Embodying the Spirit of the Work of C.G.Jung Retreat/Conference Mooroolbark Australia May 23-25 2014

Isabel Briggs Myers, Psychological Type, and the Spirit of C.G.Jung

Peter GeyerWerribee, Australia

peter@petergeyer.com.au

When we trace the genealogy of a concept we uncover the different ways in which it may have been used in earlier times.

We thereby equip ourselves with a means of reflecting critically on how it is currently understood.Quentin Skinner

Every conceptual formula is psychological in its essenceC.G. Jung

C.G. Jungs theory of psychological types was stimulated by his differences with Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler, although the theme of types, a common area of contemporary discussion, can be seen in his early work. Jung thought that a persons type influenced the kind of ideas they might put forward. and so his typology is a theory of both ideas and people, with the latter strongly predominating, both in his own work and with those who used this idea. Jungs core text on this topic, Psychological Types was published in German in 1921 and English in 1923. There were several short pieces written by him on the topic throughout the 1920s and 1930s and various seminars and other writings contain typological commentary and information. In his Dream Seminars of the late 1920s, given in English, Jung pithily explained:

Thinking tells you what things mean, Feeling tells you what they are worth,

Sensation tells you what they really are, and Intuition tells you the possibilities of a situation

A compass description of Jungs core ideas

My concepts are based on empirical findings and are nothing but names for certain areas of experienceC.G. Jung

His typology was presented as a theory of consciousness, not behaviour and in that context he rejected the classical temperaments, as they were about affects, and so not something that people would agree that identifies them.Jungs typology was the core of his concept of individuation, which can be described as a process of becoming yourself, or becoming a personality. He considered personality a calling, bot a given for everyone. Individuation for him appears to be about wholeness _ the integrating of both good and evil aspects of an individual, rather than perfection, or achieving higher states etc. Jung never considered his typology as a measurement construct.

Jungs Typology Compass

A typology is a great help in understanding the wide variations that occur in individuals, and it also furnishes a clue to the fundamental differences in the psychological theories now current

C.G. Jung

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Measuring Jungs TypologyAttempts to construct questionnaires based on Jungs typology appear to be first made in 1941-2, in the United States, firstly with the Gray-Wheelwrights Jungian Type Survey by Jungians based in California and the Briggs-Myers Type Indicator (later renamed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, or MBTI) in areas close to Washington D.C. The latter was a response to World War II aiming to assist the war effort by helping people to get jobs that were typologically suitable, although it appears this was never achieved. Post-war, it was used in a program with the American Medical Students Association, main author Isabel Briggs Myers considering this field, as well as education, were appropriate areas for helping people. There doesnt appear to have been an external stimulus for the Jungian Type Survey.Earlier efforts at measuring Jungs constructs focused on extraversion-introversion, variously spelt and defined: essentially as traits and in a clinical context. These terms also became part of general discourse, in the USA in particular. The period between the two world wars was a time of development of various kinds of personality inventories, of uneven standard.Measurement of Jungs typology appears to be something that Katharine Briggs and Isabel Myers expected others would do, and when that didnt happen in the 18 years since the publication of Psychological Types in English in 1923, they decided to do it themselves, presuming that this was the best way of using type to help people. Their cultural presumptions about measurement werent shared by Jung, who was wary of classification, thinking it missed the point. What Jung thought of the Jungian Type Survey appears unknown. Isabel Myers sent her questionnaire to Jung in 1950; what he thought about it is conjectural. During this time and afterwards, the USA and the UK emphasised measurement in psychology more than other cultures, although it appears less pervasive in the UK. Other cultures have taken up this approach relatively recently as part of a general increase in the pursuit of certainty via the use of quantifiable data.

Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs MyersWithin any school of thought, partial themes exert an attraction:

disciples students and other interested persons move in, attach themselves to the movement and take the parts they like best for the whole

Wolfgang HochheimerKatharine Briggs, a middle-class American woman raised and living in a professional/academic milieu, encountered Jungs book in 1923, after reading a review of it. A sometime writer, she had constructed her own personality typology Meditative, Executive, Sociable, Spontaneous which she discarded on reading Jung, to the latters expressed disappointment. Jungs ideas became part of family discourse. Briggs read Psychological Types in great detail. She corresponded with him, and he sent her seminar notes. Two articles of hers on Jungs typology were published in the respected magazine New Republic in 1926 and 1928. Her daughter Isabel Myers used type ideas in her efforts as a crime novelist and playwright.Today, Jungs typology is predominantly seen through the lens of their creation the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) amid a coterie of similar measurements of varying quality, under the broad umbrella of personality type a term not used by Jung covering a number of not always compatible ideas. Along with a lack of interest in his typology by contemporary Jungians, his broader and deeper ideas have been obscured, or adapted in various ways.. Isabel Myers herself saw Jungs typology as able to be separated from his other ideas, while at the same time seeking to implement his idea of types in the same kind of spirit.The MBTI has also been conflated with type for many, ibeing seen (particularly on the internet and in training courses) as an outcome of completing a questionnaire in a subjective, shifting, moment, attached to scores and How did I come out this time?, submerging Myers idea of her creation as an Indicator. Important distinctions, Clouded by thinking that type preferences (Myers term) are behaviour, important distinctions have been missed, in particular regarding differences between individuals, or a trait perspective, and different kinds of individuals, a type perspective.

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The Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorHaving neither invented nor discovered the opposites, we do not presume to define them,

to say that introversion or intuition or feeling or any other process is thus such and such, precisely that and nothing more.

Isabel Briggs MyersIsabel Myers once stated that in developing the MBTI there was never any attempt to measure, in the strict sense, a factor still bewildering to many professionals and some researchers.Developing the questionnaire was essentially a family project, funded by family members and assisted by family connections, notably Myers father who was a senior federal public servant and noted scientist. Its items (questions) were derived from Jungs text and also developed by the broader family in that context. The broader family contributed to the item pool in that context. Other instruments were not consulted, due to their pathological bias. The questionnaire initially contained phrase questions only, mostly a or b options. Word pairs were added in the mid 1950s to eliminate situational contexts. Some items were not scored for type but were about type development as understood by the authors and were essentially secret until relatively recently. Myers preferred forced choice for responses and omissions were allowed and encouraged because she didnt want to receive false data. True-False questions were excluded because of problems with social desirability with that method.The core of Myers and Briggs interpretation of Jungs typology was their understanding of Jungs functions of Perception and Judgement, which he introduced and identified as the four basic functions of consciousness viz.,:

Functions of Judgement Thinking and Feeling. Also called the rational functions. Functions of Perception Sensation and Intuition. Also called the irrational functions.

The idea was to construct scales i.e. groups of questions or items relating to the same construct, representing Jungs categories of opposites. The items were written in plain language, aiming to appeal to all types. Isabel Myers accordingly changed the name of Jungs construct Sensation to Sensing, to avoid sensational as a term, amongst other attempts at language clarification, the avoidance of the term irrational for instance, whilst attempting to retain its meaning in other ways.Myers and Briggs also used Jungs brief comments on the direction of the auxiliary function i.e. the second-most in consciousness, together with the insights Briggs had gained from her own research to construct an extra scale, Judging-Perceiving which would indicate which function was extraverted, and also provide a simple means for introverted feeling types in particular to be able to say something about themselves. The content of these questions was intended as inferential, not literal, although a deeper interpretation engaged in language content

My mother was not interested in the Dark Side. But my grandmother was.Peter Briggs Myers

The part of Jung that I care about is the type part and it seems to me that it is a completely integrated thing in itself

and does not rest on the symbolism, does not rest on the deep and hard-to-follow partsIsabel Briggs Myers

Myers, unlike her mother, was predominantly interested in the conscious, and typological development in that context. She sought to implement Jungs typology in that way, considering it as a standalone idea.So, apart from formulating an order of function preferences in which she followed Jung, she didnt elaborate further. Her idea of the shadow appears to be the preferences not preferred introverted Sensing and Feeling, for instance, for someone preferring extraverted thinking with intuition. She functioned as an empirical scientist, interested in data and evidence. A Report Form follows for the Briggs-Myers Type Indicator, containing Myers categories.

