` ogr~w|g ji g`rg#+ Mg| rmj|~( v ~~g|kgn hjg|

o`|agk~ cr ekj~~gn c~m lj!hceg ~cgr jk lj~m rcngr `kn mghn ck vh`bg c~m ` dgghgn oc|nhg( mchg ` l`kn ji

~mg o`|agk~ ij|ar ` hjjv lghj ~mg oc|nhg bh`rv+ Mg| l|g`r~r `|g rji~hs ajnghgn `kn k`~w|`hcr~cb ck v|jichg( c~m

` r`b|gn ~m|g`n ~m`~ rkègr lg~ggk ~mga5 |cbm kgbeh`bgr( `|ahg~r( l`kohgr( `kn `kehg~r bjavhg~g mg|

`nj|kagk~+ Lgkg`~m ` ~`hh bjkcb`h b|jk( mg| i`bg cr ogk~hg `kn ck~|jrvgb~cyg+ Rmg r~`knr jk ` hj~wr l`rgvh`bgn jk ` |gb~`kowh`| vgngr~`h c~m yg|~cb`h ~`kor ~j rwvvj|~ ` v|`lm` -`w|gjhg#+


• Bjav`|g ~mcr icow|g ji Nw|o` c~m ~mg ijhhjcko rbwhv~w|`h o|jwvr ~m`~ ckbhwng ngvcb~cjkr ji ~mg ojnngrr `r

Wa`4 Rja`re`kn` `kn @hcko`k` Bm`kn|`rmgem`|`( AjjkB|jkgn Rmcy` Gal|`bcko Wa`+

• @re r~wngk~r ~j bjav |g ~mg vjrgr ji ~mg icow|gr+ _m`~ nj ~mgs bjkygs `ljw~ ~mg ojnngrr: Kj~g Nw|o`–r

ngic`k~( rjhcn r~`kbg+

@b~cyc~s4 Vj|~|`scko Nw|o` kn Wa`

@ca4 ^j n|` ~j icow|gr ji ~mg ojnngrr `r Nw|o` `kn Wa` |grvgb~cyghs



V|jbgnw|g4

• M`yg sjw| r~wngk~r bjav`|g ~mg icow|g ji Nw|o`( ~mg vjg|iwh `||cj|( c~m jkg ji ~mg rbwhv~w|gr ji Wa`(

~mg o|`bcjwr cig `kn aj~mg|+

22



• @re sjw| r~wngk~r ~j n|` ~j vcb~w|gr„jkg ji ~mg ojnngrr `r Nw|o` `kn ~mg j~mg| ji mg| `r Wa`+ M`yg

~mga ijbwr jk bjaawkcb`~cko cng`r |`~mg| ~m`k jk |gkng|cko `bbw|`~g v|jvj|~cjkr+ @re sjw| r~wngk~r ~j

ijbwr jk ~mg icow|gr– vjrgr( ogr~w|gr( `kn i`bc`h g}v|grrcjkr+

?+ Nw|o`

0 Pwj~g i|ja Rmch`vv`nce`|`a( `k `kbcgk~ ~g}~ i|ja `|jwkn >76+ Rgg Ycns` Ngmgdc`( ^mg Rgkrwjwr `kn ~mg

R`b|gn4 Bmjh` L|jktgr i|ja Rjw~m Cknc` -^mg @ag|cb`k Igng|`~cjk ji @|~r ck `rrjbc`~cjk c~m ~mg Wkcyg|rc~s ji _`rmcko~jk V|grr( Rg`~~hg kn Hjknjk( <66<#( v+ 02>+

2>



3+ Ycrmkw

Bmjh` vg|cjn( b`+ 3<75 Ejkow!k`nw

L|jktg

^|wr~ggr ji mg L|c~crm Awrgwa5 L|jjeg Rgghh Vg|a`kgk~ Iwkn -039?+0<‒07+0#

^mcr cav|grrcyg( ncokcicgn( `kn |`|g rg`~gn caòg ji Ycrmkw i|ja Ejkow!k`nw m`r g}òog|`~gnhs cng rmjwhng|r

