the social survey icbs nurit dobrin december 2010

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The Social SurveyThe Social SurveyICBSICBS

Nurit Dobrin

December 2010

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The Social Survey

Annual survey, new sample each year, individuals age 20 and over

Provides updated information of living conditions and the welfare of the population

Core: Geographic, demographic and socio-economic information, including attitudes

Annual subject – recent years: Views concerning government services, welfare, social mobility, religiosity, family, health and lifestyle, use of technology.

SocialSocial

Israel Central Bureau of Statistics

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Promotion of employees in the workplace:

Are men promoted more then women?

Based on the Israeli Social survey 2008


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Table 1. Employment status by sex, age 25-64

2008

women men Total

1,699,005

100.0

1,635,805

100.0

3,334,810

100.0

Total

63.7 81.3 72.4 Employed

4.3 3.4 3.8 Unemployed

32.0 15.3 23.8 Not in labour force


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Table 2. Full-time versus part-time

employment by sex, age 25-64, 2008

women men Total 1,082,137 100.0

1,297,370 100.0

2,379,507 100.0

Total

72.8 92.9 83.7 Full-time 27.2 7.1 16.3 Part-time


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Diagram 1. Gross income from work, in NIS, by sex, 2008, percentages


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Promotion at work place

“Has there been any change in your status at work (comparing

the beginning of your employment to the current period)?”


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Diagram 2. Employees reporting promotion at

work, by seniority and sex, 2008, percentages

seniority

Up to 4 years

Total


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Occupation, gender and promotion


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Table 3. Rate of promotion of employees by occupation1 and sex, 2008 Social Survey, percentages

1Based on occupations at a 2-digit differentiation level. Employees in occupations

with less than 50% women Employees in occupations

with more than 50% women

Thousands Percent

956.9 100.0

965.0 100.0

Promoted at work 45.7 37.9

Men Women Men Women

Thousands 747.3 226.3 209.6 755.4

Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Promoted at work 44.3 50.9 43.3 36.2

Not promoted at work 55.7 49.1 56.7 63.8


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Diagram 3. Employees by gross monthly income,

sex, education and promotion, 2008, percentages

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

up to3,000

3,001-4,000

4,001-5,000

5,001-6,000

6,001-7,500

7,501-10,000

10,001-14,000

14,000-21,000

morethen

21,000% acad. men % acad. Women% men prom. % women prom.


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Diagram 4. Employees with over five years of seniority in the workplace by number of weekly work hours,

workplace promotion, and sex, 2008, percentages

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

עד 9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-44 45-49 50-59 +60

Num hours a week

hours a week men hours a week women

promotion men promotion women


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Diagram 4. Employees with over five years of seniority by age of youngest child in the household

and workplace promotion, 2008, percentages


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Table 4. The effect of sex and other background variables on workplace promotion

logistical regression, odds ratio


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Diagram 5. Estimated probability of

promotion at work according to the model

womenmen


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Conclusions and Discussion

• Overall, the percentage of women reporting promotion was lower than the percentage of men

• The literature indicates that men are more motivated by promotion

• women are over-represented in jobs characterized by low wage mobility, or ‘Dead end jobs’.

• These jobs are especially present in the public sector

• Women report more “damage” in the occupational sphere as a result of childbirth.

• Lower participation of women in the labor market in terms of number of work hours and full-time versus part-time work.


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…Conclusions and Discussion

• On the other hand, when women and men hold the same positions, both have a similar level of wage mobility.

• At similar income levels, women are promoted more than men, probably due to a relatively high rate of academic degree holders among these women.

• A similar outcome is obtained when the number of work hours is held constant: in each category of work hours per week, women are promoted more.

• When the youngest child is of mandatory schooling age or older, women are promoted more.


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…Conclusions and Discussion

• The multivariate analysis also demonstrates the complex outcome:– When work hours are not held constant, the sex of

the employee has no significant effect on the probability of promotion.

– Only when work hours are taken into consideration does the correlation become significant – but it is women who have a higher probability of promotion.

– Thus, the sex of the employee has an effect only when the other characteristics of the work, where the distribution of men and women is not random, are included in the analysis.


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The Simpson Paradox

The question whether women are promoted in the workplace less than men appears to have two different answers.

As we have seen, the solution to the paradox lies in the relatively low representation of women in groups characterized by higher rates of promotion (higher wage earners, “profitable” occupations, workers who invest a large number of work hours, and more).


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Explanations• Several possible explanations for the fact that when

various demographical and occupational variables are held constant, women report more promotion: – Women reach these positions as a result of promotion,

whereas men reach them by other means, such as due to initial terms of employment or contract parameters.

– Women who invest the work hours and accumulate the seniority allowing progress at work may attain higher achievements, and therefore earn more promotion than men.

– A different interpretation by men and women of “promotion in status or position,” as the survey was worded.


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Nurit Dobrin, the Social SurveyICBS

the social survey icbs nurit dobrin december 2010

Documents

parttime work

work placehas

number of work hours

rate of promotion

effect of sex

number of weekly work

social mobility

category of work hour