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BriggsMyers Type IndicatorCopyright, 1946 by

Katharine C. Briggs & Isabel Briggs Myers

Name! ! John Doe! ! Date 3 - 5 - 46 Sex M

Age 25 Work Salesman Unit W G L Co

Type ESFP! ! ! ! ! ! Form C

TYPE PROFILE

Extraversion of Introversion of favorite function favorite function

Sense Intuitive perception perception

Thinking Feeling judgment judgment

Judging function Perceptive function extraverted extraverted

FAVORITE FUNCTION

Senseperception thinkingjudgment

/ with

Intuitiveperception feelingjudgment

Extraverted extraverted )

Introverted introverted )

Thinkingjudgment senseperception

/ with

Feelingjudgment intuitiveperception

INTERPRETIVE BREAKDOWN

E - I S - I T - F J - P

! ! Friend! Insight Appreci- Planned

! ! ship ation Life

! ! Detach! Observa Harmony Adjustment

! ! ment! tion! ! to Routine

! ! Group! Accept! Logic! Decisive

! Sociability ance! ! ness

! Freedom of Enjoy! Typical! Made-up

! Expression ment! Action Mind

What the MBTI DoesIt would be a fallacy to assume that the essence of an attitude or of a perceptive or judging process

is definedby the test items that reflect it, or by the words used to describe itIsabel Briggs Myers

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is simply a renaming of Myers and Briggs original work, with a difference that, over time, items not scored and related to type development, were progressively eliminated from its standard and advanced forms and have only recently reappeared as MBTI Step III for which special training and qualifications are required. In understanding Isabel Myers work, its important to note the fundamentals of her questionnaire and how it relates to Jungs typology.As the BMTI Report Form shows, it gives results on responses to items attached to one of four scales. The scales are bipolar, so the scores are presented as votes for either scale construct e.g 17 for E and 4 for I are a result for E. Results on all scales e.g. E, N, T, J are grouped into a code or formula ENTJ in this instance. Equal results are inferred as I, N, F, P for reasons of social desirability. These codes infer an order of functions consistent with Jungs typology e.g. extraverted thinking with intuition for ENTJ. The MBTI doesnt measure type dynamics, simply infers to a theory. The MBTI is also a sorting device, so it doesnt measure preference strength. The scores are levels of confidence in the questions and are never indicators of a dominant function, as is the case with the Jungian Type Survey.MBTI language can be separate to Jungian language about the functions and attitudes. Its four scales enable discussion about its four sets of opposite preferences a term coined by Isabel Myers, possibly from measurement writings and as a useful way to distinguish the constructs from being labelled abilities. The 8 terms or labels for these opposites, derived from Jung, can be usefully applied to individuals and groups, even as constructs to interpret organisations, policies and cultures. Extraverts, intuitives, thinkers, judgers etc. are all able to be used in this way, and have specific meaning in this context e.g. a judging type is specifically someone who prefers Judging to Perceiving as understood in the MBTI and does not relate to Jungs theory of basic functions.

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Heres some examples: Introverts with Intuition IN Introverted intuitive IN, IN_J or INJ (Dominant) judging type (T or F)

ENTJ ESTJ ENFJ ESFJISTP INTP ISFP INFP

How you come out on the Indicator can change, but I dont nail my flag to the mast that how you come out on the Indicator is necessarily your type.

Its a working hypothesis. Its a starting pointIsabel Briggs Myers

The MBTI also requires a feedback process and is not a standalone product. Its results have to be discussed, albeit not in the manner of running through a profile, but an explanation of the ideas, a self-rating on that basis beforehand, as well as specific instructions for completion. Reference to scores is also avoided, with comparative categories of clarity used instead, a distinction from trait approaches. Reliability of a result is with the category sort, not the score.

