The State of Emergency,Coercive Medicine, and Academia

ByMaximilian C. ForteNovember 18, 2021

Montréal, Québec, Canada

This paper was produced for Résistance Scolaire—Québec—AcademicResistance (RSQAR), a collective of Quebec professors and teachers atall levels of the education system who have joined with students andsupport staff in fighting against the state of emergency and coercivemedical practices. For more information, see rsqar.net.

It is also included in the Occasional Papers series of the ZeroAnthropology magazine at zeroanthropology.net.

© Maximilian C. Forte, 2021

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“Two weeks to flatten the curve,” is what we heard across Canada1 just after March11, 2020, when the World Health Organization unilaterally declared a global“pandemic” according to new criteria developed in 2009 that emphasizedtransmissibility over lethality.2 We are now approaching two years of a crisis that isroutinely and deceptively blamed on “Covid”. Politicians, public health officials, andthe mass media have made persistent pronouncements that tended towards theinflation of grim numbers and the exaggeration of threats.3

The State of Emergency and its ConsequencesBuilding on expanded threat perception, authorities have deliberately promoted fear,induced panic, and created stress.4 With the public suffering an epidemic of fearbordering on mass psychosis,5 states have multiplied and escalated the number andtypes of restrictions, few of which have the support of even a single publishedscientific study6: quarantining the healthy; school closures; shutting down smallbusinesses; travel bans and internment of returning citizens; masking; socialdistancing; fines; curfews; vaccine passports7; and now, mandatory vaccinationcampaigns that threaten the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands across Canada,including students, support staff, and professors, and impeding non-vaccinatedCanadians from leaving the country.8 In the case of Quebec, such measures have beenadvanced under a State of Emergency deployed in accordance with the Public HealthAct,9 which has seen the “emergency” renewed every seven days. Since the“emergency” was first declared on March 13, 2020, it was renewed 84 times (toOctober 27, 2021), and continues being renewed without consultation and approvalby the National Assembly.10 On each occasion, the Government of Quebec has failedto explain the nature or even the existence of a situation that merits classification asan “emergency”.11

By displacing the political onto the medical, in biologizing and thus naturalizingpolitical acts, both governments and the media typically assign blame to “Covid,” the“pandemic,” or the “unvaccinated,” to justify authoritarian emergency measures andto rationalize the ensuing social upheaval. But the virus is just a virus. The virus isneither a politician, a legislator, an economic adviser, a public health official, acorporate CEO, nor is it a media executive. The virus has not been “managed”: it hasbeen worked.

The social, economic, political, medical, psychological, and cultural damage wroughtby emergency measures, though inadequately documented and tallied in Canada,

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appears to be both vast and ongoing. At least 36 studies explain why ourunnecessarily extended period of lockdowns not only failed to control the virus orlower mortality, but may even have increased excess mortality.12 Quebec’s Ministerof Health, Christian Dubé, publicly acknowledged the impacts of the emergency ondelayed treatments and surgeries, often for illnesses far more severe than Covid.13

The health system’s lopsided emphasis on Covid, coupled with fear that kept manypatients with severe illnesses away from hospitals and clinics, created such a backlogof surgeries and treatments that emergency rooms exploded far beyond capacity bythe summer of 2021, as reported Covid infections plummeted. Quebec’s Ministry ofHealth estimated that up to 4,000 people have gone undiagnosed with cancer as aresult of a sharp decline in mammograms, pap smears and colorectal cancerscreenings.14 Across Canada, projected cancer cases are expected to surge in thethousands.15 During the lockdowns, deaths caused by opioid overdoses rose by 88%in 2020 when compared to 2019.16 Alcohol abuse, suicides, and even homicides indomestic settings all increased substantially. Statistics Canada reported that duringthis emergency period, deaths from “accidental poisonings” (substance abuse)reached a new high, while the numbers for deaths caused by alcohol abuse, and druguse all increased, particularly for younger Canadians.17 StatCan noted that “theeconomic, social, and psychological impacts” as well as “the public-health measuresin place may have played a role in increasing alcohol use”.18 In North America,lockdowns had a disproportionate impact on minority youths in terms of educationand employment.19 Families with children at home reported dramatic degrees ofdeteriorated mental health.20 The economic devastation wrought by the lockdownsfurther increased the social, psychological, and medical harms.21 In Montreal, thehomeless population doubled in size just from March 2020 to October 2021.22

Canada’s federal debt increased by 66%; provinces and even most universities alsoposted vastly increased deficits; and, hundreds of thousands of retail businesseswere expected to permanently close.23 Both the savings and the ability to save forworking-class Canadians simply vanished, and personal debt levels skyrocketed;women and minorities were among those hit hardest.24

How is public health served by spreading fear, creating stress, inducing anxiety, andterminating the livelihoods of those who do not comply with arbitrary andindiscriminate measures? What kind of public health is it that assaults the dignity ofthose to be saved, creating divisions, escalating tensions and conflict? We havecertainly come a long way from “two weeks to flatten the curve”. Today, federalemployees, healthcare workers, and educators across Canada are being suspendedand fired, sentenced to a form of social and economic internal exile, thus effectively

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rendered aliens in a country which also traps them within its borders. Citizens arenow effectively criminalized based on their medical status.

Coercive MedicineAll of the devastation, displacement, and divisions have been to what end? What is itabout the nature of this particular virus that makes it so spectacularly special thatextreme measures are not only said to be warranted, but must also be continuallymultiplied and extended? Why are these “public health” measures so narrowlyfocused on only one specific solution—universal “vaccination”—when that “solution”has been shown to solve so little at the core of this crisis?

Encouraged by government and the media to conflate the two, most Canadians seemto have trouble remembering the difference between transmissibility (i.e.,infectiousness) and lethality, such that any report of “cases” immediately sparksfears of impending and generalized death. The appearance of a “case” in aninstitution is called an “outbreak,” an alarmist term that inspires fear. Yet it is stilltrue that official statistics reveal that this particular coronavirus, with its non-distinctive symptoms, is responsible for the deaths mostly of the very elderly, andeven then those with advanced co-morbidities. In Canada as a whole, 63% of reportedCovid deaths occurred among those aged 80 years or more; that number increases to83% when we include those aged 60 years or more.25

This virus was never a lethal threat to the general population, but it has beengoverned as if it were. The global survival rate for Covid, for persons under the age of70, is 99.83%; others report that it is as high as 99.95% (without “vaccination”), andfor those under 45 years of age the infection fatality rate is almost zero.26 For the vastmajority of the infected, 76.5%, Covid produces no symptoms at all, and for 86.1% nosymptoms specific to Covid; for most of the rest, the symptoms are mild. 27 TheNorwegian government and the UK parliament have both recognized that Covid hasfallen in lethality when compared with the seasonal flu.28 What then is the medicalbasis for instituting emergency measures, imposed on the total population? In early2020, a few national leaders declared a “war on the virus”—but how do the facts ofthe virus justify use of tools of war, such as a state of emergency?

Throughout this crisis, premised on the generalization of the threat of death, we havenonetheless seen a differential and selective valuation of deaths.29 Death, rather thanthe possibilities for normal life, has been greatly emphasized. Regardless of co-

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morbidities, those who died with Covid were almost always reported as “Coviddeaths,” even if Covid was not the cause of death. Yet, when persons have died afterreceiving injections, their deaths are usually attributed to co-morbidities, and theyare not publicly reported by the media or state spokespersons as “vaccine deaths”.Some deaths, we discovered, matter more than others.

