The Solar System

December 13, 2010

Warm up (Review)

1. What determines the composition of a mineral?

2. What is cleavage?3. What are the three main types of chemical

bonds?4. What is the central region of an atom?5. Why are fossils usually found in a desert?

Objectives

• TODAY I WILL BE ABLE TO:– Differentiate between the rotation and revolution

of the earth.– Explain how the tilt in the earth’s axis creates

seasons.– Describe the big bang theory

Key Points• The Big Bang Theory states that the Universe was

created in a precise moment in time.• The Big Bang is a theory, and there are other theories

that attempt to explain the origin of the Universe.• The earth’s rotation is the turning or spinning of a body

on its axis.• The earth’s rotation is the movement responsible for

day and night. • The earth’s tilted axis causes seasons. • Earth’s movement, or orbit around the sun is known as

REVOLUTION.

ORIGIN OF MODERN ASTRONOMY

• Astronomy is the science that studies the universe.

• Aristotle– Concluded that the earth was round because it

had a curved shadow.• Geocentric view – the Earth was the center of

the universe• Geocentric Model

– the Earth was a sphere that stayed motionless at the center of the solar system. The sun, moon, and known planets revolved around the Earth. Supported by Aristotle, believed for 2000 years!

• Heliocentric Model – the sun was at the center of the universe. The

Earth and other planets orbit the sun. Supported by Aristarchus.

• Copernicus concluded that Earth is a planet. The sun is at the center of the solar system and the planets orbit the sun. In the Copernican model, the orbits of planets were perfect circles.

Motions of the Earth• Rotation – turning on axis, results in day and night

and defines the length of a day– Noon to noon is 24 hours (solar day)

• Revolution – moving around a point in space, defines the year, changes what constellations we can see in the night sky

• Precession - Earth’s axis slowly but continuously points in different directions.

Earth’s Tilt causes the Seasons– June 21-22 Summer solstice– March 20 or 21 or September 22-23 are the equinoxes

(equal length of day and night)

– December 21-22 Winter solstice

• The solar system is rotating in the arms of the Milky Way galaxy at 250 km/second

• The entire galaxy is also moving. The Milky Way galaxy is moving toward Andromeda

Check Ins – Use complete sentences

1. Explain the Geocentric model of the Universe. Explain the Heliocentric model of the Universe. Which model do we know to be true?

2. “Earth’s axis slowly but continuously points in different directions” – this describes which movement of the earth?

3. Describe earth’s rotation and what it affects.4. What movement of the earth creates seasons?

Origins of the Universe

• Throughout history there have been many theories about how the universe formed.

• The Big Bang Theory

• Today we are going to read about “The Big Bang” theory.

• As you read, answer the questions on your worksheet.

Origins of the Universe

• What do you think?• Write a paragraph (5-8 sentences) explaining

whether or not you support the Big Bang Theory. – Use evidences that you’ve read.– Use persuasive language.

Work Time

• During this time you should be:– Working on Solar System Vocabulary (due Fri)– Working on Brochures– Working on make-up work for progress report on

Wednesday.

Brownie Ticket

1. The turning or spinning of a body on its axis is known as: __________________________

2. What movement is responsible for day and night?a) Rotationb) Revolutionc) Precisiond) Apogee

3. What is responsible for the earth’s seasons?a) Earth’s rotationb) Precessionc) Earth’s tilted axisd) Earth’s distance from the sun

Warm up (Ch 3 and SS Day 1)

1. Starting with Magma, explain the rock cycle.2. According to the theory of plate tectonics,

what is divided into plates?3. At what type of boundary is new ocean crust

formed?4. Describe the Precession movement of the

earth.5. Earth’s rotation makes ________________.

Objectives

• TODAY I WILL BE ABLE TO:– Compare and contrast Jovian planets to Terrestrial

planets.

Key Points

• The terrestrial planets are planets that are small and rocky.

• The Jovian planets are the huge gas giants.

The Solar System

The terrestrial planets are planets that are small and rocky—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.