Discussing the PreferencesNo-one develops their personality

because someone told them it would be useful or advisable for them to do so C.G.Jung

Excepting the term preferences the following points would appear consistently held by both C.G. Jung and Isabel Briggs Myers according to available documentation of what they said and wrote:Core principles: Type preferences are a result of interaction between nature and nurture People are born with a predisposition to a type preference Type preferences are developed through a response to individual experience Culture mediates the expression of type preferences Living according to type preferences defines psychological health True adaptability, necessary for health, is in the context of these preferences These type preferences: Are expressed as sets of psychological opposites, much like the Yin/Yang of Taosim Are concerned with psychological orientation, rather than personality per se Are seen as fundamental psychological principles behind behaviours Help explain why people can do the same thing, but for different reasons Are a component of his theory of the Self The points below have been derived from MBTIrelated research: The types are not evenly distributed i.e. there are more of some than others Some gender differences can be better ascribed to type differences Different types predominate in different professions or activities Different types become stressed in different ways People learn and teach differently according to their type preferences

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Here are some claims for discussion about the MBTI type preferences, with comments from JungExtraversionIntroversion

An Attitude or Orientation Direction of energy flow; Source of personal energy; favourite place to be

Some core points: Orientation of personal energy internal or external Introversion is not shyness; Extraversion is not sociability Extraversion in theory different to extroversion and has a number of definitions Introversion is not pathological Sometimes more extraverts in a society, sometimes not

Extraverted and Introverted Psychology are as different as day and nightC.G. Jung

In presenting his idea of extraversion-introversion Jung was arguing for the legitimacy of the introverted perspective that wasnt related to pathological labels such as introspection, rumination and morbidity. This idea appealed to the introverted Myers and Briggs families for obvious reasons. As with the other sets of opposites, Myers aim was to argue for the legitimacy of each perspective. Discussions on the revised DSM 5 Manual included pathologising introversion. I played a role in the development of a submission from the Association for Psychological Type (International) an American-based professional interest group setting out reasons why this proposal should not be accepted. An interesting aspect of this very lengthy debate is that many people arguing for this definition of introversion appear themselves to be introverts.However, as Jung commented in his time regarding the USA, introversion in Western countries is effectively pathologised in social interactions, definitions of social anxiety and depression, happiness movements and some mental health strategies. Some therapeutic group strategies people sitting in a circle for instance, presume extraversion, possibly extraverted feeling and may inhibit notions of safety and disclosure. On the other hand, Elaine Aron has written about sensitive people a category which includes some introverts and a few extraverts a construct she derived from comments by Jung and also work by researchers in early childhood development such as Jerome Kagan, who uses the terms inhibited and uninhibited. Kagan likes Jung, but dislikes self-report instrumentsExtraversion-Introversion appears the only one of Jungs ideas that, regardless of definition, is scientifically accepted as an attribute of human beings, even as a cross-species attribute. The trait perspective of personality favours extraversion. Recent discussions, possibly influenced by postmodern themes and denials of a self, have revived the notion of ambiverts, an idea of E.S. Conklins from the 1920s, describing people who act according to the situation. Jung thought that many people were neither one or the other, and also thought that most people were unconscious; these two statements may be connected. The MBTI gives a result, but not whether a person is conscious or unconscious according to Jung. The psychometrician Mark Majors, who worked in the most recent Forms of the MBTI and has his own type questionnaire, thinks Jung treated introversion-extraversion and the basic functions separately, so there is the attitude type of extravert or introvert, and then the function types, which may be directed in either an extraverted or introverted process.

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SensingIntuitionPerceiving Function or Mental Activity

Arranges information to personal interest; Irrational; Observing (not a critique or evaluation)Some core points: Information of personal interest what we pay attention to Sensing facts and experience; practical Intuition interpretation and meaning; possibilities Usually 23 times more sensing people in a society Almost the reverse at universities etc.

The psychological function of sensation is the perception of reality, and the standpoint of the sensation type is simply the standpoint of facts.