Having succeeded in spreading generalized fear of “Covid death,” the authoritieshave singled out that one “solution” of theirs: inoculation of the entire population,regardless of age, health, or natural immunity.30 They have denied effective earlytreatment of symptoms. They have obstinately ignored the fact that natural immunityhas been proven to offer longer-lasting, broader and stronger protection than thecurrent crop of novel gene therapies.31 We have been told, with absolute conviction,that these experimental gene therapies are “safe and effective”.32 Less assuring,however, has been the authorities’ refusal to share trial data with scientists.33

Doctors and scientists who question the “vaccine” dogma are censored, silenced,suspended, or fired, even as hundreds of thousands of doctors and healthcareworkers worldwide34 have precisely detailed why these novel therapies are neithersafe nor effective,35 with abundant empirical support and a growing number ofpublished studies.36 Between the US and UK alone, nearly 20,000 persons havealready died from the injectables, and more than two million people have sufferedsevere adverse reactions, according to officially published data.37 Yet the injectablesthemselves offer, at best, a 1.3% reduction in absolute risk of becoming ill from Covid.“Herd immunity” via “vaccination” is clearly impossible,38 particularly when the“vaccines” in question provide no sterilizing immunity, and when the virus has amplenatural reservoirs in the wider animal population.

Given that the “fully vaccinated” can still be infected and transmit the virus amongthemselves, the stated logic for the domestic “vaccine passport” system has beennullified39—yet the mandate remains in place. Even with such mandates in place onUS college campuses, with almost all students, staff and faculty injected, “outbreaks”have occurred.40 It should now be obvious that the “vaccine passport” is not a publichealth measure designed to “protect” people and “save lives”. Instead, it is a politicalmeasure designed to maximize control and foment divisions among the widerpopulation, deflecting blame away from the state and toward the new dangerousOther, the “unvaccinated”.41

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Questions for AcademiaUniversities in Quebec and across Canada have internalized the “vaccine passport”system, notwithstanding public knowledge of the facts as shown above. They havedone so even when aware of the differential impact on religious and ethnicminorities.42 Institutions that have adopted principles of “equity, diversity, andinclusion,” have failed the first real test of their policies. In Canada, as in the US,Black and Indigenous communities are among the most “vaccine hesitant” or“vaccine resistant” of all ethnic groups.43 However, given that the “war on the virus”has become a de facto war on the people, a larger segment of the national populationhas been created as a new minority suffering discrimination, one that has been asstigmatized as it has been caricatured.44 Where do academics stand here?

If “vaccination” was intended as a means of exiting the WHO’s declared pandemic,that has clearly not happened. Is it in fact intended as an exit, or as a gateway tosomething else? This is just one of many questions that academics should have beenaddressing, instead of cowering in fear before Covid, deferring to political authority,and clamouring for still more draconian restrictions.

As academics who have committed ourselves to ethics, integrity, and honesty, do wenot see anything problematic in what is happening before our very eyes? Are we notdisturbed by what is being committed in our name, for this alleged “common good”which none of us were ever called upon to define? What “common good” is it thatthrives on coercion, exclusion, and works towards the monopolistic profits of Pfizer,which has an established criminal history,45 and Moderna, which has never beforeproduced a vaccine?

Whether one is “adequately vaccinated” or not—according to the shifting standardsand definitions of the moment—is not the core issue that should concern us. Whatshould concern us is that the legal rights of all citizens are being transformed intotemporary privileges; that coercion trumps democratic participation; that keyinstitutions—including academic ones—are being rapidly conscripted for politicalpurposes, and their basic missions are being undermined and distorted.

While many believe and assert that a “public health emergency” must limit basichuman freedoms, it is precisely when faced by a real or alleged emergency that weneed to be most careful and protective of human rights. Basic human rights areinalienable, and cannot be “suspended” because of any war, disaster, or other

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emergency.46 Bodily autonomy,47 informed consent, and by extension not beingsubjected to invasive testing or genetic treatment, are among the key rights whichhave been suspended or violated.48 Rights of conscience, as guided by religious andspiritual beliefs, along with the right to political beliefs and freedom of expression,must also be protected.49

Did we as scholars anticipate living in a country where our universities would purgetenured professors, fire support staff, and expel registered students (even escortingthem off campus in front of other students), because of their health status, theirinnate biological characteristics, and their desire to preserve their privacy and bodilyautonomy free from discrimination? When did we become comfortable with violatingthe right to an education and the right to work? How did we come to accept thisdiscrimination, this deliberate segregation of a category of persons from the rest ofsociety? Did we predict that one day we would see a demarcated group of Canadiansbeing targeted not just for segregation, discrimination, and demonization, but thatthey would also be denied their livelihoods? Did we imagine that leaders, from thePrime Minister to the Premier, would verbally assault this same group and use themost threatening and dehumanizing language against it? This is happening, right now,all around us, right in front of us. Now that history has found us, how do we meethistory? Do we even stop to take notice? When are we going to stand up and speakout?

In Canadian universities, many if not most scholars and students are not living up togoals of offering critical and independent perspectives on a crisis of momentousproportions. Ethics, freedom of choice, privacy, and democracy, have not beendefended by our universities. Instead what has risen is a culture of silence, with somewillingly reinforcing an instant orthodoxy that could only have been produced bywidespread fear and unconditional trust in the authorities. Is this what we expectfrom our universities? Should students and professional scholars not be dedicated todeveloping independent, critical analytical abilities? Should they be trusting theauthorities to the point of silently acquiescing with or even staunchly upholding theiredicts and decrees? By not defending basic ethical principles of bodily autonomy,informed consent, and freedom of choice, and by even going as far as denying theserights, universities are actively engaged in violating human rights that are protectedby the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and by international human rights law. By notchallenging mandatory “vaccination” and “vaccine passports,” we allow a ready-madecanon, furnished by the state and media, to supplant our own investigation andknowledge production. Worse yet, by directly engaging in censoring and silencing

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scientists, and by allowing intimidation and mobbing, universities in Canada appearto be engaging in intellectual, moral, and ethical suicide. What kind of university willemerge from this process? Can we even properly speak of a “university” in such acontext?

In our universities, we have looked on silently as the media, backed by powerfulprivate interests and our own bureaucrats, actively censor fellow scientists’ researchand stifle critical questioning, to the benefit of transnational corporations such asPfizer.50 We have watched tenure being invalidated, rendered null and void accordingto the whims of the state, as the terms and conditions of our employment areradically altered to depend—in clear violation of the Privacy Act—on disclosure ofour medical status.51 Professors have been involuntarily deputized as auxiliary policeforces, made to enforce mask mandates in their classrooms. Simply questioning thelogic of such measures, and asking to see the scientific evidence that supports them,risks censure for “spreading misinformation”. Faculty unions have turned againstfaculty who resist the mandates, while most faculty either remain silent, or loudlysupport harsh restrictions.52 Academic freedom is in greater peril in Canada todaythan it ever has been.53 We have witnessed science succumb to the dictates ofpolitics. As one concerned epidemiologist observed, with obvious restraint: “therewill be lasting consequences from mingling political partisanship and science duringthe management of a public-health crisis”.54

In both medicine and international human rights law, the principle of voluntary andprior informed consent is fundamental and inviolable. Yet without adequateinformation, consent cannot be informed. The denial of informed consent is a graveviolation of human rights, as established under multiple instruments of internationalhuman rights law. Coercion is also a denial of informed consent. Penalties,punishments, and threats offer the same kind of “choice” that is offered during thepsychological torture of detainees under abusive interrogation. It is strange medicinethat restricts family members from gatherings, worshippers from communing,workers from working—that creates unemployment and targets dissenting persons’ability to clothe, house, and feed their families. “Vaccine hesitant” adults are treatedas children, with medicine forced down their throats by a paternalistic state. Even ifwe had been dealing with actual children, in Canada we were supposed to havemoved past our history of such abusive treatment. Mandates and restrictions havebeen overbearing, indiscriminate, redundant, authoritarian, arrogant, and punitive.Our strange medicine is the outcome of the politics of dispossession, which hasreached such an extreme that it would have people sign off the rights to their

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immune system to a giant pharmaceutical corporation with a criminal record.

In such an environment, “vaccine refusal” is treated as tantamount to treason, anexpression of “selfishness,” and a “threat to the community”. Yet a more sober andconsidered view would highlight the realization that, “mandatory vaccinationamounts to discrimination against healthy, innate biological characteristics, whichgoes against the established ethical norms and is also defeasible a priori”.55

Independent, rational, critical analysis that seeks truth has been supplanted bydeference to authority and its alternative “science”: the science of politicians,technocrats, the media, and lawyers. This alternative science has us thinking whatwas previously unimaginable, and doing what was previously unacceptable: never doyou quarantine the healthy; never do you vaccinate the immune; never do you injectnew treatments into children who do not need them;56 never do you vaccinate duringa pandemic; and, never do you try new drugs on pregnant women.57 As we think theunthinkable, collaborate with the unimaginable, and support the unsupportable, weas academics are conspiring with those who demand we assert the unquestionable.