The Jovian planets are the huge gas giants—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Orbits of the Planets

The Solar System

Size is the most obvious difference between the terrestrial and Jovian planets.

Density, chemical makeup, and rate of rotation are other ways in which the two groups of planets differ.

Scale of the Planets

The Terrestrial Planets

Mercury is the innermost and smallest planet; it is hardly larger than Earth’s moon.

• Mercury has cratered highlands, much like the moon, and vast smooth.

• Mercury has the highest temperature extremes of any planet.

Surface Features

Surface Temperatures

Mercury’s Surface

The Terrestrial Planets

Venus is similar to Earth in size, density, mass, and location in the solar system. It has been referred to as “Earth’s twin.”

• Venus is covered in thick clouds that visible light cannot penetrate.

Surface Features

• About 80 percent of Venus’s surface consists of plains covered by volcanic flow.

Venus

The Terrestrial Planets

Mars• The Martian atmosphere has only 1 percent of the

density of Earth’s.

Surface Features• Most Martian surface features are old by Earth

standards. The highly cratered southern hemisphere is probably 3.5 billion to 4.5 billion years old.

• Although the atmosphere of Mars is very thin, extensive dust storms occur and may cause the color changes observed from Earth.

Mars

Water on Mars

The Outer Planets

Jupiter has a mass that is 2 1/2 times greater than the mass of all the other planets and moons combined.

• Jupiter’s hydrogen-helium atmosphere also contains small amounts of methane, ammonia, water, and sulfur compounds.

Structure of Jupiter

Jupiter and the Great Red Spot

The Outer Planets

• Jupiter’s satellite system, including the 28 moons discovered so far, resembles a miniature solar system.

Jupiter: Giant Among Planets

Jupiter’s Rings• Jupiter’s ring system was one of the most

unexpected discoveries made by Voyager 1.

Jupiter’s Largest Moons

The Outer Planets

Saturn: The Elegant Planet• The most prominent feature of Saturn is its

system of rings.

Features of Saturn• Saturn’s atmosphere is very active, with winds

roaring at up to 1500 kilometers per hour.• Large cyclonic “storms” similar to Jupiter’s Great

Red Spot, although smaller, occur in Saturn’s atmosphere.

Cassini Approaching Saturn

The Outer Planets

Saturn’s Rings• Until the discovery that Jupiter, Uranus, and

Neptune have ring systems, this phenomenon was thought to be unique to Saturn.

Saturn’s Moons• Saturn’s satellite system consists of 31 moons.

• Titan is the largest moon, and it is bigger than Mercury.

Saturn’s Rings

The Outer Planets

Uranus: The Sideways Planet

• Instead of being generally perpendicular to the plane of its orbit like the other planets, Uranus’s axis of rotation lies nearly parallel with the plane of its orbit.

Uranus

23.3 The Outer Planets

Neptune: The Windy Planet

• Winds exceeding 1000 kilometers per hour encircle Neptune, making it one of the windiest places in the solar system.

Neptune

Minor Members of the Solar System

Asteroids: Microplanets• An asteroid is a small, rocky body whose

diameter can range from a few hundred kilometers to less than a kilometer.

Most asteroids lie between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

Minor Members of the Solar System

Comets are small bodies made of rocky and metallic pieces held together by frozen gases. Comets generally revolve about the sun in elongated orbits.

Check Ins

1. What is a Jovian Planet? Give 4 examples2. Which planet is known as the windy planet?3. What is a Terrestrial Planet? Give 4 examples4. Which planet has a greater mass than the

combined mass of all the remaining planets and their moons?

5. What is the most obvious difference between a Jovian and Terrestrial planet?

“The Outer Planets”

• As you watch about the outer planets, take notes in the following format:

Uranus Neptune1. 1.2. 2.3. 3.4. 4.5. 5.

“The Inner Planets”

• As you watch about the inner planets, take notes in the following format:

Mercury Venus1. 1.2. 2.3. 3.4. 4.5. 5.

“Jupiter, the Giant Planet”

• As you watch about the Jupiter, take notes in the following format:

How do we know about Jupiter?