When a person practices recognition of facts he is doing something for his sensation....C.G. Jung

Many years ago, contributors to the Journal of Analytical Psychology observed that a key distinction between Freudian and Jungian analysts appeared to be that the former appeared to overwhelmingly prefer sensation, whilst the latter overwhelmingly preferred intuition.In my teaching of MBTI Accreditation, intuitives outnumbered sensing types 3 to 1 (See Attachment 1). Curiously, this clear majority invariably were interested in using the MBTI more than finding out facts about the theory. Relevant LinkedIn groups are the easiest place to observe what seems to be a universal perspective. One of the clearest and most informative books on Jungs ideas was by the sensation type Mary Ann Mattoon, who also identified as an ISTJ.

Sensation is not what one usually understands having sensations of touch, light etc.

it is simply an awareness of things as they are Differentiated sensation is the perception of reality

and it has nothing to do with the functions of the body.C.G. Jung

Some current descriptions of introverted and extraverted sensing make claims about associations with the body for those function-attitudes, making comparisons with an intuitives relative (or complete) obliviousness in that regard. Others merely point out that sensing types tend to trust their 5 senses seeing is believing as opposed to an intuitive experience of seeing which isnt grounded in the senses.Perception as a term in psychological science is usually associated with physiological characteristics which are more easily connectable with concrete reality. In this way, intuition and gut feel a visceral experience being associated.In the neurosciences, intuition appears to have little to do with Jungs concept as the new or novel appears to be excluded from its definition. Essentially, Jungs construct is rarely used outside Jungian or typological circles. Intuition can also be about gaining meaning or understanding of ideas rather than anything related to the future, as some contend. One of the reasons for the lack of success in some quarters of climate change issues may be that dates projected into the future, particularly toward the end of the century, but even 2030 or 2020, are seen as simply speculation useful for sensing types. The moral associations attached to such arguments may also annoy thinking types in particular, as well as those who have other values.Isabel Myers commented once that she didnt mind intuitives changing or adapting what she had done, because that was what intuitives naturally did. However she also wished that these people would ask her why she did what she did before going on to change it.

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ThinkingFeelingJudging Function or Mental Activity

Decision; Closure; Rational; Sorting for prioritySome core points: Making rational decisions Thinking is objective : Feeling is subjective Thinking is not intellect : Feeling is not emotion Males usually prefer Thinking (c5560%) Females prefer Feeling (c5560%) Successful females in business, politics, tend to prefer Thinking Some cultures prefer Thinking, others Feeling

If you are a thinking type everything that is decent in you is linked up with that; In your thinking you are a decent fellow.

In your feeling you show another character C.G. Jung

Jungs opposites of thinking and feeling are a significant contribution to social thought, as they challenge what is an unhelpful stereotype in many cultures, at the same time as saying that there are different kinds of males and different kinds of females regarding values and principles. That this idea has a long way to go to be understood is exemplified in recent comments, often vitriolic, about women in public office who unstereotypically appear to prefer thinking.

The feeling function has to do with the feeling of values and that has nothing necessarily to do with love. Love is relatedness. One can feel without having relationship. If love had only to do with feeling, a thinking type couldnt love

C.G.JungOne of the problems here may be Jungs dissassociation of the feeling function about values from the terms usual use as emotions called feelings, including the paradox that feeling types can pay more attention to emotions than thinking types, who in particular circumstances may be put into disarray by their expression, irrespective of gender. In addition, disciplines like cognitive science, economics and marketing invariably use a thinking-emotion dichotomy. This dichotomy is also seen in tabloid newspapers fomenting anger and fury, for the logical reason that it assists sales and you dont have to think about it much, because it appears to work pretty well. Gordon Lawrence, who wrote and taught on type and education pointed out that there were three ways of deciding: thinking judgement, feeling judgement and emotion. Where emotion was used as a decision maker, the thinking or feeling functions were not involved or used.

A thinker has the right to be criticalIsabel Briggs Myers

Isabel Myers, after her empirical fashion, conducted her research separately on males and females, to ascertain whether gender was a factor in Jungs sets of opposites and found a gender difference in responses to thinking and feeling questions. Her MBTI Forms (F and G) operating on prediction ratio, gave different points according to gender for responses to TF items. TF items on current MBTI Forms are of equal score value irrespective of gender, but the gender difference outcome remains. The information in Appendix 1 contains results from both kinds of Forms.Apart from cultural differences, Thinking and feeling can also represent ideas about society. Rational choice theory is a fundamental presupposition of economic and political perspectives, even political commentary and advice, which you can see regularly on ABC TVs The Drum and other shows of that kind.