This has to change, and it has to change now.

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Notes1 “Here’s what each Canadian province is doing to ‘flatten the curve’ of the novel coronavirus,” Toronto

Star, March 15, 2020 <https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/03/15/heres-what-each-canadian-province-is-doing-to-flatten-the-curve-of-the-novel-coronavirus.html>; “Our window to flatten the COVID-19 curve is narrow, says Dr. Theresa Tam,” The Canadian Press, March 15, 2020<https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/our-window-to-flatten-the-covid-19-curve-is-narrow-says-dr-theresa-tam-1.4853951>.

2 The WHO’s original definition of a pandemic specified simultaneous epidemics worldwide that weremarked by “enormous numbers of deaths and illnesses”; this definition was changed just prior to thedeclaration of the 2009 swine flu “pandemic,” by deleting the criteria of severity and high mortality. See:Ron Law, “[Response] WHO and the pandemic flu ‘conspiracies’,” British Medical Journal, June 4, 2010, p.340 <https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/11/02/who-changed-definition-influenza-pandemic>;Peter Doshi, “The Elusive Definition of Pandemic Influenza,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89,pp. 532–538 <https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/7/11-086173.pdf>.

3 ON PCR TESTS AND THE PRODUCTION OF “CASES”:One of the means by which numbers were inflated lies in the use of inappropriate testing procedures andtheir interpretation. Positive results using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR, orjust “PCR tests”) were reported as “cases,” a term that denotes a patient receiving medical attention,when in most cases persons did not even show symptoms. Numerous scientists criticized the use of PCRtests, beginning with Dr. Kary Mullis who won the 1993 Nobel Prize for inventing the PCR testing processnow in wide use to diagnose coronavirus infection. Dr. Mullis is on record for challenging the utility ofPCR tests: “it’s just a process that’s used to make a whole lot of something out of something. That’s whatit is. It doesn’t tell you that you’re sick and it doesn’t tell you that the thing you ended up with really wasgoing to hurt you or anything like that”—see: Patrick Howley, “Inventor of PCR Test Said Fauci ‘Doesn’tKnow Anything’ and is Willing to Lie on Television,” National File, March 15, 2021<https://nationalfile.com/inventor-of-pcr-test-said-fauci-doesnt-know-anything-and-is-willing-to-lie-on-television/>. The World Health Organization advised caution in using PCR testing, warning of the potentialfor increased false positives and recommending that PCR testing be used only as “an aid for diagnosis”—see: “WHO Information Notice for Users 2020/05: Nucleic acid testing (NAT) technologies that usepolymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of SARS-CoV-2,” World Health Organization, January 20,2021 <https://www.who.int/news/item/20-01-2021-who-information-notice-for-ivd-users-2020-05>.

The original publication which advocated using PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 (the “Corman-Drostenpaper”) came in for severe criticism from 22 scientists who identified 10 fatal flaws with the paper,including its rush to publication after a single day of peer review. The Corman-Drosten paper, whichinfluenced policy worldwide, originally recommended using 45 cycles of thermal amplification of swabsamples for SARS-CoV-2—yet a published study reported that even at 35 cycles of amplification, up to97% of the positive results using RT-PCR tests would be false (see: Rita Jaafar, Sarah Aherfi, NathalieWurtz, et al. “Correlation Between 3790 Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction–Positives Samples andPositive Cell Cultures, Including 1941 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Isolates,”Clinical Infectious Diseases, 72(11), 2021 <https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/72/11/e921/5912603>).The Corman-Drosten article has since been subjected to three stages of correction. See: Victor M.Corman, Christian Drosten, et al., “Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR,”Eurosurveillance, 25(3), 2020 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6988269/>. For the criticalreview of the Corman-Drosten paper, see: Pieter Borger, Bobby Rajesh Malhotra, Michael Yeadon, et al.,“External peer review of the RTPCR test to detect SARS-CoV-2 reveals 10 major scientific flaws at themolecular and methodological level: consequences for false positive results,” Corman-Drosten ReviewReport, January 2021 <https://cormandrostenreview.com/report/>; also see: Peter Andrews, “A global

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team of experts has found 10 Fatal Flaws in the main test for Covid and is demanding it’s urgently axed.As they should,” RT, December 1, 2020 <https://www.rt.com/op-ed/508383-fatal-flaws-covid-test/>, PeterAndrews, “Flawed paper behind Covid-19 testing faces being retracted, after scientists expose its ten fatalproblems,” RT, December 9, 2020 <https://www.rt.com/op-ed/509163-covid-19-test-flawed-withdrawn/>

The practical utility of using PCR testing to gauge infectiousness was also called into question byvarious public health agencies. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cautioned that,“detection of viral RNA may not indicate the presence of infectious virus or that 2019-nCoV is thecausative agent for clinical symptoms” (“CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCRDiagnostic Panel,” CDC, July 7, 2021, p. 38 <http://openanthropology.org/CDC-PCR.pdf>). The Departmentof Health of the Government of Australia cautioned, “that PCR tests cannot distinguish between ‘live’virus and noninfective RNA” (“Novel coronavirus (COVID-19): Information for Clinicians,” March 2020, p. 2<https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2020/03/coronavirus-covid-19-information-for-clinicians.pdf>). This was echoed by Ireland’s specialist agency for the surveillance of communicablediseases, which stated: “PCR does not distinguish between viable virus and non-infectious RNA,” andwarned of the dangers of false positives—see page 10: “Guidance on the management of weak positive(high Ct value) PCR results in the setting of testing individuals for SARS-CoV-2,” HSE Health ProtectionSurveillance Centre (HPSC), July 7, 2021 <https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/respiratory/coronavirus/novelcoronavirus/guidance/outbreakmanagementguidance/PCR%20weak%20results%20guidance.pdf>. “RT-PCR detects RNA, not infectious virus”: this is stated at the outset of apublished study supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada and its National MicrobiologyLaboratory—see: Jared Bullard, Kerry Dust, Duane Funk, James E Strong, et al., “Predicting InfectiousSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 From Diagnostic Samples,” Clinical InfectiousDiseases, 71(10), November 15, 2020, pp. 2663–2666<https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/71/10/2663/5842165>. For similar cautions, see: “Interpreting theresults of Nucleic Acid Amplification testing (NAT; or PCR tests) for COVID-19 in the Respiratory Tract,”BC Centre for Disease Control/BC Ministry of Health, April 30, 2020 <http://www.bccdc.ca/Health-Professionals-Site/Documents/COVID19_InterpretingTesting_Results_NAT_PCR.pdf>.

In November of 2020 in Portugal, a verdict from the Lisbon Appeal Court ruled that a positive PCRtest result could not definitively prove that someone was infected with SARS-CoV-2. In addition, the courtcited published research that reported that, at the high cycle thresholds that were commonly used, therate of false positives could be as high as 97%. See: Proc. 1783/20.7T8PDL.L1, Tribunal da Relação deLisboa, November 11, 2020 <http://openanthropology.org/tribunal-relacao-lisboa.pdf> and Peter Andrews,“Landmark legal ruling finds that Covid tests are not fit for purpose. So what do the MSM do? They ignoreit,” RT, November 27, 2020 <https://www.rt.com/op-ed/507937-covid-pcr-test-fail/>.

