the skeletal system support systems unit 2. the basic functions of the skeletal system hematopoiesis...
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The Skeletal SystemSupport Systems
Unit 2
The Basic Functions of the Skeletal System
• Hematopoiesis– The process of producing blood cells in the red bone marrow
• Structure/Support– Provides a rigid framework that supports the soft tissues of
the body and maintains the body’s shape• Movement Facilitation
– Bones serve as levers to convert muscular contraction to movement
– Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments, tendons, and muscles
• Mineral Storage– Bones store calcium in bone matrix
Axial vs. Appendicular
• The Axial Skeleton (green)– Contains the bones that are along
the long axis of the body, or the bones of the head and trunk
• The Appendicular Skeleton (purple)– Contains the bones of the
extremities (or appendages) – Includes the pectoral girdles,
pelvic girdles, and the bones of the arms and legs
Bones of the Cranium
Frontal Bone
• Forms the forehead• Forms the roof of the eye sockets
Parietal Bones
• Consists of two bones• Forms the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
Temporal Bones
• Consists of two bones• Forms the lower sides of the cranium and part
of the cranial floor
Occipital Bone
• The base of the cranial cavity• Prominent posterior portion
Facial Bones
Maxillae
• The upper jaw
Mandible
• Lower jaw bone
The Vertebral Column
• 7 Cervical– Atlas (C1)– Axis (C2)
• 12 Thoracic• 5 Lumbar• Sacrum– 5 fused
• Coccyx– 4 fused
Bones of the Thoracic Cavity
• Manubrium • Sternum• Xiphoid Process• Ribs
Manubrium
Bones of the Upper Extremities
Shoulder Joint– Scapula– Clavicle– Humerus
Elbow Joint– Humerus– Radius– Ulna
Wrist & Hand– Carpals– Metacarpals– Phalanges
Bones of the Pelvis
Os Coxae (single)• Ilium• Ischium (purple)• Pubis (red)
The fused os coxae articulate with the sacrum
Bones of the Lower Extremities
• Leg– Femur– Patella– Tibia– Fibula
• Foot & Ankle– Tarsals– Metatarsals– Phalanges
Joints
• Definition– Any location where 2
bones meet• Types– Many joint are freely
movable joints such as the shoulder, elbow, knee, hip, wrist, etc.
– Some joints allow little to no movement such as the sutures of the skull and vertebrae
Gliding Joints
• Bones slide past each other
Ball and Socket Joints
• Allows for rotational movement in almost any direction
Joints
• Types cont.– Some joints allow little to no movement such as
the sutures of the skull
Ligaments
• Ligaments attach bone to bones• They provide much of the support for our
freely movable joints
Disease and Disorders
• Fractures• Scoliosis• Kyphosis• Lordosis• Osteoarthritis• Sprains
Fractures
• Types of fractures – Closed or simple fracture• The bone is broken and the skin is intact
– Open or compound fracture• The bone is broken and the skin is cut by the bone
Scoliosis
• Signs & Symptoms– One hip or one shoulder higher than the other– Back pain– Muscle spasms
• Cause– An imbalance of muscles – A leg length discrepancy
• Treatment– Bracing, physical therapy, shoe inserts, surgery
Kyphosis and Lordosis
• Kyphosis- abnormally enlarged thoracic curve (humpback)
• Lordosis- abnormally enlarged lumbar curve (swayback)
Osteoarthritis
• Arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and loss of cartilage in the joints
Osteoarthritis
• Cause: normal wear and tear on the joints– May be specifically causes by:
• Obesity• Injury to a joint that is not cared for properly
• Signs & Symptoms– Joint soreness, aching, stiffness, and swelling– Bone spurs may develop which increases pain and loss of motion
• Treatment includes: – pain relievers, steroids, and surgical joint replacement
Sprain
• The stretching or tearing of a ligament.
Three Degrees of Sprains
• 1st degree– The stretching of a ligament causing micro-tears in the
tissue• 2nd degree
– A partial tear• 3rd degree
– A complete rupture• Signs & Symptoms include pain, swelling, joint laxity, instability• Treat with RICE
Careers
Radiologist
• Medical doctors who have specialized in radiology during their internship and residency.
• College (4 years), Med school (3 or 4 years), and then internship/residency (3 - 5 years). So that's 10 to 13 years after high school
• Directs medical imaging technologist to diagnose and treat diseases and disorders
• Reads x-rays, MRI, CT scans• Average : $300, 000• Radiologist video
Radiology Technician
• Specialize in diagnostic imaging– Take x-rays, MRI, CT, Nuclear
Medicine and Ultrasonography• Associate degree for x-ray
certification• Bachelors degree for further
specialization– MRI, CT, Nuclear Med and
Ultrasound• Average salary: $30-35,000• A Day in the Life - Radiological Techni
cian - YouTube
Chiropractor
• Diagnoses and treats mechanical disorders of the spine and musculoskeletal system
• Provide natural, drug-less, non surgical treatments like adjustments and joint alignments
• Earn Doctorate of Chiropractic = 8 years• Average Salary- $65,000-100,000• youniversity chiropractor
Physical Therapist
• Help restore function, improve mobility, relieve pain and prevent or limit permanent physical disabilities of patients suffering from injuries or diseases
• Doctorate degree (6years)• Salary : $60- 85,000• Physical Therapy (long but good)
Physical Therapy Assistant
• Works under direction and supervision of a physical therapist
• Perform exercises, massages, electric stimulation, hot and cold packs, traction and ultrasound to patients
• Complete Physical Therapy Assistant Program= 2 years- Associates degree
• Salary- $35-55,000
Physical Therapy Aide
• Under close supervision of a physical therapist or physical therapy assistant
• Perform only delegated, selected, or routine tasks in specific situations. These duties include preparing the patient and the treatment area.
• On the job training• Salary- $8-15 per hour
Vocabulary- Word Parts
• Costo- rib• Chondro- cartilage• Cranio- skull or cranium• Thoraco- chest or chest wall• Hemato- blood• Cephal- cranial or head• Cervico- neck, neck of an organ• Arthro- joint• Osteo- bone• Vertebro- vertebra
Vocabulary- word parts
• Inter- between intercostal (between the ribs)
• Sub- under, beneath, less thanEx: Sublingual (under the tongue)
• -poiesis - formation or production ofEx: Hematopoiesis (production of blood)
• -malacia - softening of tissueEx: Osteomalacia (softening of bone)
• -al - relating toEx: Vertebral (relating to the vertebrae)
Vocabulary- word parts
• -genesis - generation, reproductionEx: Osteogenesis (generation of bone cells)
• -tomy - cutting into, incisionEx: Craniotomy (cutting into the skull)
• -ectomy - excision, removal ofEx: Appendectomy (removal of the appendix)
• -ic - characteristic of, relating toEx: Thoracic (relating to the chest)
Vocabulary
• Thoracic - pertaining to the chest or thorax• Cranium - the portion of the skull that encloses the brain• Extremities - the arms and legs• X-ray - type of diagnostic imaging• Hematopoieses - production of blood cells• Vertebrae - any of the 33 bones of the spinal column