Judgment [is] a disciplined power of choice in accord with permanent standards. Where thinking is destined to be the judging function the standards will be rather impersonal principles.

Where feeling is to be the judging function the standards will be quite personal values.Isabel Briggs Myers

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JudgingPerceivingAttitude or Orientation

Indicates function mostly used outwardly; Public PersonaSome core points: How people prefer to live their lives Judging schedules, order, organisation Perceiving spontaneity, flow, casual Judging predominates in schools and workplaces Some cultures Judging, others Perceiving

The J or P at the end of the formula always describes outer behaviourIsabel Briggs Myers

Isabel Myers thought that Jungs attitudes and functions were possibly innate, although she didnt know whether Jung himself had that perspective. She made no such claim for her JP scale, thinking it merely an additive and an assistance in helping people ascertain their type in a congenial way. so that both Judging and Perceptive people could see merit in being what they are. Interestingly enough, this kind of idea has proven fruitful, particularly in trait psychology, albeit with a less positive approach.She used Jungs term attitude to describe this scale, an orientation taken toward a persons environment. By inference this indicated the nature of whichever process was extraverted. There was no claim that the extraverted process was solely used in this manner, as these were behaviours, but it was presumed that it would be the case more than 50% of the time. The real point, regardless, was to help identify dominant and auxiliary functions, although there were some behavioural insights. For example, she wrote that Js can like matters decided and settled without doing the settling themselves and that Ps tend to perceive external difficulties more fully than Js, particularly if they were introverts in comparison with extraverted judgers.To paraphrase, Myers contended that people with a Judging attitude, using T or F, would live life in a planned, orderly way, aiming to regulate and control it. For introverts, these characteristics would be somewhat modified by the perceptive nature of the dominant process. People with a Perceptive attitude, using S or N, would live in a flexible, spontaneous way, aiming to understand life and adapt to it. For introverts, these characteristics would be somewhat modified by the judging nature of the dominant process.

In the Spirit of JungI am glad I am Jung, and not a Jungian

C.G. JungWhat does it mean to be or act in the spirit of C.G. Jung? Although Jung wrote and spoke of the Zurich School of psychoanalysis, comparing it with the Vienna School of Freud and applied names such as complex and analytical to his method, the evidence is that he didnt want to found a school, or have followers. For Isabel Myers, Jungians were always someone else, perhaps analysts, or clinical professionals.Jung also appeared to not be proprietary about his ideas to say that someone could or couldnt use them notwithstanding there were a number of texts written by others for a general readership to which he contributed an endorsement or foreword. On the other hand, he regularly stated that his views were not understood.Its not generally known what Isabel Myers read of Jung other than Psychological Types. She references J.H. van der Hoops Conscious Orientation as a valued text on Jungs typology. Her collaborator, Mary McCaulley, who worked with Myers in the last decade or so of her life, said later that she didnt know what she had read because whenever they met or corresponded they just talked type. McCaulley experienced Myers as being committed to Jungs theory.

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A lot of people say well, she made this big contribution with J and P butI never heard her say I am trying to go beyond Jung, make the next step; I am doing what Jung would have done if he had stayed with this or whatever.

Everything she did tried to be very true to the theoryMary McCaulley

Of course, the MBTI was not something Jung would have contemplated, and Myers use of the conscious and unconscious aspects of his ideas were limited by intention and preference to the typology and excluded symbols, archetypes and the transcendent function, which she considered fairly unattainable. Perhaps, in the pragmatic spirit of her culture, the important thing was to focus on helping normal people in their daily lives by introducing the idea that normality has many faces and approaches to life, all of which are useful and desirable ways to live. The questionnaire was simply a method for facilitating that idea.