In 2007, in an article in The New York Times titled, “Faith in Quick Test Leads to Epidemic ThatWasn’t,” what was believed to be an epidemic of whooping cough in New Hampshire turned out just to bea common cold—what is instructive is how health officials came to make this mistake which created whatthe paper called a “pseudo-epidemic”. At the centre of this pseudo-epidemic was reliance on PCR testing;experts quoted in the paper called them unreliable, and stated that they should not be used. PCR testingwas applied to a sickness that had non-distinctive symptoms. This mistake led to further mistakes, thatwere not seen as mistakes: “Yet, epidemiologists say, one of the most troubling aspects of the pseudo-epidemic is that all the decisions seemed so sensible at the time”. Doctors tested anyone with a cough orrunny nose, and the PCR tests returned false positive results for whooping cough. See: Gina Kolata,““Faith in Quick Test Leads to Epidemic That Wasn’t,” The New York Times, January 22, 2007<https://archive.md/UDw55#selection-527.0-527.139>.

In July of 2021 the CDC announced that, “after December 31, 2021, CDC will withdraw the request tothe U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of the CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel, the assay first introduced in

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February 2020 for detection of SARS-CoV-2 only,” in part because of the test’s inability to distinguishbetween SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal flu (“Lab Alert: Changes to CDC RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 Testing,” CDC,July 21, 2021 <https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dls/locs/2021/07-21-2021-lab-alert-Changes_CDC_RT-PCR_SARS-CoV-2_Testing_1.html>).ON COVID DEATH STATISTICS AND EXAGGERATION OF THREATS:Official reports on the numbers of deaths ascribed to Covid, have also been revealed to be highlycontroversial. In most countries, “Covid deaths” included both those who died with Covid, and those whospecifically died from Covid, thus producing the largest possible number. On April 20, 2020, the WorldHealth Organization published its “International Guidelines for Certification and Classification (Coding) ofCovid-19 as Cause of Death” <https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/Guidelines_Cause_of_Death_COVID-19-20200420-EN.pdf>. The WHO advised public health authorities that when Covid-19 is the “suspected”,“probable,” or even just the “assumed” cause of death, then it must always be recorded in deathcertificates as the “underlying cause of death” (see pps. 3-7). This was to be done even if a decedentsuffered from serious chronic illnesses. Indeed, comorbidities such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, orchronic non-Covid respiratory infections, should only be indicated as a “contributing cause” lower downin a death certificate. The WHO added: “Always apply these instructions, whether they can be consideredmedically correct or not” (p. 8).

In Quebec, both the Premier, François Legault, and the Director of Public Health, Horacio Arruda,publicly admitted that Quebec’s Covid ceath numbers were higher than Ontario’s, because in Quebec—regardless of the actual cause of death—once one had tested positive for Covid, the death was attributedto Covid. As Dr. Arruda explained, “Anytime, in Quebec, someone dies from cancer or another disease, ifthey have COVID-19 it will be counted as COVID-19”: Kelly Greig & Selena Ross, “Legault asks if Ontario'sunder-counting COVID-19 deaths, drawing scientist’s ire,” CTV News, October 29, 2020<https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/legault-asks-if-ontario-s-under-counting-covid-19-deaths-drawing-scientist-s-ire-1.5167316>.

Such practices, as recommended by the WHO and widely followed internationally, were subject to asuccessful legal challenge in Portugal. On May 15, 2021, a ruling from the Tribunal Administrativo deCírculo de Lisboa found that verified deaths from SARS-CoV-2 amounted to just 0.9% of all reported Coviddeaths—that is, 152 deaths rather than the 17,000 plus Covid deaths reported by the state. See:Mordechai Sones, “Lisbon court rules only 0.9% of ‘verified cases’ died of COVID, numbering 152, not17,000 claimed,” America’s Frontline Doctors, June 23, 2021<https://americasfrontlinedoctors.org/2/frontlinenews/lisbon-court-rules-only-0-9-of-verified-cases-died-of-covid-numbering-152-not-17000-claimed/>; the ruling can be accessed at<http://openanthropology.org/lisboa-sentenca.pdf>. In Italy there are also questions stemming from datapublished by the government’s national institute of health—Istituto superiore di Sanità—regarding thealleged Covid mortality rate; according to one interpretation, only 2.9% of registered Covid deaths fromthe end of February 2020 were due to Covid as such, thus of the 130,468 official Covid deaths, only 3,783can be attributed to Covid alone—see: Franco Bechis, “Gran pasticcio nel rapporto sui decessi. Per l'Issgran parte dei morti non li ha causati il Covid,” Il Tempo, October 21, 2021<https://www.iltempo.it/attualita/2021/10/21/news/rapporto-iss-morti-covid-malattie-patologie-come-influenza-pandemia-disastro-mortalita-bechis-29134543/>.

One exceptionally detailed empirical analysis of public health pronouncements and media reports inCanada found a consistent pattern of misdirection. The pattern was one that generalized from thesituation of the deaths of very elderly persons with comorbidities (whose average age exceeded thenational average for life expectancy), and who were primarily confined to long-term care homes, to therest of the population. As of April, 2021, nearly 91% of all Covid deaths recorded in Canada occurred inlong-term care homes for the elderly. By imposing a “one size fits all” approach, Canadians were thusincreasingly taught to fear for the safety of their children. Canada had only one seriously deadly wave,

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and that was the first wave in March-May of 2020—the majority of those deaths took place inside oftightly controlled institutional settings which in many cases were publicly-administered. Long-term careand retirement homes, added to hospitals, and prisons, together accounted for 98.6% of all Covid deaths;thus if 13,611 Covid deaths occurred inside such tightly-controlled institutional settings, only 178 deathsoccurred in the wider community. Yet what was an institutional crisis was then inflated into a population-wide health crisis. There was a massive failure that occurred on governments’ side of the institutionalbarrier, with attention subsequently and deliberately redirected to the rest of the population—healthypeople had to be locked in their homes presumably to save the lives of those in nursing homes. For this,and much more, see: Julius Ruechel, “The Lies Exposed by the Numbers: Fear, Misdirection, &Institutional Deaths (An Investigative Report),” May 28, 2021 <https://www.juliusruechel.com/2021/05/the-lies-exposed-by-numbers-fear.html>.

Another study found that there was “no extraordinary surge in yearly or seasonal mortality inCanada, which can be ascribed to a Covid-19 pandemic” and that “several prominent features” in all-cause mortality per week during the Covid-19 period, “exhibit anomalous province-to-provinceheterogeneity,” one that is “irreconcilable with the known behaviour of epidemics of viral respiratorydiseases”. The authors of the study stated: “We conclude that a pandemic did not occur”. See: Denis G.Rancourt, Marine Baudin, Jérémie Mercier, “Analysis of all-cause mortality by week in Canada 2010-2021,by province, age and sex: There was no COVID-19 pandemic, and there is strong evidence of response-caused deaths in the most elderly and in young males,” August 6, 2021<https://denisrancourt.ca/uploads_entries/1628290219153_Canada%20ACM%20into%202021%20-%20article----6dr_3.pdf>.

In Quebec, the public is familiar with how during the “first wave” a massive number of deathsoccurred in long-term care and retirement homes: 73% of all deaths occurred in such institutions(CHSLDs). About 92% of people who died between February 25 and July 11, 2020, were 70 and older,according to the Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ). This was the high point ofclaimed Covid deaths; there has been no repetition of the mortality level we saw in that period. However,even here there is reason to doubt official numbers. Given the conditions in the homes, as reported bynurses, physicians, and by the Canadian military, an unspecified number of residents died due tostarvation, dehydration, neglect, and even the deliberate administration of morphine to accelerate death—while all of these deaths were tallied as “Covid deaths”. In the UK there were similar reports of theadministration of Midazolam which has been “been associated with respiratory depression andrespiratory arrest, especially when used for sedation” according to published warnings<https://www.drugs.com/sfx/midazolam-side-effects.html>. For more on these reports, see: LevonSevunts, “Military report on conditions in Quebec nursing homes details several flaws,” Radio CanadaInternational, May 27, 2020 <https://www.rcinet.ca/en/2020/05/27/military-report-on-conditions-in-quebec-nursing-homes-finds-several-challenges/>; Brig-Gen. F.G. Carpentier, “Observations sur les CentresD’hébergement de Soins Longues Durées de Montréal,” 2nd Canadian Division and Joint Task Force (East),May 18, 2020 <https://cdn-contenu.quebec.ca/cdn-contenu/sante/documents/Problemes_de_sante/covid-19/Rapport_FAC/Observation_FAC_CHSLD.pdf?1590587216>; The Canadian Press, “‘Systemic ageism’ toblame for CHSLD deaths during pandemic’s first wave, says expert,” CTV News, November 1, 2021<https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/systemic-ageism-to-blame-for-chsld-deaths-during-pandemic-s-first-wave-says-expert-1.5646877>; The Canadian Press, “Officials blamed COVID-19 for Herron deaths, when somewere due to hunger, thirst: witness,” CTV News, September 14, 2021<https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/mobile/officials-blamed-covid-19-for-herron-deaths-when-some-were-due-to-hunger-thirst-witness-1.5585144>; The Canadian Press, “Health officials, Herron staff clashed as situationgot worse, Quebec coroner hears,” CTV News, September 16, 2021 <https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/health-officials-herron-staff-clashed-as-situation-got-worse-quebec-coroner-hears-1.5588624>; The CanadianPress, “Doctors concerned about rise in dangerous medications in long-term care homes during

