the space and time perspective: geographical and historical backgrounds
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![Page 1: The Space and Time Perspective: Geographical and Historical Backgrounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649d535503460f94a2ee06/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Space and Time Perspective:
Geographical and Historical Backgrounds
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Here’s a Question for You
• Which of the following cities is located in northwestern Mesopotamia?
Ur
Shechem
Sumer
Haran
And why is that important?
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Definitions
• Geography – study of the land
• History (simply) – the succession of events
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Announcements
• Review session Thursday evening – J226 at 9:00
• Open Forum this evening at 7:15 pm – any questions are welcome (J237)
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Psalm 133:1
• HINNEH MAH TOV U-MAH NA’IM• Behold how good and how pleasant
(is)• SHEVET AHIM• (the) sitting (of) brothers• GAM YAHAD (twice)• also together• HINNEH MAH TOV (twice)• Lai lai lai ……..
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Rationale for study
• Geography shapes where and how people live and therefore, it helps us understand how the history unfolds
• History contains lessons for us as we see both the pattern of endless human disobedience and the patience and grace of God as He intervenes on behalf of His people
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Geography of the Ancient Near East
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Geography of the Ancient Near East
• Large land structures, barriers, and land bridge– Mesopotamia (Aram/Syria at NW “corner”)– Egypt– Anatolia– Great deserts (Arabian and Sinai)– Mediterranean Sea– “the land between”
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The Fertile Crescent
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Water sources: Vital for life and culture
• The Fertile Crescent– Rivers of Mesopotamia – Tigris and
Euphrates– Effects of the Mediterranean Sea
• Nile in Egypt
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Land Formations in Israel and Neighboring Regions
• Coastal plain• Shephelah• Hill country• Wilderness• Rift Valley• Transjordan• Negev• Northern lands
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Longitudinal Zones
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Coastal Plain: Ashkelon
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Shephelah: Elah Valley
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Hill Country of Judah and Benjamin
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Judean Wilderness
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Rift Valley: The Dead Sea
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Rift Valley: Jericho and Jordan Valley
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Transjordan: Petra
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Petra
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Negev
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The Galilee
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The Galilee: Headwaters of Jordan River at Dan
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Travel Routes
• Adequate water• Even terrain• International Coastal
Route• Transjordanian
Highway (“Kings’ Highway”)
• Ridge route (route of the patriarchs)
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Trade and Commerce
• Largest communities built up around major travel routes
• Routes accommodated military and commercial traffic
• Caravan routes from southwestern Arabia which produced myrrh and frankincense. Spices from India, silks from China
• It was not easy to move these materials by ship. Thus, the “ship of the desert” – the camel.
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Climate of Israel
Effects of Sea, Desert and Mountains Meteorological principle: Rising air cools and loses its moisture as it moves from sea over dry desert land. Rainfall increases with higher elevation.
• Rainfall decreases from north to south, west to east, and high elevation to low
• This is also the “land between” climate belts – cyclone and sub-tropic belts; thus, it enjoys two seasons
Margin of the Fertile Crescent
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Produce of the Land
• Grain, new wine, oil (Deut 11:14; Joel 1:10) – order in which they are harvested
• “Bread” is synonymous with “food” – in antiquity people got approximately 50% of daily calories from bread.
• Wine provided iron in diet since there was not meat on regular basis; it was also a water purifier.
• Olive oil for light, medicinal purposes; pits and hulls for fuel and animal food; food
• In some areas, there were large herds (bulls of Bashan). Natural vegetation was trees (oaks of Bashan) and rich pasture. What happened to the trees?
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A “Marginal” Region
• Agriculturally dependent on rainfall – importance of “early and latter rains”
• Geo-politically vulnerable
• The “testing ground of faith” (Deuteronomy 11:10-17)
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Adding History to Geography
• From patriarchs to Jesus – a general scheme:
Abraham Moses David Ezra Jesus _________________________________
2000 1450 1000 460 BC/AD
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International Powers
• Egypt• People from the north (Hittite/Hurrian)• Political entities in Mesopotamia:
Ur (a major city-state) ca. 2000Old Babylonian empire 1800-1700Time of external domination (Amorites)Assyrian empire 1350-612Neo-Babylonian empire 612-539Persian empire 539-333
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Neighboring “nuisances”
• Amorites• Canaanites• Edomites• Moabites• Ammonites• Midianites/Ishmaelites• Amalekites• Philistines• Aram/Syria