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Appendix 1

MBTI Qualifying Workshop Participants**for courses conducted by Peter Geyer 1993-2006

Appendix 1

MBTI

Qualifying Workshop Participants**for courses conducted by Peter Geyer 1993-2006

N = 1025M: 319 31.12%

F: 706 68.88%

ISTJTotal: 59%: 5.76

[710]

M: 21 ; F: 38******

ISFJ Total: 29

%: 2.83

[710]

M: 11 ; F: 18***

INFJ Total: 54

%: 5.27

[23]

M: 12 ; F: 42******

INTJTotal: 70%: 6.83

[23]

M: 22 ; F: 48*******

ST: 153

SF: 105

ISTP Total: 19

%: 1.86

[47]

M: 14 ; F: 5**

ISFP Total: 17

%: 1.66

[57]

M: 7 ; F: 10**

INFP Total: 116

%: 11.31

[34]

M: 34 ; F: 82**********

INTP Total: 82

%: 8.00

[34]

M: 42 ; F: 40********

NF: 408

NT: 359

ESTP Total: 19

%: 1.86

[68]

M: 6 ; F: 13**

ESFPTotal: 24%: 2.34

[810]

M: 4 ; F= 20***

ENFPTotal: 176%: 17.17

[67]

M: 46 ; F: 130***************

ENTP Total: 124 %: 12.10

[46]

M: 34 ; F: 90*************

SJ: 179

SP: 79

ESTJTotal: 56%: 5.46

[1215]

M: 18 ; F: 38******

ESFJTotal: 35%: 3.41

[710]

M: 7 ; F: 28***

ENFJ Total: 62

%: 6.05

[35]

M: 14 ; F: 48******

ENTJ Total: 83

%: 8.10

[35]

M: 27 ; F: 56*********

TJ = 267 26.05%

Group Type E 578 56.39% 43.61% 447 I

E N F P S 258 25.17% P 74.83% 767 N

T 512 49.95% J 50.05% 513 F

Modal Type J 447 43.61% 56.37% 578 P

E N F P

Peter Geyer 2006

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ReferencesElaine Aron (2004) Revisiting Jungs concept of innate sensitiveness Journal of Analytical Psychology Vol 49 pp 337-367Elaine Aron (2006) Highly Sensitive Person: How to thrive when the world overwhelms you Birch Lane PressKatharine Briggs (1926) Meet Yourself: Using the Personality Paint Box New RepublicKatharine Briggs (1928) Up From Barbarism New RepublicKatharine Cook Briggs & Isabel Briggs Myers (1944) The Briggs-Myers Type Indicator Handbook Part I Privately PublishedPeter Geyer (1995) Quantifying Jung: The Origin and Development of the MyersBriggs Type Indicator MSc Thesis University of MelbournePeter Geyer (2003) Why is the future that's so clear to me so opaque to you? and other issues: Mary McCaulley in conversation with Peter Geyer Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 5, No 3. Dec pp5-17Peter Geyer (2010) Perception and Judgment: Isabel Myers; measuring type and the MBTI Step III Manual Australian Psychological Type Review Vol 12 No 1 August 2010 pp3-8Peter Geyer (2011) Pioneers and Fellow Travellers? A brief note on Positive Psychology; Isabel Briggs Myers and C.G. Jung Bulletin of Psychological Type Peter Geyer (2012) Liking Jung, without wanting to be seen as Jungian a contribution to Jung at Heart: Reactions to Jungs work Bulletin of Psychological TypePeter Geyer (2012) What is a Function? Tenth AusAPT Biennial Conference Melbourne, Australia October 2527Peter Geyer (2012) Extraversion Introversion: what C.G. Jung meant and how contemporaries responded Tenth AusAPT Biennial Conference Melbourne, Australia October 2527Wolfgang Hochheimer (1969) The Psychotherapy of C.G.Jung C.G.Jung FoundationC.G. Jung (1910) The Association Method American Journal of Psychology Vol 21 No 2 pp 219-269C.G. Jung (1914) On Psychological Understanding Journal of Abnormal Psychology Vol IX pp 385-399C.G. Jung (1916) Psychology of the Unconscious: A Study of the Transformation and Symbols of the Libido. A Contribution to the History of the Evolution of Thought. trans. and introd. Beatrice M. Hinkle Moffat, YardC.G. Jung (1916/1966) The Structure of the Unconscious Two Essays in Analytical Psychology CW7 PrincetonC.G. Jung (1920) Collected Papers in Analytical Psychology (ed Constance Long) Second Edition Bailliere, Tindall and CoxC.G.Jung (1921/1938) Psychological Types or the Psychology of Individuation Trans. H.G. Baynes Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & CoC.G.Jung (1921/1971) Psychological Types Trans R.F.C. Hull CW6 PrincetonC.G. Jung (1978) The Houston Tapes in McGuire and Hull (eds) C.G.Jung Speaking: Interviews and Encounters Thames and Hudson.C.G. Jung (1984) The Development of Personality CW17 PrincetonC.G. Jung (1984) Dream Seminars: Notes of the Seminar given in 1928-30 (ed. Wm. McGuire) PrincetonC.G. Jung and Hans Schmid-Guisan (2013) The Question of Psychological Types Correspondence edited by John Beebe and Ernst Falzeder PhilemonJerome Kagan (2010) The Temperamental Thread: How genes, culture, time and luck make us who we are Dana PressJerome Kagan (2013) The Human Spark: The Science of Human Development Basic BooksGordon Lawrence (1997) Looking at Type and Learning Styles CAPTMary McCaulley and Isabel Briggs Myers (1975) Skill Session Myers-Briggs Conference 14 October Transcript CAPT/Private CollectionMary McCaulley and Isabel Briggs Myers (1975) Opening Session Myers-Briggs Conference 15 October Transcript CAPT/Private Collection