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pandemic,” CTV News, December 3, 2020 <https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/doctors-concerned-about-rise-in-dangerous-medications-in-long-term-care-homes-during-pandemic-1.5215060>; Tu Thanh Ha, “Quebecnursing home often gave morphine rather than treat COVID-19 patients, inquest told,” The Globe andMail, June 16, 2021 <https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-quebec-nursing-home-often-gave-morphine-rather-than-treat-covid-19/>; Emily Mangiaracina, “‘I had never seen deaths happen so quickly’:Quebec nursing home gave COVID patients morphine instead of virus treatments,” LifeSite News, July 22,2021 <https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/i-had-never-seen-deaths-happen-so-quickly-quebec-nursing-home-gave-covid-patients-morphine-instead-of-virus-treatments/>; and, despite the deceptive headlinewhich adopts the perspective of an official responsible for instituting the use of morphine in Quebecnursing homes, see The Canadian Press, “No ‘euthanasia’ in Quebec care homes during COVID-19, experttells coroner’s inquest,” CTV News, November 2, 2021 <https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/no-euthanasia-in-quebec-care-homes-during-covid-19-expert-tells-coroner-s-inquest-1.5649447>.

Similar reports of inappropriate or questionable administration of sedatives such as Midazolam, thataccelerated death among nursing and retirement home residents, were also registered internationally—see for example: Stephen Adams & Holly Bancroft, “Did care homes use powerful sedatives to speedCovid deaths? Number of prescriptions for the drug midazolam doubled during height of the pandemic,”The Mail on Sunday, July 11, 2020 <https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8514081/Number-prescriptions-drug-midazolam-doubled-height-pandemic.html>.

4 The Canadian Joint Operations Command used the WHO-declared “pandemic” as an opportunity to testnew propaganda techniques on unsuspecting Canadians, using techniques similar to those used forcounterinsurgency in Afghanistan; the Canadian Forces also invested in training public affairs officers on“behaviour modification” techniques: David Pugliese, “Military leaders saw pandemic as uniqueopportunity to test propaganda on Canadians: report,” National Post, September 27, 2021<https://nationalpost.com/news/national/defence-watch/military-leaders-saw-pandemic-as-unique-opportunity-to-test-propaganda-techniques-on-canadians-forces-report-says/wcm/22733c97-39f0-4ba4-8a26-478af5e215f3/amp/>. Also see: Susan Delacourt, “‘The nudge unit’: Ottawa’s behavioural-scienceteam investigates how Canadians feel about vaccines, public health and who to trust,” Toronto Star,February 21, 2021 <https://www.thestar.com/politics/political-opinion/2021/02/21/the-nudge-unit-ottawas-behavioural-science-team-investigates-how-canadians-feel-about-vaccines-public-health-and-who-to-trust.html>. The behavioural science sub-group (SPI-B) of the UK government’s Scientific Advisory Groupfor Emergencies (SAGE) prepared a document in May of 2020 advising on measures to be taken toincrease public adherence to social distancing measures. The promotion of fear was explicitly advocated:“The perceived level of personal threat needs to be increased among those who are complacent, usinghard-hitting emotional messaging. To be effective this must also empower people by making clear theactions they can take to reduce the threat” (emphasis in the original)—see: SPI-B, “Options for increasingadherence to social distancing measures,” SAGE, March 22, 2020<https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/887467/25-options-for-increasing-adherence-to-social-distancing-measures-22032020.pdf>; also see, “HowSAGE and the UK media created fear in the British public,” Evidence Not Fear, June 27, 2020<https://evidencenotfear.com/how-sage-and-uk-media-created-fear-in-the-british-public/>. On the “doomloop” created by the UK government’s behaviour modification techniques—which dangerously spreadfear when it is known to weaken immune systems—and which used the UK public for psychologicalexperimentation, see Gordon Rayner, “State of fear: how ministers ‘used covert tactics’ to keep scaredpublic at home,” The Telegraph, April 2, 2021 <https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/04/02/state-fear-ministers-used-covert-tactics-keep-scared-public/> and Gary Sidley, “A year of fear,” The Critic, March 23,2021 <https://thecritic.co.uk/a-year-of-fear/>. Sidely describes how the UK Government’s BehaviouralInsights Team (BIT) developed strategies that would create “‘low cost, low pain ways of ‘nudging’citizens...into new ways of acting by going with the grain of how we think and act’. Several interventions

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of this type have been woven into the Covid-19 messaging campaign, including fear (inflating perceivedthreat levels), shame (conflating compliance with virtue) and peer pressure (portraying non-compliers asa deviant minority)”. See also Laura Dodsworth, “Winter is coming, and so are the nudges,” October 4,2021 <https://lauradodsworth.substack.com/p/winter>.

5 Knowing that “a frightened population is a compliant one” (Sidley, fn. 4), state officials and the mediapromote fear, and thus justify ever accumulating and restrictions on civil liberties and negation of keyhuman rights. The demonstrable result of the prolonged and coordinated promotion of fear is anemergent mass psychosis, one that inoculates those suffering from psychosis from rational questioningand normal scepticism. For some psychiatrists, the real public health crisis of this period has been thewide extent of mass delusional psychosis, an indicator of the harm done to mental health in the name of“controlling Covid”. What a psychosis fueled by a sustained sense of everpresent danger has spawned, isa culture of control, or authoritarian risk management that redirects blame away from the virus (and thefact that the state cannot control its spread) and directes blame toward the behaviour of “unruly” others,thus also fomenting divisions and inter-personal and inter-group hostility. In the US, such divisions havebeen enlisted in the service of heightened partisanship. In such a context, truth has been replaced byauthority: people looking up to the authorities for guidance, rather than seeking out knowledgeindividually, independently, and critically. While stressing “scientific evidence,” the tendency in thisculture of mass control is to steer away actual evidence, with fear-driven mandates persisting. For moreon these points, see: Philipp Bagus, José Antonio Peña-Ramos, & Antonio Sánchez-Bayón, “COVID-19 andthe Political Economy of Mass Hysteria,” International Journal of Environmental Research and PublicHealth, 18(1376), 2021 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7913136/pdf/ijerph-18-01376.pdf>;S.G. Cheah, “Psychiatrist: Americans Are Suffering From ‘Mass Delusional Psychosis’ because of Covid-19,” Evie, December 22, 2020 <https://www.eviemagazine.com/post/americans-are-suffering-from-mass-delusional-psychosis-because-of-covid-19>; “Are We Experiencing a Mass Psychosis?” The Pulse, August17, 2021 <https://thepulse.one/2021/08/17/are-we-experiencing-a-mass-psychosis/>; and, Emma Green,“The Liberals Who Can’t Quit Lockdown,” The Atlantic, May 4, 2021<https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/05/liberals-covid-19-science-denial-lockdown/618780/>.