Facts about Jupiter

1. 1.2. 2.3. 3.4. 4.5. 5.

Brownie Ticket

1. What are terrestrial planets made out of?2. Which of the following is a Jovian Planet?

a) Neptuneb) Marsc) Jupiterd) Venus

3. What type of a planet is earth?a) Jovianb) Terrestrialc) Geolithic d) Oceanarian

Warm Up 10/15

1. Which planet has a greater mass than the combined mass of all the remaining planets and their moons?

2. What type of Planet is earth?3. In what type of rock are fossils found?4. If a rock forms under great heat and

pressure, what type of rock is it?5. What are the major components of soil?

Objectives

• Describe how the Doppler Effect can be used to study the movement of objects in the universe

Key Points

• The Doppler effect is the change in wavelength that occurs when an object moves toward or away from a source

• The Doppler effect can be used to determine a star’s movement toward or away from Earth– As an object moves toward you, the wavelength

decreases– As an object moves away from you, the wavelength

increases– Large Doppler shifts indicate higher speeds

The Study of Light

• Most of the information about the universe beyond Earth comes from analyzing the light that comes from very distant sources.

• Visible light is only a very small fraction of all the energy that makes up the electromagnetic spectrum– Gamma rays, x-rays, microwaves, ultraviolet,

microwaves, radio waves– The EM spectrum is arranged by wavelength

Electromagnetic SpectrumWhile watching- answer the following- where do stars emit almost all of their light in the spectrum?

The Doppler Effect

• Think about what an ambulance siren sounds like.

• That characteristic sound is produced by the Doppler effect

• The Doppler effect is the change in wavelength that occurs when an object moves toward or away from a source

The Doppler Effect

• In astronomy, we can use the Doppler effect to determine whether a star is moving away from or toward the Earth

• As an object moves toward you, the wavelength gets shorter (for sound waves this means there is a higher pitch)– Shift toward higher energy waves

• As an object moves away from you, the wavelength gets longer (for sound waves this means there is a lower pitch)– Shift toward lower energy waves

The Doppler Effect

• Changes in wavelength due to the movement of an object toward or away from something are called Doppler shifts

• Larger Doppler shifts mean that an object is moving faster

• Doppler effect video• While watching- what evidence from the Doppler

Effect is there that the universe is expanding?

Check Ins1. What types of radiation make up the electromagnetic

spectrum?2. How can astronomers determine whether a star is

moving toward or away from Earth?3. List the colors of visible light from longest wavelength to

shortest wavelength.4. What term refers to the change in wavelength that occurs

when an object moves toward or away from a source?5. What does a large doppler shift indicate?6. What will happen to an object’s wavelength as the object

moves toward you?

Work Time

• During this time you will be working on:– Vocabulary due Fri– Study Guide de Fri– Brochures

• This is silent work time for 20 mins. If you work well we will play a game after!

Brownie Ticket1. What information about a star can be

determined using the Doppler Effect?a. Temperatureb. Chemical compositionc. Aged. Movement toward/away from Earth

2. Large Doppler shifts meane. Low speedsf. Low temperaturesg. High speedsh. High temperatures

3. What will happened to an object’s wavelength as it moves away from you?

Mastery Review

• You will have the remaining class time to work on your mastery worksheets, take mastery quizzes, and work on your vocabulary

• IF YOU ARE WORKING WELL, the last 15 minutes of class we can play word lasso to review vocabulary terms

Warm Up 5/20

1. What are some examples of mass movements?

2. What is the force responsible for mass movements?

3. What is the most important erosional agent on Earth?

4. What is the major erosional agent in deserts?

Objectives

• Interpret Herzsprung-Russell diagrams to analyze the temperature and magnitude of a star

• Analyze and describe the life cycle of a star

Key Points

• Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagrams show the relationship between temperature and absolute magnitude

• In the life-cycle of a star, it is said to be born when a protostar reaches a temperature high enough for nuclear fusion to begin

• Gravity is the force responsible for the formation of a star• There are many categories of stars… The sun is classified

as a main sequence star• The next stage in the sun’s life cycle will be a red giant• All stars eventually run out of fuel and collapse

Properties of stars

• Brightness– Apparent magnitude: the brightness of the star

when viewed from Earth (how bright does it look to us)

– Absolute magnitude: the apparent brightness of a star if it were viewed from 32.6 light-years away

Properties of stars

• Which star appears to be the brightest to us?• Which star IS actually the brightest based on

its absolute magnitude?• Which star is the most dim according to the

absolute magnitude?