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Mary H. McCaulley (1988) Isabel Myers: The Person Behind The MBTI Audiotape Transcript CAPT/Private CollectionIsabel Briggs Myers (und.) Construction of the Type Indicator; Forms Zero to F UnpublishedIsabel Briggs Myers (und.) Validation of the Four Dichotomies Which Underlie Function-Type by the Briggs-Myers Type Indicator UnpublishedIsabel Briggs Myers (vs) Audiotapes and Transcripts: IBM 11.7.72; IBM Construction; IBM History 6.10.72 South Carolina; IBM 4/77 (CAPT; Private Collection)Isabel Briggs Myers (1945) Type as the Index To Personality Privately PublishedIsabel Briggs Myers (1958) Some Findings With Regard To Type and Manual for Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Form E Privately PublishedIsabel Briggs Myers (1962) Manual (1962) The MyersBriggs Type Indicator Educational Testing ServiceIsabel Briggs Myers (1970) Introduction to Type First Edition Privately PublishedIsabel Briggs Myers (1972) Consequences of Psychological Type Manuscript 10 Privately PublishedIsabel Briggs Myers and Mary McCaulley (vs.) Letters and other correspondence Private collectionIsabel Briggs Myers and Mary H. McCaulley; Naomi L. Quenk; Janie D. Sweet and Cecil L. Williams (1977/1987) Conversations with Isabel Video Transcript CAPTIsabel Briggs Myers; Mary H. McCaulley (1985) Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the MyersBriggs Type Indicator Second Edition CPP Isabel Briggs Myers with Peter B. Myers (1990) Gifts Differing 10th Anniversary Edition Davies BlackIsabel Briggs Myers; Mary H. McCaulley; Naomi L.Quenk; Allen L.Hammer (1998) MBTI Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the MyersBriggs Type Indicator Third Edition CPPPeter Briggs Myers (2001) Introduction to pre-conference research presentation by Otto Kroeger APTi biennial conference Minneapolis (personal notes)Naomi Quenk (1979) On Empirical Studies of Jungian Typology Journal of Analytical Psychology 24; 219-255Quentin Skinner (2009) A Genealogy of the Modern State Proceedings of the British Academy 162: 325-370J.H. van der Hoop (1939) Conscious Orientation: A Study of Personality Types in Relation to Neurosis and Psychosis Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.Joseph B Wheelwright; Jane H Wheelwright; John A Buehler (1964) Jungian Type Survey Manual: The Gray-Wheelwrights Test 16th Revision Society of Jungian Analysts of Northern California

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