Fear appeals have also been very effective in North America and Europe in promoting “vaccine”uptake (even if fear can also undermine the effectiveness of injected treatments). Psychologists havefound that, “Moderation analyses based on prominent fear appeal theories showed that the effectivenessof fear appeals increased when the message included efficacy statements, depicted high susceptibilityand severity, recommended one-time only (vs. repeated) behaviors, and targeted audiences that includeda larger percentage of female message recipients. Overall, we conclude that (a) fear appeals are effectiveat positively influencing attitude, intentions, and behaviors, (b) there are very few circumstances underwhich they are not effective, and (c) there are no identified circumstances under which they backfire andlead to undesirable outcomes”: Melanie B. Tannenbaum, Justin Hepler, & Rick S. Zimmerman, et al.,“Appealing to fear: A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeal Effectiveness and Theories,” Psychological Bulletin,141(6), 2015, pp. 1178–1204 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5789790/>. Scientists writingin the bulletin of the WHO warned in 2011 about the creation of “pandemics of fear” and a “culture offear” caused by health-scares about viruses, leading to worst-case thinking and disproportionateresponses that cause harm. Looking at prior “pandemics of fear,” they noted: “the exaggerated claims of asevere public health threat stemmed primarily from disease advocacy by influenza experts. In the highlycompetitive market of health governance, the struggle for attention, budgets and grants is fierce. Thepharmaceutical industry and the media only reacted to this welcome boon. We therefore need fewer, notmore ‘pandemic preparedness’ plans or definitions. Vertical influenza planning in the face of speculativecatastrophes is a recipe for repeated waste of resources and health scares, induced by influenza expertswith vested interests in exaggeration. There is no reason for expecting any upcoming pandemic to be

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worse than the mild ones of 1957 or 1968, no reason for striking pre-emptively, no reason for believingthat a proportional and balanced response would risk lives”—see: Luc Bonneux & Wim Van Damme,“Health is more than influenza,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89, 2011, pp.539–540<https://archive.ph/2nzdG#selection-5903.0-5905.16>.

However, fear can also produce negative immunological effects. Excessive and prolonged fear,suffered by large parts of the population during the past 19 months, can do both serious damage topersons’ physical health, and it can damage their brains—see: Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care,“Chronic Stress, Anxiety can Damage the Brain, Increase Risk of Major Psychiatric Disorders,”ScienceDaily, January 21, 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/160121121818.htm> and DebraFulghum Bruce, “How Worrying Affects the Body,” WebMD, September, 2020<https://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/how-worrying-affects-your-body>. A published study from ateam of researchers at the University of Nottingham stated: “It is well known that when negative moodstates persist over time they result in the dysregulation of physiological systems involved in theregulation of the immune system. Thus, there exists significant potential for the psychological harminflicted by the pandemic to translate into physical harm. This could include an increased susceptibilityto the virus, worse outcomes if infected, or indeed poorer responses to vaccinations in the future”—see:Ru Jia, Kieran Ayling, & Trudie Chalder, et al., “Mental health in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic:cross-sectional analyses from a community cohort study,” BMJ Open, 10(9)<https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/9/e040620>; Rosa Silverman, “What a year of lockdown has done toour immunity - and how to strengthen it,” The Telegraph, February 24, 2021<https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/body/impact-year-hand-gel-lockdown-has-had-immunity-strengthen/?utmsource=email>; Shaoni Bhattacharya, “Brain study links negative emotions and loweredimmunity,” New Scientist, September 2, 2003 <https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4116-brain-study-links-negative-emotions-and-lowered-immunity/>; APA, “Stress Weakens the Immune System,” AmericanPyschological Association, February 23, 2006 <https://www.apa.org/research/action/immune>; and,Suzanne C. Segerstrom & Gregory E. Miller, “Psychological Stress and the Human Immune System: AMeta-Analytic Study of 30 Years of Inquiry,” Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 2004, pp. 601–630<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1361287/>.

For more conceptual and philosophical understandings of fear in the contemporary context, werecommend the following: Giorgio Agamben, “What is Fear?” Old News, October 26, 2020<https://stiriinternationale.ro/what-is-fear-giorgio-agamben/> and Gustavo Esteva, “Uses of Fear,” D. AlanDean, March 28, 2020 <https://d-dean.medium.com/uses-of-fear-gustavo-esteva-f42860e7ce2e>.

6 ON LOCKDOWNS:Published scientific research has found little if any evidence to support the notion that lockdownsreduced mortality. Instead, deaths rates tended to be determined more by the greater proportion ofelderly citizens, the environment, and the prevalence of metabolic diseases—see: Quentin DeLarochelambert & Andy Marc, et al., “Covid-19 Mortality: A Matter of Vulnerability Among Nations FacingLimited Margins of Adaptation,” Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 2020<https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.604339/full>. Another study concluded, “it hasbecome clear that a hard lockdown does not protect old and frail people living in care homes—apopulation the lockdown was designed to protect. Neither does it decrease mortality from COVID-19,which is evident when comparing the UK’s experience with that of other European countries”—see:Johan Giesecke, “The Invisible Pandemic,” The Lancet, 395(10238), 2020<https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31035-7/fulltext>. One cross-nationalstudy reported that an “examination of lockdown intensity and the number of cumulative deathsattributed to Covid-19 across jurisdictions shows no obvious relationship,” adding that, “an examinationof over 100 Covid-19 studies reveals that many relied on false assumptions that over-estimated thebenefits and under-estimated the costs of lockdown,” and it reaffirmed that, “the unconditional

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cumulative Covid-19 deaths per million is not negatively correlated with the stringency of lockdownacross countries”—see: Douglas W. Allen, “Covid-19 Lockdown Cost/Benefits: A Critical Assessment of theLiterature,” International Journal of the Economics of Business, 2021<https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13571516.2021.1976051>. Another study that measuredand compared weekly mortality rates from 24 European countries, found no clear association betweenlockdown policies and mortality rates: Christian Bjørnskov, “Did Lockdown Work? An Economist’s Cross-Country Comparison,” Social Science Research Network (SSRN), August 2, 2020<https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3665588>. A medical study concluded that, “rapidborder closures, full lockdowns, and wide-spread testing were not associated with COVID-19 mortalityper million people,” and that “obesity, advanced age and higher per capita GDP are associated withincreased national case load and mortality”—see: Rabail Chaudhry & George Dranitsaris, et al., “Acountry level analysis measuring the impact of government actions, country preparedness andsocioeconomic factors on COVID-19 mortality and related health outcomes,” EclinicialMedicine,25(100464), 2020 <https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(20)30208-X/fulltext>.In the critical case of Italy, published research found that tiered restrictions not only failed to reduce thespread of infection, such measures might have even been counterproductive for limiting the reproductionof the virus: Maurizio Rainisio, “The tiered restrictions enforced in November 2020 did not impact theepidemiology of the second wave of COVID-19 in Italy,” medRxiv, September 13, 2021<https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.02.21263035v1.full.pdf+html>. ON MASKS:Masking and mandates governing mask-wearing are likely among the very last to go. Yet, from the outset,there was no conclusive scientific evidence to support the notion that masks could ever reducetransmission or infection by any significant measure, and public health officials who supported maskinghad in previous weeks denied their utility. States have taken the reversal and turned it into decrees, withfines imposed for not wearing a mask; in some countries, arrest is possible. Masking also publicly spreadsfear of infection and intensifies calls for increased risk management. There is also some scientificevidence that shows the different harms caused by prolonged masking. In Quebec, millions of masks hadto be recalled due to their incorporation of known carcinogens and other toxic substances. See: KaiKisielinski, Paul Giboni, &Andreas Prescher, et al., “Is a Mask That Covers the Mouth and Nose Free fromUndesirable Side Effects in Everyday Use and Free of Potential Hazards?” International Journal ofEnvironmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4344, 2021 <https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/8/4344/htm#>; LifeSiteNews Staff, “47 studies confirm ineffectiveness of masks for COVID and 32more confirm their negative health effects,” LifeSite News, July 23, 2021<https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/47-studies-confirm-inefectiveness-of-masks-for-covid-and-32-more-confirm-their-negative-health-effects/>; Shane Neilson, “The Surgical Mask is a Bad Fit for Risk Reduction,”Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 188(8), 2016, pp. 606–607<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4868614/>; Antonio I. Lazzarino, et al., “Face masks forthe public during the covid-19 crisis,” BMJ, 369(1435), 2020<https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1435/rr-40>; Jingyi Xiao, Eunice Y. C. Shiu, & Huizhi Gao, et al.,“Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings—Personal Protectiveand Environmental Measures,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(5), 2020<https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/5/19-0994_article>; Michael Klompas, Charles A. Morris, & JuliaSinclair, et al., “Universal Masking in Hospitals in the Covid-19 Era,” New England Journal of Medicine,382, 2020 <https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2006372>; Anna Balazy, Mika Toivola, & AtinAdhikari, et al., “Do N95 respirators provide 95% protection level against airborne viruses, and howadequate are surgical masks?” American Journal of Infection Control (AJIC), 34(2), 2006, pp. 51–57<https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.488.4644&rep=rep1&type=pdf>; Youlin Long,Tengyue Hu, & Liqin Liu, et al., “Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks against influenza:

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A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 13(2), 2020, pp. 93–101<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jebm.12381>; Angel N. Desai & Preeti Mehrotra, “MedicalMasks,” Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 323(15), 2020, pp. 1517–1518<https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762694>; ECDC, “Using face masks in the community:Effectiveness in reducing transmission of COVID-19,” European Centre for Disease Prevention andControl, February 15, 2021 <https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/covid-19-face-masks-community-first-update.pdf>; Heow Pueh Lee & De Yun Wang, “Objective Assessment of Increasein Breathing Resistance of N95 Respirators on Human Subjects,” The Annals of Occupational Hygiene,55(8), 2011, pp. 917–921 <https://academic.oup.com/annweh/article/55/8/917/265317>; Cong Liu, GuojianLi, & Yuhang He, et al., “Effects of wearing masks on human health and comfort during the COVID-19pandemic,” Earth and Environmental Science, 531, 2020 <https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/531/1/012034/pdf>; Richard Besser & Baruch Fischhoff, “Rapid Expert Consultation on theEffectiveness of Fabric Masks for the COVID-19 Pandemic,” The National Academies of Science,Engineering, Medicine, April 8, 2020 <https://www.nap.edu/read/25776/chapter/1>; Robert C.Hughes, SunilS.Bhopal, & MarkTomlinson, “Making pre-school children wear masks is bad public health,” Public Healthin Practice, 2, 2021 <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666535221001221>; TomJefferson, Chris B Del Mar, & Liz Dooley, et al., “Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spreadof respiratory viruses,” Cochrane Library, November 20, 2020<https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub5/full>; WCH, “Face masks –the risks vs benefits for children,” World Council for Health, October 2, 2021<https://worldcouncilforhealth.org/resources/face-masks-the-risks-vs-benefits-for-children/>; Damian D.Guerra & Daniel J. Guerra, “Mask mandate and use efficacy in state-level COVID-19 containment,”International Research Journal of Public Health, 5, 2021 <https://escipub.com/Articles/IRJPH/IRJPH-2021-08-1005.pdf>; Arjun Walia, “Masks Do ‘More Damage to the Children’ than COVID: Belgian Academy ForMedicine,” The Pulse, October 11, 2021 <https://thepulse.one/2021/10/11/masks-do-more-damage-to-the-children-than-covid-belgian-academy-for-medicine/>; Tom Jefferson & Carl Heneghan, “Masking lack ofevidence with politics,” The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, July 23, 2020<https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/masking-lack-of-evidence-with-politics/>; SPR, “Are Face MasksEffective? The Evidence,” Swiss Policy Research, October 2021 <https://swprs.org/face-masks-evidence/>;Henning Bundgaard & Johan Skov Bundgaard, et al., “Effectiveness of Adding a Mask Recommendation toOther Public Health Measures to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Danish Mask Wearers,” Annals ofInternal Medicine, 174(3), 2021, pp. 335–343 <https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-6817>; Kiva A.Fisher, Mark W. Tenforde, & Leora R. Feldstein, et al. “Community and Close Contact ExposuresAssociated with COVID-19 Among Symptomatic Adults 18 Years in 11 Outpatient Health Care Facilities≥— United States, July 2020,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(36), 2020, pp. 1258–1264<https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/pdfs/mm6936a5-H.pdf>; Lillian Roy, “After recallinggraphene-coated masks out of safety concerns, Health Canada says some models can come back on themarket,” CTV News, July 14, 2021 <https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/after-recalling-graphene-coated-masks-out-of-safety-concerns-health-canada-says-some-models-can-come-back-on-the-market-1.5509111>;Gabrielle Fahmy & Selena Ross, “Montreal transit workers the latest to learn they’ve been wearingpotentially toxic masks,” CTV News, March 29, 2021 <https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/montreal-transit-workers-the-latest-to-learn-they-ve-been-wearing-potentially-toxic-masks-1.5366727>; The Canadian Press,“Quebec’s education union wants to close down establishments where recalled masks were distributed,”CTV News, March 28, 2021 <https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/quebec-s-education-union-wants-to-close-down-establishments-where-recalled-masks-were-distributed-1.5365633>; Selena Ross, “‘I just now feel a bitbetrayed’: Quebec teachers and parents respond after potentially toxic masks pulled,” CTV News, March26, 2021 <https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/i-just-now-feel-a-bit-betrayed-quebec-teachers-and-parents-respond-after-potentially-toxic-masks-pulled-1.5364638>. For a philosopher’s understanding of masking,

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see Giorgio Agamben, “The Face and the Mask,” Old News, October 11, 2020<https://stiriinternationale.ro/the-face-and-the-mask-giorgio-agamben/>.

7 David Cayley, “The Case against Vaccine Passports,” First Things, September 16, 2021<https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2021/09/the-case-against-vaccine-passports>; GiorgioAgamben, “Bare Life and the Vaccine,” D. Alan Dean, April 16, 2020 <https://d-dean.medium.com/bare-life-and-the-vaccine-giorgio-agamben-775ad3efd79e>; Lisa Bildy, “Trudeau’s vaccine passports are an affrontto liberty,” Justice Centre for Constitutional Freedoms, August 15, 2021 <https://www.jccf.ca/trudeaus-vaccine-passports-are-an-affront-to-liberty/>; Douglas Farrow, “An Open Letter on Coercive Mandates andVaccine Passports,” Crisis Magazine, August 30, 2021 <https://www.crisismagazine.com/2021/an-open-letter-on-coercive-mandates-and-vaccine-passports>; Claus Rinner, Laurent Leduc, & Jan Vrbik, et al., “No,COVID-19 vaccine passports and mandatory vaccination do not ‘protect the health and safety ofCanadians’,” Toronto Sun, August 24, 2021 <https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/opinion-no-covid-19-vaccine-passports-and-mandatory-vaccination-do-not-protect-the-health-and-safety-of-canadians>;Aaron Rock, “25 reasons to ban vaccine passports,” LifeSite News, August 31, 2021<https://www.lifesitenews.com/opinion/25-reasons-to-ban-vaccine-passports/>; Anthony Furey, “Whyvaccine passports make things worse,” National Post, September 7, 2021<https://nationalpost.com/opinion/why-vaccine-passports-make-things-worse-full-comment-with-anthony-furey>; Jon Miltimore, “Harvard Epidemiologist Says the Case for COVID Vaccine Passports Was JustDemolished,” FEE Stories, August 30, 2021 <https://fee.org/articles/harvard-epidemiologist-says-the-case-for-covid-vaccine-passports-was-just-demolished/>; Ann Cavoukian, “Vaccine passports to create‘appalling’ level of surveillance tracking: Former Ontario privacy watchdog,” BNN Bloomberg<https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/bloomberg-markets/vaccine-passports-to-create-appalling-level-of-surveillance-tracking-former-ontario-privacy-watchdog~2282674>; Isaac Teo, “Vaccine Passports WillCreate a ‘Global Digital Infrastructure of Surveillance’: Former Ontario Privacy Commissioner,” The EpochTimes, October 20, 2021 <https://www.theepochtimes.com/vaccine-passports-will-create-a-global-digital-infrastructure-of-surveillance-former-ontario-privacy-commissioner_4059307.html>; OPCC, “Privacy andCOVID-19 Vaccine Passports: Joint Statement by Federal, Provincial and Territorial PrivacyCommissioners,” Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, May 19, 2021<https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/opc-news/speeches/2021/s-d_20210519#>; Jeremy Loffredo & MaxBlumenthal, “Public health or private wealth? How digital vaccine passports pave way for unprecedentedsurveillance capitalism,” The GrayZone, October 19, 2021 <https://thegrayzone.com/2021/10/19/health-wealth-digital-passports-surveillance-capitalism/>; The Canadian Press, “Debate on vaccine passportswould expose Quebecers to conspiracy theories: Legault,” CTV News, August 12, 2021<https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/debate-on-vaccine-passports-would-expose-quebecers-to-conspiracy-theories-legault-1.5544561>; Daniel J. Rowe, “‘We have to confront our clients’: Quebec bars andrestaurants struggling with COVID-19 vaccine passport rollout,” CTV News, September 24, 2021<https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/we-have-to-confront-our-clients-quebec-bars-and-restaurants-struggling-with-covid-19-vaccine-passport-rollout-1.5600099>.