`kn ~mg g}bggnckohs k`||j ~j|rj bm`|`b~g|cr~cb ji rbwhv~w|gr i|ja ~mg gr~g|k |gocjk ji ^àch K`nw+ Ycrmkw

rc~r ck ~mg vjrc~cjk ji |js`h g`rg( jkg i|jk~ m`kn hjg|gn ck ~mg ogr~w|g ji crm!o|`k~cko( ~mg j~mg| |gr~cko wvjk

mcr ijhngn ekgg+ ^mg a`kkg| ck mcbm ~mg n|`vg|s ji mcr hjg| o`|agk~ cr `||`kogn ~j m`ko jyg| ~mg ~m|jkg cr

pwc~g wkwrw`h5 ~mg i`l|cb cr kj|a`hhs ~wbegn ``s |`~mg| ~m`k ncrvh`sgn+


• @re r~wngk~r ~j ncrbwrr Ycrmkw–r vjrg+

• M`yg r~wngk~r ickn hckgr `kn rm`vgr ~m`~ `|g |gvg`~gn ck ~mg rbwhv~w|g+

• @re ~mga ~j kj~cbg mcbm v`|~r ji ~mg icow|g–r `k`~jas `|g g}òog|`~gn+

• _m`~ njgr ~mcr icow|g bjaawkcb`~g ~j ~mg ycgg|:

29



3+ Ycrmkw

2?



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L|jktg

Ycb~j|c` ) @hlg|~ Awrgwa -CA9‒03<>#

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@kn hci~r wv ~j b|grbgk~ ajjkr(

As i`~mg|( sjw( `r ` |grvhgkngk~ lj`|(

\`crgn sjw| ~wrer( b`||scko G`|~m+

J sjw mj bmw|kgn ~mg nggv lhwg rg`!

C m`yg jl~`ckgn sjw(

_jwhn C kj hg~ sjw oj:

R`ck~ Kàa`hy`|

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^mcr caòg ji ~mg h`~g ~mc|~ggk~m bgk~w|s vj|~|`sr ~mg oc`k~ lj`| rg`~gn jk ` hj~wr rg`~ ck ~mg

h`hc~`r`k` vjr~w|g ji |js`h g`rg( c~m jkg hgo ijhngn `kn ~mg j~mg| vgkn`k~ ~j |gr~ wvjk ~mg mjjn ji ` icyg!

mg`ngn bjl|`+ Lmw ngyc„` vg|rjkcicb`~cjk ji ~mg g`|~m„g |cko ` l|g`r~l`kn( rc~r rjagm`~ ij|a`hhs jk mcr

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mcr ~j i|jk~ `|ar ogk~hs gkijhn ~mg rg`~gn ojnngrr+ B|jkgn Y`|`m`–r rm|cy`~r` `~~|clw~g cr |gkng|gn `r `

~|c`kohg ò`ckr~ mcr wvvg| |com~ rmjwhng|( `kn mg g |r ` ~|cvhg!r~|`kn r`b|gn ~m|g`n+ Kj~gj|~ms cr ~mg

gh`lj|`~g ~|g`~agk~ ji ~mg m`c| `ljyg ~mg g`|r `kn `hjko ~mg rmjwhng|r+ ^mg o`|agk~r ji lj~m icow|gr `|g

ngbj|`~gn c~m ` rg|cgr ji nj~r rwoogr~cyg ji ~mg ~cg!`kn!nsg rmwkownc i`l|cb ~svcb`h ji ~mg A`nw|`c |gocjk+ ^mg

l|jktg bjavjrc~cjk b`||cgr mck~r ji ~mg rm`|vkgrr `kn v|gbcrcjk ~m`~ g|g ~j lgbjag r~`kn`|n ck caògr ji ~mgvjr~!Bmjh` vg|cjn+


• @re r~wngk~r ~j ngrb|clg ~mcr rbwhv~w|g+ _m`~ `kca`hr nj ~mgs rgg:

• N|` ~mgc| `~~gk~cjk ~j ~mg vg|rjkcicb ~cjk ji ~mg g`|~m `r Lmw ngyc+ Ncrbwrr ~mg ngickc~cjk ji `

vg|rjkcicb`~cjk `kn ms `k `|~cr~ jwhn bmjjrg ~j vg|rjkcis ` bjkbgv~ j| jldgb~+

• Ickn j~mg| Bmjh` rbwhv~w|gr ck ~mcr |grjw|bg j| ck j~mg| rjw|bgr ~m`~ ckbhwng ngvcb~cjkr ji `kca`hr+ _m`~ nj

`kca`hr rcokcis ck ~mgrg j|er:

• Bjav`|g Lmw!Y`|`m` c~m ~mg rbwhv~w|g ji Ycrmkw+ Ncrbwrr ~mg nciig|gkbgr ck mj Ycrmkw cr vj|~|`sgn `r

mcarghi `kn `r mcr `y`~`| `r Oco`k~cb Lj`|+

2=



@nnc~cjk`h @b~cyc~cgr

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A`~g|c`hr4 V`vg| kn vgkbchr

V|jbgnw|g4

• Ncycng r~wngk~r ck~j ~j o|jwvr+

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• M`yg ~mg r~wngk~r ck o|jwv L ~w|k ~mgc| l`ber ~j ~mg rb|ggk+

