the skeletal system - ms. rickard's anatomy...
TRANSCRIPT
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ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
5
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
PART A The Skeletal System
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The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments
Divided into two divisions
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
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Functions of Bones Support of the body
Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
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Bones of the Human Body The adult skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Homogeneous
Spongy bone
Small needle-like pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
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Classification of Bones Long bones
Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft with heads at both ends
Contain mostly compact bone
Examples: Femur, humerus
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Classification of Bones Short bones
Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone
Examples: Carpals, tarsals
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Classification of Bones Flat bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
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Classification of Bones Irregular bones
Irregular shape
Do not fit into other bone classification categories
Example: Vertebrae and hip
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
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Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Diaphysis
Shaft
Composed of compact bone
Epiphysis
Ends of the bone
Composed mostly of spongy bone
Figure 5.2a
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Structures of a Long Bone Periosteum
Outside covering of the diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Sharpey’s fibers
Secure periosteum to underlying bone
Arteries
Supply bone cells with nutrients
Figure 5.2c
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Structures of a Long Bone Articular cartilage
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surfaces
Figure 5.2a
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Structures of a Long Bone Medullary cavity
Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
Figure 5.2a
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Bone Markings Surface features of bones
Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Passages for nerves and blood vessels
Categories of bone markings
Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface
Depressions or cavities – indentations
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Osteon (Haversian System)
A unit of bone
Central (Haversian) canal
Opening in the center of an osteon
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
Canal perpendicular to the central canal
Carries blood vessels and nerves
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Lacunae
Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
Arranged in concentric rings
Lamellae
Rings around the central canal
Sites of lacunae
Detail of Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Canaliculi
Tiny canals
Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
Form a transport system
Detail of Figure 5.3
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Changes in the Human Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
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Bone Growth Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long
bone during childhood
New cartilage is continuously formed
Older cartilage becomes ossified
Cartilage is broken down
Bone replaces cartilage
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Bone Growth Bones are remodeled and lengthened until
growth stops
Bones change shape somewhat
Bones grow in width
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4b
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Types of Bone Cells Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells
Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Bone Fractures A break in a bone
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
Realignment of the bone
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Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
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Repair of Bone Fractures Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5
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ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
5
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
PART A The Skeletal System
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The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
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The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
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The Skull Two sets of bones
Cranium
Facial bones
Bones are joined by sutures
Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
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The Skull
Figure 5.7
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Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
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Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
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Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
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Paranasal Sinuses Hollow portions of bones surrounding the
nasal cavity
Figure 5.10
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Paranasal Sinuses Functions of paranasal sinuses
Lighten the skull
Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10
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The Hyoid Bone The only bone that
does not articulate with another bone
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Figure 5.12
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The Fetal Skull The fetal skull is large
compared to the infants total body length
Figure 5.13
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The Fetal Skull Fontanelles – fibrous
membranes connecting the cranial bones
Allow the brain to grow
Convert to bone within 24 months after birth
Figure 5.13
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The Vertebral Column Vertebrae separated
by intervertebral discs
The spine has a normal curvature
Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
Figure 5.14
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Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Figure 5.16
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Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
Figure 5.17a–b
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Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
Figure 5.17c–d
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The Bony Thorax Forms a cage to
protect major organs
Figure 5.19a
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The Bony Thorax Made-up of
three parts
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic vertebrae
Figure 5.19a
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ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
5
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
PART A The Skeletal System
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The Appendicular Skeleton Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two bones
Clavicle – collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
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Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a–b
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Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20c–d
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Bones of the Upper Limb The arm is formed by
a single bone
Humerus
Figure 5.21a–b
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Bones of the Upper Limb The forearm has two
bones
Ulna
Radius
Figure 5.21c
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Bones of the Upper Limb The hand
Carpals – wrist
Metacarpals – palm
Phalanges – fingers
Figure 5.22
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Hip bones
Composed of three pair of fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bone
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
Protects several organs
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of the large intestine
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The Pelvis
Figure 5.23a
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The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone
Figure 5.23b
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Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c
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Bones of the Lower Limbs The thigh has one
bone
Femur – thigh bone
Figure 5.24a–b
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Bones of the Lower Limbs The leg has two bones
Tibia
Fibula
Figure 5.24c
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Bones of the Lower Limbs The foot
Tarsus – ankle
Metatarsals – sole
Phalanges – toes
Figure 5.25
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Arches of the Foot Bones of the foot are
arranged to form three strong arches
Two longitudinal
One transverse
Figure 5.26
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ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
5
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
PART A The Skeletal System
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Joints Articulations of bones
Functions of joints
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Ways joints are classified
Functionally
Structurally
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Functional Classification of Joints Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
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Structural Classification of Joints Fibrous joints
Generally immovable
Cartilaginous joints
Immovable or slightly moveable
Synovial joints
Freely moveable
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Fibrous Joints Bones united by fibrous tissue
Examples
Sutures
Syndesmoses Allows more
movement than sutures
Example: distal end of tibia and fibula
Figure 5.27a–b
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Cartilaginous Joints Bones connected by cartilage
Examples
Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral joints
Figure 5.27d–e
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Synovial Joints Articulating
bones are separated by a joint cavity
Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
Figure 5.24f–h
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Features of Synovial Joints Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers
the ends of bones
Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
Ligaments reinforce the joint
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Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
Lined with synovial membranes
Filled with synovial fluid
Not actually part of the joint
Tendon sheath
Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
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The Synovial Joint
Figure 5.28
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Figure 5.29a–c
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Figure 5.29d–f
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Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction
Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
Over 100 different types
The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
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Clinical Forms of Arthritis Osteoarthritis
Most common chronic arthritis
Probably related to normal aging processes
Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
Often leads to deformities
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Clinical Forms of Arthritis Gouty Arthritis
Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood
Can usually be controlled with diet
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Developmental Aspects of the Skeletal System At birth, the skull bones are incomplete
Bones are joined by fibrous membranes – fontanelles
Fontanelles are completely replaced with bone within two years after birth