the social and economic impacts of immigration
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The Social and Economic Impacts of Immigration. J.S. Onésimo Sandoval Associate Professor and Director of Sociology Saint Louis University Email: [email protected]. Five Insights. Population Curves of Immigrants Diversity of the Immigrant Population Demographic and Economic Transitions - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Social and Economic Impacts of Immigration
J.S. Onésimo SandovalAssociate Professor and Director of Sociology
Saint Louis UniversityEmail: [email protected]
Five Insights• Population Curves of Immigrants
• Diversity of the Immigrant Population
• Demographic and Economic Transitions
• Latino Immigrants
• Demographic Impacts of S. 744
DEMOGRAPHY IS DESTINY
DEFINITIONS
Who is a foreign-born person?• Foreign-born persons
include anyone who was not a U.S. citizen at birth. – This includes
respondents who indicated they were a U.S. citizen by naturalization or not a U.S. citizen.
– Persons born abroad of American parents or born in Puerto Rico or other U.S. Island Areas are not considered foreign born.
Who is a foreign-born person?• The foreign-born
population includes: – naturalized U.S. citizens– lawful permanent
residents (i.e., immigrants)
– temporary migrants (e.g., foreign students)
– humanitarian migrants (e.g., refugees)
– unauthorized migrants (i.e., people illegally present in the United States)
POPULATION CURVES OF IMMIGRANTS
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2.24.1
5.66.7
9.210.3
13.513.914.2
11.610.3 9.7 9.6
14.1
19.8
31.1
40
9.7
13.2
14.4
13.3
14.8
13.6
14.7
13.2
11.6
8.8
6.9
5.44.7
6.2
7.9
11.1
12.9
Tends of the U.S. foreign-born populationFo
reig
n-B
orn
Popu
lati
on(M
illio
ns)
Percent of Total Population
Source: U.S. Census Bureau 1850- 2000 Decennial Census and 2010 American Community Survey
Foreign-Born White Latino Black Asian
13%
63%
17%12%
5%
19%
47%
29%
13%9%
What does the future look like?
2012 2050
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates and 2050 are from the Pew Report entitled, U.S. Population Projections: 2005-2050 by Jeffrey S. Passel and D’Vera Cohn
Native87%
FB: Citizen6%
FB: Non Cit-izen7%
Composition of the U.S. Population
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
Miami
San Jo
se
Los A
ngele
s
El Cen
tro
Salina
s
San Fra
ncisc
o
New Yor
k
McAlle
n
Lared
oYum
a
Saint L
ouis
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
38%37%
34%32% 31% 30% 29% 29%
27% 27%
4%
Metropolitan regions with the highest percent foreign-born population
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates
Miam
i
San J
ose
Los A
ngele
s
El Cen
tro
Salin
as
San F
ranc
isco
New Yo
rk
McA
llen
Lare
doYu
ma
Saint
Louis
53% 52% 49% 48%
27%
55% 53%
27% 30%40%
46%
47% 48% 51% 52%
73%
45% 47%
73% 70%60%
54%
Citizenship status of the foreign-born popu-lation by metropolitan region
FB Citizen FB - Non Citizen
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates
DIVERSITY OF THE IMMIGRANT POPULATION
2010 or Later4%
2000 to 200932%
1990 to 199927%
Before 199037%
Slightly more than 1 out 3 foreign-born res-idents arrived after 2000
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
Mexico
India
Philipp
ines
China,
exclu
ding H
ong K
ong a
nd Taiw
an
El Salv
ador
Vietna
mCub
aKor
ea
Domini
can R
epub
lic
Guatem
ala
28%
5% 5% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2%
Fifty-eight percent of the foreign-born population in the U.S. is from ten countries
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates
Mexico
India
Philipp
ines
China,
exclu
ding H
ong K
ong a
nd Taiw
an
El Salv
ador
Vietna
mCub
aKor
ea
Domini
can R
epub
lic
Guatem
ala
11,563,374
1,967,998 1,868,316 1,710,424 1,271,859 1,258,979 1,113,901 1,084,662 957,376 858,530
The largest number of foreign-born residents in U.S. are from Mexico
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates
Europe12%
Asia29%
Africa4%
Oceania1%
Americas54%
More than half of the foreign-born population is from the Americas
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates
DEMOGRAPHIC PORTRAIT OF IMMIGRANTS
Population pyramid forforeign-born citizens and native-born citizens
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
Under 5 years
5 to 17 years
18 to 24 years
25 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 to 74 years
75 to 84 years
85 years and over
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30
7
19
10
24
14
12
7
4
2
-1
3
4
31
22
18
12
7
3
FB: Citizen Native
Population pyramid forforeign-born non-citizens and native-born
citizens
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
Under 5 years
5 to 17 years
18 to 24 years
25 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 to 74 years
75 to 84 years
85 years and over
40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30
7
19
10
24
14
12
7
4
2
0
3
4
31
22
18
12
7
3
FB: Non-Citizens Citizen Native
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
85+
15 10 5 0 5 10
10.1
9.5
9.0
9.0
8.6
8.5
8.2
7.6
6.8
6.0
4.8
3.6
2.7
1.9
1.4
1.0