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• M`yg g`bm v`|~kg| ck O|jwv L n|` ~mg rbwhv~w|g l`rgn jk ~m`~ ngrb|cv~cjk+

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• @~ ~mg gkn ji ~mg `b~cyc~s bjav`|g r~wngk~r– n|`ckor ~j rgg m`~ g`bm m`r gavm`rctgn+

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@ca4 ^j ncrbjyg| rm`vgr `kn hckgr ck rbwhv~w|gr



V|jbgnw|g4

• Rmj r~wngk~r ` rhcng ji jkg ji ~mg rbwhv~w|gr+

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cavj|~`k~ ck ~mg bjavjrc~cjk`h r~|wb~w|g ji ~mg rbwhv~w|g+

• Ck ~mg rgbjkn lj}( m`yg ~mga |gnwbg ~mg kwalg| ji hckgr ~j rc} `kn ~mg rm`vgr ~j ~m|gg+ Ck ~mg ~mc|n lj}(

`re ~mga ~j n|` ijw| ji ~mg hckgr `kn ~j ji ~mg rm`vgr( `kn ck ~mg h`r~ lj} ~j |gnwbg ~mg n|`cko ~j ~j

hckgr `kn jkg rm`vg+

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Bjkbhwncko @b~cyc~s4 Ogr~w|gr `kn Vjrgr

@ca4 ^j cngk~cis ogr~w|gr `kn wkng|r~`kn m`~ ~mgs rcokcis



V|jbgnw|g4

• @re r~wngk~r ~j a`eg ` hcr~ ji ~mg y`|cjwr ogr~w|gr `kn vjrgr ji ~mg rbwhv~w|gr ck ~mcr |grjw|bg+

>6



• @re ~mga ci ~mgs b`k ncrbg|k ~mg rcokcicb`kbg ji g`bm ogr~w|g j| vjrg dwr~ ls hjjecko+

• Ncrbwrr r~wngk~r– jlrg|y`~cjkr kn ~mgk g}vh`ck ~mg ag`kcko ji ~mg ckncycnw`h ogr~w|gr+

Bjkbhwncko @b~cyc~s4 Wkng|r~`kncko ~mg ^mgag ji Vjg|

@ca4 ^j g}vh`ck ~mg ag`kcko ji vjg| `kn ~j wkng|r~`kn mj Bmjh` rbwhv~j|r bjkygs vjg| ck ~mgc| j|er ji

`|~


A`~g|c`hr4 Vgkbch kn v`vg|

V|jbgnw|g4

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` hcr~ ji ~mg y`|cjwr `sr `|~cr~r bjaawkcb`~gn ~mg vjg| ji ~mg ngc~cgr+

• @r ~mgs ycg g`bm rhcng( `re r~wngk~r ~j dj~ njk ~mg ogr~w|gr( `~~|clw~gr( vjrgr( `kn ngbj|`~cjkr ~m`~

ckncb`~g g`bm icow|g–r vjg|+

>0



Ohjrr`|s ji ^g|ar

`lm`s` awn|`4 m`kn ogr~w|g ji v|j~gb~cjk

`hcko`k`4 gal|`bcko

`hy`|4 ~mg ~ghyg r`ck~r ngyj~gn ~j Ycrmkw `|g ekjk `r ~mg `hy`|r -nggv ncyg|r ck~j ~mg

ncyckg#

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L|`ma`4 Mcknw ojn ji b|g`~cjk mj cr ckbhwngn ck ~mg Mcknw ~|c`n c~m Rmcy` `kn Ycrmkw+

Mg cr ~svcb`hhs ngvcb~gn c~m ijw| mg`nr( jkg ~j hjje ck g`bm nc|gb~cjk+

L|`mack4 vgjvhg ji ~mg mcomgr~ b`r~g ck ~mg Cknc`k b`r~g rsr~ga

n`|rm`k4 |c~w`h rggcko ji ~mg gkrm|ckgn ~gavhg ngc~s ~m`~ ckyjhygr ` nskàcb `b~ ji ``|gkgrr

nà`|w4 ra`hh njwlhg n|wa rm`vgn hceg `k mjw|oh`rr

Ngyc4 @ cnghs wrgn kàg ij| ~mg awh~cvhg ij|ar ji ~mg Mcknw ojnngrr mj( c~m Rmcy` `kn