Properties of stars

• Hertzsprung-Russell diagram- shows the relationship between the absolute magnitude of a star and the temperature

• Main sequence stars fall into the main trend on a H-R diagram.– Majority of stars– Runs diagonally from the upper left to the lower

right on the H-R diagram

Properties of stars

According to this graph, what is the absolute magnitude of the sun?

Which main sequence stars are most massive: blue, white, yellow or red?

LOOK AT PAGE 704 IN YOUR BOOK FOR THIS DIAGRAM

Life cycle of stars

• Star Birth– Nebula- a dark, cool cloud in outer space– Nebulae can become dense enough to begin to

contract and shrink– Gravity squeezes together everything in the

nebula– As the nebula shrinks heat is given off– Eventually, the temperature rises enough that it

gives off red light- this is called a protostar

Life cycle of stars

• Star birth– When the temperature gets high enough for

nuclear fusion to occur, a star will be born• Main sequence star

• Main sequence stage– Stable main sequence stars are trying to balance

the force of gravity squeezing them in and the force of the gas pressure trying to make them expand

Life cycle of stars

• Main sequence stage– Stars age at different rates

• Very massive stars use their fuel faster and exist for only a few million years

• Small stars use fuel more slowly and exist for hundreds of billions of years

– Stars spend about 90% of their life here

– Our sun is a main-sequence star

Life cycle of stars

• Main sequence stage– The stars use hydrogen as fuel for nuclear fusion

• Red Giant stage– The hydrogen fuel is starting to run out in the core

of the star– Hydrogen burning moves toward the outside of the

star and the surface of the star cools and becomes red

– Eventually, the core of the star collapses and gravity squeezes the star in

Life cycle of stars

• Burnout and Death– All stars, no matter what their size, eventually run

out of fuel and collapse due to gravity

– Low-Mass stars• Stars with less than ½ the mass of the sun never

become red giants• They remain main-sequence stars until they use up all

of their fuel and collapse into a white dwarf and then black dwarf

Life cycle of stars

– Death of medium-mass stars• Stars with masses similar to the sun go from main sequence

star red giant white dwarf black dwarf

– Death of massive stars• Stars that are over 3x as massive as the sun go from main

sequence star red giant supernova (exploding massive star) neutron star or black hole

• All stars, no matter what, eventually collapse when they run out of fuel

• Let's go back to that video

Life cycle of stars

• Sketch out the life cycle of a star similar to the sun in terms of mass (medium mass star).

• In at least 2 sentences describe each stage below your sketch

• Look on page 710 for help

Exit Ticket1. Which force is most responsible for the formation of

a star?a) Gravityb) Nuclear forcec) Instellar forced) Electromagnetic force

2. What type of a star is the sun?3. All stars, regardless of size, eventually:

a) Turn into black dwarfsb) Explodec) Run out of fuel and collapsed) Become black holes

Warm Up

1. Describe the life cycle of a star similar to the sun starting with nebula.

2. What is the difference between absolute magnitude and apparent magnitude?

3. What is the absolute magnitude of the sun?4. What does the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram

show?5. What is the next stage of the sun’s life?

Solar System Bingo

• Temperature• Hottest• Nuclear fusion• Gravity• Main

sequence• Red giant• Collapse• Gases• Mercury• Visible light• Rock• Heliocentric• Earth

On your bingo cards write the following terms in a random order.

• Rotation• Revolution• Jupiter• Doppler

effect• Lengthened• Tilt• Size• Precession• Saturn• High

speeds• movement