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The Solar System Objectives: 6.01 Analyze the theories of the formation of the universe and solar system. 6.02 Analyze planetary motion and the physical laws that explain that motion:
§ Rotation. § Revolution. § Apparent diurnal motions of the stars, sun and moon. § Effects of the tilt of the earth's axis.
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Why Astronomy? Astronomy the scientific study of the universe
► By observing we have discovered § New planets § Stars § Black holes § Nebulas
► By studying these objects we have learned § more about the
origin of Earth § processes involved in
the formation of our solar system.
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Organization of the Universe
► The solar system includes: the sun, planets,
and many smaller objects (asteroids and comets)
► The solar system is part of a galaxy: The Milky Way
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How do we Measure Distances in the Universe?
Astronomical unit - the average distance between the Earth and the sun; approximately 150 million kilometers (symbol, AU)
► Astronomers also use the speed of light to measure distance.
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Telescopes
Are instruments that collect electromagnetic radiation from the sky and concentrate it for better observation.
► Telescopes that collect only
visible light are called optical telescopes.
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Electromagnetic Radiation ► Radiation made up of waves with electric
and magnetic properties (hence electromagnetic radiation)
Longest wavelength, least penetrating
Shortest wavelength, most penetrating
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Telescopes ► Two types of optical
telescopes: § refracting telescope - uses a
set of lenses to gather and focus light from distant objects
§ reflecting telescopes - uses a curved mirror to gather and focus light from distant objects
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How did the solar system form? ► Origin long debated. ► In the 1600s and
1700s, many scientists thought that the sun formed first and threw off the materials that later formed the planets. ► This was incorrect.
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Solar System formation – pt2
► In 1796, French mathematician
Pierre Simon, § nebular hypothesis – more on this tomorrow
► solar nebular - rotating cloud of gas and dust § (also any nebular from which stars and
planets may form)
► The sun is composed of about 99% of all of the matter that was contained in the solar nebula.
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Earth’s Movement
Rotation - the spin of a body on its axis ► Earth’s rotation takes about one day.
► Earth rotates from west to east.
► The hemisphere of Earth facing the sun experiences daylight, while that facing away from the sun experiences nighttime.
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Earth’s Movement- pt2 Revolution - motion of a body that travels
around another body in space; one complete trip along an orbit
► Each complete
revolution of Earth around the sun takes 365 1/4 days, or about one year.
► Earth’s orbit around the sun is an ellipse, so Earth is not always the same distance from the sun.
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Earth’s Movement – pt 3
Perihelion - the point in the orbit where the planet is closet to the sun
Aphelion - the point in
the orbit of a where the planet is farthest from the sun
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Why do we have seasons? ► Earth’s axis is tilted at 23.5 degrees...
§ Changes the angle at which the sun’s rays strike Earth’s surface
► North Pole tilts away from the sun § Rays are not as direct § Northern Hemisphere has:
► Fewer daylight hours ► Less energy ► Lower temperatures
► Meanwhile, it is opposite for Southern Hemisphere § Rays more direct: longer daylight, warmer temps,
more energy
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Equinox = Equal amounts of light and dark
Equinox - the sun’s rays strike Earth at a 90° angle along the equator. The hours of daylight and darkness are approximately equal everywhere on Earth on that day.
► Autumnal equinox § September 22 or 23 § Marks the beginning of fall in the Northern
Hemisphere.
► Vernal equinox § March 21 or 22 § Marks the beginning of spring in the Northern
Hemisphere.
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Solstice = Sun far from equator Solstice - the point at which the sun is as
far north or as far south of the equator as possible
► Summer solstice § June 21 or 22 § Marks the beginning of summer in the
Northern Hemisphere. ► Winter solstice
§ December 21 or 22 § Marks the beginning of winter in the
Northern Hemisphere.
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Earth-Moon System ► Earth and the moon revolve around each other.
Together they form a single system that orbits the sun.
► The balance point of the Earth-moon system is located within the Earth’s interior, because Earth’s mass is greater than the moon’s mass.
► The orbit of the moon around Earth forms an
ellipse
§ When the moon is farthest from Earth, the moon is at apogee.
§ When the moon is closest to Earth, the moon is
at perigee.
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Moon’s Rotation and Revolution
► The moon rises and sets 50 minutes later each night because of both Earth’s rotation and the moon’s revolution.
► The moon revolves around Earth in
27.3 days.
► The moon’s revolution around Earth and its rotation on its axis take the same amount of time. Therefore, observers on Earth always see the same side of the moon
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Moon Phases ► As the moon revolves around Earth, different amounts
of the moon are lighted. § The apparent shape of the visible part of the moon varies. § Varying shapes are called phases. § The period from one new moon to the next one is 29.5
days. ► Size of the lighted part is increasing, the moon
is said to be waxing. ► At full moon=the entire near side is illuminated
by the light of the sun.
► Size of lighted part is decreasing, the moon is waning.
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Eclipses ► An eclipse occurs when one
body passes through the shadow of another.
► Total solar eclipse, § Moon passes between Earth
and the sun. § Sun’s light is completely
blocked by moon. § The shadow of the moon
falls on Earth. ► Lunar eclipse
§ Earth is positioned between the moon and the sun
§ Earth’s shadow crosses the lighted half of the moon.