0.7
0.5
5.2
5.5
5.8
6.3
6.3
6.2
5.8
6.1
6.7
7.8
8.0
7.3
6.5
4.9
3.7
3.0
2.4
2.4Latino White
Population (%)
2010 population pyramid forU.S. Latino and White populations
Source: 2010 U.S. Census
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
85+
15 10 5 0 5 10
12.64
11.43
9.57
8.27
7.83
9.15
9.04
8.05
6.42
5.12
3.97
2.87
2.01
1.22
0.88
0.66
0.50
0.35
6.04
6.34
6.43
6.03
5.41
6.93
6.58
6.61
6.86
8.01
7.95
7.02
5.91
4.25
3.05
2.51
2.04
2.03
LatinoWhite
Population (%)
2010 Saint Louis population Pyramidfor Latino and White populations
Native FB: Citizen FB: Non Citizen
6%1% 2%
46%
17%
29%
21%16%
24%27%
66%
46%
School Enrollment ( Population 3 years and over enrolled in school)
Nursery school, preschool Elementary school (grades K-8) High school (grades 9-12) College or graduate school
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
Native FB Citizen FB Not a Citizen
11%
21%
41%
30%
22% 23%
31%
24%
14%18% 20%
12%11%14%
9%
Educational Attainment(Population 25 years and over)
Less than high school graduate High school graduate (includes equivalency) Some college or associate's degree Bachelor's degree Graduate or professional degree
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
Native FB: Citizen FB: Not a Citizen
34%
17%
33%
47%
64%
54%
14% 13%9%
6% 7%3%
Marital Status Never married Now married Divorced or separated Widowed
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
Native FB: Citizen FB: Not a Citizen
2.51
3.17
3.65
3.12
3.74.04
Average Household and Family SizeAverage household size Average family size
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
Native FB: Citizen FB: Not a Citizen
89%
21%
11%
English only Households
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
ECONOMIC PORTRAIT OF IMMIGRANTS
Native FB: Citizen FB: Not a Citizen
67% 66%
34%
Owner-Occupied Housing Units
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
Native FB: Citizen FB: Not a Citizen
$73,636
$83,119
$57,635
Mean Households with Earnings
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
Native FB: Citizen FB: Not a Citizen
10% 10%
27%
17%
13%
33%
19%
12%
26%
Poverty Rates for All FamiliesAll familiesWith related children under 18 yearsWith related children under 5 years only
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
Native FB: Citizen FB: Not a Citizen
12% 12%
19%
With Food Stamp/SNAP Benefits
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
Native FB: Citizen FB: Non-Citizen
88% 84%
53%
12% 16%
47%
Health Insurance CoverageWith Insurance Without Insurance
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
LATINO IMMIGRANTS
Native FB: Citizen FB: Non-Citizen
87%
6% 7%
64%
11%
24%
Immigration StatusU.S. Population Latino
Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates
Native
: 18 +
Native
: (Und
er 18
)
FB: Non
-Citi
zen (
Under
18)
FB: Non
-Citi
zen (
18+)
FB: Citi
zen (
Under
18)
FB: Citi
zen (
18+)
31% 31%
3%
24%
<1%
11%
Citizenship status by age for the Latino popu-lation
Source: 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
Mexica
n
Puert
o Rica
n
Cuban
Domini
can
Costa
Rican
Guatem
alan
Hondu
ran
Nicara
guan
Pana
manian
62%66%
39% 39% 37%
30% 29%34%
43%
9%
33%36%
30%27%
17% 15%
31%
39%
29%
1%
25%
31%36%
53% 55%
35%
18%
Citizenship status for foreign-born Latinosby Ethnicity Part 1
U.S. citizen, born in the United StatesU.S. citizen, born outside of U.S.Not a U.S. citizen
Salva
dora
n
Argen
tinea
n
Bolivia
n
Chilea
n
Colombia
n
Ecuad
orian
Para
guay
an
Peru
vian
Urugu
ayan
Venez
uelan
35%31% 31%
34%31% 32%
29% 28%25% 25%
19%
29% 29%32% 33%
27%
34%31%
21%23%
46%
40% 40%
34%36%
41%37%
41%
53% 52%
Citizenship status for foreign-born Latinosby Ethnicity Part 2
U.S. citizen, born in the United StatesU.S. citizen, born outside of U.S.Not a U.S. citizen
DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACTS OF S. 744
Social Impacts of S. 744• Net increase of 10.4 million immigrants
residing in the United States– 8 million unauthorized residents
– 4 million temporary workers (1.6 million) with their dependents (2.4 million)
– 1.6 million decrease of unauthorized residents
http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/s744.pdf
Economic Impacts of S. 744(S. 744 will increase GDP)
Cost Revenue
$33 (Billion)
$276 (Billion)
Over a 10 year period, the Social Security Administration estimates that there will be a
net economic gain from the S. 744
Source: Social Security Administration
Five Insights• Population Curves of Immigrants
– Immigrants will continue to increase– Immigrants will have an indelible impact on the racial structure of the U.S.
• Diversity of the Immigrant Population– The immigrant population is diverse– Conflation of Mexicans with Immigration
• Demographic and Economic Transitions– Foreign-born citizens are doing very well
• Latino Immigrants– The majority of Latinos in the U.S. are native-born
• Demographic Impacts of S. 744• There are positive social and economic impacts
Questions
J.S. Onésimo SandovalAssociate Professor and Director of
SociologySaint Louis University
Email: [email protected]