Ycrmkw( cr jkg ji ~mg ~m|gg ajr~ cnghs j|rmcvvgn ngc~cgr ck rjw~m @rc`

Nw|o`4 ag`kcko ‘Cav`rr`lhg Jkg‑5 ~mg o|g`~ ojnngrr

O`kgrm`4 ghgvm`k~!mg ngn ojn5 ghng| rjk ji Rmcy` `kn Wa`5 |gajyg| ji jlr~`bhgr

O`ko`4 ~mg O`ko` \cyg| -O`kogr# vg|rjkcicgn `r ` ojnngrr

E`hc4 ~mg icg|bg v|j~gb~j|5 ~mg lh`be jkg5 kàg ji ~mg o|g`~ ojnngrr ck mg| ig`|rjag `rvgb~

eà`kn`hw4 |c~w`h `~g| dwo

e`~s`y`hàlc~`4 ghgo`k~ ogr~w|g ck mcbm m`kn |gr~r ò`ckr~ mcv

E|crmk`4 jkg ji Ycrmkw–r `y`~`|r ck mcr hcig jk g`|~m

ewrm`4 r`b|gn o|`rr

Hèrmac4 ojnngrr ji g`h~m `kn ojjn ij|~wkg mj cr ~mg bjkrj|~ ji Ycrmkw

><



h`hc~`r`k`4 rg`~gn vjrc~cjk ji |js`h g`rg c~m jkg hgo vgkn`k~ `kn j~mg| lgk~ `~ ekgg

hcko`4 ag`kcko ‘rcok5‑ `k cbjkcb( vchh`|hceg ij|a ji Rmcy`

aè`|`4 as~mcb`h b|jbjnchg!hceg b|g`~w|g |gv|grgk~cko lwkn`kbg

a`k~|`4 ` v|`sg| j| yg|l`h bm`k~( ~mg rjwkn ji mcbm cr aj|g cavj|~`k~ ~m`k c~r ag`kcko

ajnè`4 |jwkngn rgg~ nj|gn ls O`kgrm`

K`knc4 lwhh |cnngk ls Rmcy`

K`~`|`d`4 Hj|n ji N`kbg

v`h`kpwck4 ` bjyg|gn hc~~g| j| bm`c| b`||cgn jk vjhgr

v|`lm`4 w|gjhg

vwd`4 |c~w`h j|rmcv ji ` ngc~s

r`b|gn ~m|g`n4 ` hjko ~m|g`n j|k ls ~mg wvvg| b`r~gr `kn ngc~cgr `r ` rcok ji hg`|kcko

rm|cy`~r`4 ` ~|c`kowh`| j| |mjaljcn a`|e j|k ls Ycrmkw jk ~mg |com~ rcng ji mcr bmgr~

^àch K`nw4 Kgr~hgn ck ~mg rjw~mg`r~g|k v`|~ ji ~mg Cknc`k vgkckrwh` jk ~mg rmj|gr ji ~mg L`s ji Lgko`h `kn ~mg

Cknc`k Jbg`k( ~mg r~`~g ji ^àch K`nw cr ~mg rjw~mg|k!ajr~ r~`~g ji Cknc`+ @h~mjwom c~ `r ngbh`|gn ` r~`~g

`ljw~ ij|~s!icyg sg`|r òj( ~mg mcr~j|s ji ^àch K`nw n`~gr l`be ~j ~mg V`hgjhc~mcb @og+ ^mg b`vc~`h ji ^àch

K`nw cr Bmgkk`c( ` bjrajvjhc~`k vj|~ bc~s+

~|clm`ko`4 ag`kcko ‘~m|gg lgknr5‑ k g}òog|`~gn bjk~|`vvjr~j

>2



Iw|~mg| \grjw|bgr

Lclhcjo|`vms ij| ^g`bmg|r

Lh`c|( Rmgch` R+( `kn Djk`~m`k A+ Lhjja+ ^mg @|~ `kn @|bmc~gb~w|g ji Crhà+ Kg M`ygk kn Hjknjk4 S`hg

Wkcyg|rc~s V|grr( 0337+

Lhjja( Djk`~m`k( kn Rmgch` Lh`c|+ Crhàcb @|~r + Hjknjk4 Vm`cnjk( 033=+

Lhw|~jk( + \cbm`|n+ Mcknw @|~ + Bàl|cnog( A`rr+4 M`|y |n Wkcyg|rc~s V|grr( 0332+

Bm`~w|`bmckn`( Oskg~m( Rwk`kn` E|crmkàw|~s( kn V`whckg _+ `l~c`ko+ Ncb~cjk`|s ji Rjw~m `kn Rjw~mg`r~

@rc`k @|~ + ^m`ch`kn4 Rchej|a Ljjer( <666+

B|`ygk( \js B+ Cknc`k @|~ + Kg Sj|e4 ^m agr `kn Mwnrjk( 03=?+

Ngmgdc`( Ycns`+ @|~ ji ~mg Cavg|c`h Bmjh`r + Kg Sj|e4 Bjhwalc` Wkcyg|rc~s V|grr( 0336+

Ngmgdc`( Ycns`+ Cknc`k @|~ + Hjknjk4 Vm`cnjk( 033=+

Ngmgdc`( Ycns`+ ^mg Rgkrwjwr `kn ~mg R`b|gn4 Bmjh` L|jktgr i|ja Rjw~m Cknc`+ Kg Sj|e( Rg`~~hg( `kn Hjknjk4

@ag|cb`k Igng|`~cjk ji @|~r ck `rrjbc`~cjk c~m Wkcyg|rc~s ji _`rmcko~jk V|grr( Rg`~~hg `kn Hjknjk( <66<+

Gbe( Nc`k`+ N`|r`k4 Rggcko ~mg Ncyckg Caòg ck Cknc`+ Bmàlg|rlw|o( V@+4 @kca` Ljjer( 03=7+

M`|hg( D+ B+ ^mg @|~ `kn @|bmc~gb~w|g ji ~mg Cknc`k Rwlbjk~ckgk~ + Kg M`ygk `kn Hjknjk4 S`hg Wkcyg|rc~s V|grr(

033>+

Dàgr J–\gchhs kn H`||s M`lgoog|+ ^|`yghg|r– ^`hgr ck Cknc`+ Rgl`r~jvjh( B@4 J–\gchhs `kn @rrjb+( 0337+

D`krgk( Gy` \wns+ Ljje ji Mcknw Caòg|s( ^mg Ojnr `kn ^mgc| Rsaljhr + Ncgyg|( Mjhh`kn4 Lckegs Ece \wl+(

0332+

Acbmghh( Ogj|og+ Mcknw @|~ `kn @|bmc~gb~w|g + Kg Sj|e4 ^màgr `kn Mwnrjk( <666+

Acbmghh( Ogj|og+ ^mg Mcknw ^gavhg + Bmcbòj4 Wkcyg|rc~s ji Bmcbòj V|grr( 033=+

Acbmghh( Ogj|og( gn+ ^gavhg ^jkr ji ^àch K`nw+ Ljal`s4 A`|o Vwlhcb`~cjkr( 0332+

K`|`s`k( \+E+ ^mg \à`s`k`+ Bjhwalc`( AJ4 Rjw~m @rc` Ljjer( 033=+

J–Ih`mg|~s( _gkns Njkcog|+ Mcknw As~mr + M`|ajknrj|~m4 Vgkowck Bh`rrcbr( 03?7+

>>



m~~v4**+ akm+j|o*g}mclc~cjkr*agg~ckoZojn*ckng}+m~ah

^mg @ag|cb`k Awrgwa ji K`~w|`h Mcr~j|s–r jk!hckg g}vhj|`~cjk ji ~mg g}mclc~cjk Agg~cko Ojn4 Ghgagk~r ji Mcknw

Ngyj~cjk+

m~~v4**+`rc`k`|~+j|o*v|jo|`ar+m~a"|grjw|bg

\grjw|bgr ij| ~g`bmg|r ngyghjvgn ls ~mg @rc`k @|~ Awrgwa ji R`k I|`kbcrbj+

@nnc~cjk`h _gl \grjw|bgr

m~~v4**+gkbsbhjvgnc`+bja*m~ah*B*Bmjh`+`rv

m~~v4**b`|hjr+gaj|s+gnw*BJHHGB^CJK*@RC@*`rc`69+m~ah

m~~v4**+rrbkg~+wbh`+gnw*rjw~m`rc`*Bwh~w|g*@|bmc~*RC@|bm+m~ah

m~~v4**+bwh~w|jvgnc`+bja*@|bmc~gb~w|g*bmjh`l|jktgr+m~ah

m~~v4**+mcr~j|s+wvgkk+gnw*mcr~6=7*Bmjh`@|~+m~ah

m~~v4**+`rc`rjbcg~sawrgwa+bja*|gocjkZ|grwh~r+`rv:\gocjkCN10)Bjwk~|sCN10)Bm`v~g|CN1?

>9

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the sensuous and the sacred: chola bronzes from south india: a resource for teachers

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