8 In almost all provinces of Canada, tenured and tenure-track plus part-time faculty, students, and staff,face expulsion and loss of employment for refusal to comply with the demand that they disclose theirprivate and personal medical status; others have explicitly refused mandatory vaccination, while othersstill have rejected discriminatory testing in order to keep their jobs. See: Dr. Byram Bridle, “An OpenLetter to the President of the University of Guelph,” September 17, 2021 <https://www.jccf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/2021.09.17-Open-letter-to-the-president-of-the-U-of-Guelph_B.Bridle.pdf>; Dr.Michael Palmer, et al., “Open letter to UW officials: Repeal the COVID vaccination and testing mandates,”August 26, 2021 <https://links.uwaterloo.ca/Repeal_UW_Mandatory_Vaccination_Policy/Repeal1.pdf>, seealso “Requests to Repeal UW’s Mandatory Vaccination and Testing Policy”<https://links.uwaterloo.ca/Repeal_UW_Mandatory_Vaccination_Policy/>; CCCA, “Ethics professor

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threatened with dismissal for refusing vaccine,” Canadian Covid Care Alliance<https://www.canadiancovidcarealliance.org/media-resources/ethics-professor-dismissed-for-refusing-vaccine/> also Arjun Walia, “Canadian Ethics Professor Dismissed For Refusing COVID Vaccine: APowerful Message,” The Pulse, September 8, 2021 <https://thepulse.one/2021/09/08/canadian-ethics-professor-fired-for-refusing-covid-vaccine-a-powerful-message/>; Justice Centre for ConstitutionalFreedoms, “University Fires Surgeon Who Voiced Safety Concerns About COVID Vaccines for Kids,” TheDefender, June 23, 2021 <https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/university-fires-dr-francis-christian-covid-vaccines-kids/>. Many faculty unions have not only failed to stand by colleagues who facedtermination over an abrupt change in the terms and conditions of their employment, the unionsthemselves have pushed for mandates. On the domestic travel ban that blocks non-vaccinated Canadiansfrom accessing means of travel within the country, and that blocks them from leaving the country bynormal means, see: Justin Trudeau, “Prime Minister announces mandatory vaccination for the federalworkforce and federally regulated transportation sectors,” Prime Minister of Canada, October 6, 2021<https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2021/10/06/prime-minister-announces-mandatory-vaccination-federal-workforce-and>.

9 See in particular, “Division III: Public Health Emergency” (articles 118–130) of the Public Health Act (Bill36, 2001, chapter 60), Second Session of the 36th Legislature, National Assembly of Quebec, 2001<http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=5&file=2001C60A.PDF>.

10 For the complete list of Quebec’s emergency measures, see: Measures adopted by Orders in Council andMinisterial Orders in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic (Orders in Council and Ministerial Ordersrelated to COVID-19), Gouvernement du Québec <https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/health-issues/a-z/2019-coronavirus/measures-orders-in-council-ministerial-orders/page>

11 Indeed, the Government of Quebec has gone as far as to admit publicly that the state of emergency is notbeing used because of a “public health emergency,” but as a political tool that permits interference incollective bargaining. Quebec Premier François Legault said on Thursday, November 18: “Right now we’repaying an additional $4 an hour (for staff) because there’s a shortage of people working in healthestablishments. To do that, which is something not included in the collective agreement, we’re obliged touse the state of emergency. We need the state of emergency to pay bonuses and we still need thosebonuses to get more people working in health establishments” (emphases added). Reporters also notedthat, “Legault made no reference to the province’s opposition parties, which have for weeks called for thestate of emergency to be lifted in order to debate government decisions in a democratic manner. He wasalso silent concerning legal and rights experts who are questioning why emergency measures remain ineffect”. These observations record the fact that the Quebec government has failed to explain ordemonstrate the need for any continued state of emergency—see: The Canadian Press, “Quebec’s state ofemergency will remain in effect until start of 2022,” Montreal Gazette, November 19, 2021<https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/quebecs-state-of-emergency-will-remain-in-effect-until-start-of-2022>. On the concept of rule by “state of emergency” (or state of exception), and theconsequences of such rule in Canada, see the following: David Cayley, “Pandemic Revelations,” December4, 2020 <https://www.davidcayley.com/blog/category/Pandemic+2>; “Coronavirus and philosophers: M.Foucault, G. Agamben, S. Benvenuto,” European Journal of Psychoanalysis <https://www.journal-psychoanalysis.eu/coronavirus-and-philosophers/>; Giorgio Agamben, “The State of Exception Provokedby an Unmotivated Emergency,” Praxis, February 26, 2020 <https://positionspolitics.org/giorgio-agamben-the-state-of-exception-provoked-by-an-unmotivated-emergency/>; Giorgio Agamben, “The Coronavirusand the State of Exception,” Autonomies, March 3, 2020 <http://autonomies.org/2020/03/giorgio-agamben-the-coronaviris-and-the-state-of-exception/>; Giorgio Agamben, “Contagion,” Write.as, March 11, 2020<https://write.as/rc8dpjv5902g3vvb>; Giorgio Agamben, “Reflections on the Plague,” Enough 14, April 7,2020 <https://enoughisenough14.org/2020/04/07/giorgio-agamben-reflections-on-the-plague/>; Giorgio

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Agamben, “Social Distancing,” Ill Will, April 9, 2020 <https://illwill.com/social-distancing>; GiorgioAgamben, “A Question,” An und für sich, April 15, 2020 <https://itself.blog/2020/04/15/giorgio-agamben-a-question/>; Giorgio Agamben, “New Reflections,” D. Alan Dean, April 22, 2020 <https://d-dean.medium.com/new-reflections-giorgio-agamben-c5534e192a5e>; Giorgio Agamben, “Medicine asReligion,” An und für sich, May 2, 2020 <https://itself.blog/2020/05/02/giorgio-agamben-medicine-as-religion/>; Giorgio Agamben, “Biosecurity and Politics,” D. Alan Dean, May 11, 2020 <https://d-dean.medium.com/biosecurity-and-politics-giorgio-agamben-396f9ab3b6f4>; Giorgio Agamben, “State ofException and State of Emergency,” Old News, July 30, 2020 <https://stiriinternationale.ro/state-of-exception-and-state-of-emergency/>; Giorgio Agamben, “When the House Burns,” Architects for SocialHousing, October 15, 2020 <https://architectsforsocialhousing.co.uk/2020/10/15/when-the-house-burns-giorgio-agamben-on-the-coronavirus-crisis/>; Giorgio Agamben, “Some Data,” Old News, November 2, 2020<https://stiriinternationale.ro/some-data-giorgio-agamben/>; Giorgio Agamben, “War and Peace,” Ill Will,February 24, 2021 <https://illwill.com/war-and-peace>.

12 Virat Agrawal, Jonathan H. Cantor, Neeraj Sood, & Christopher M. Whaley, “The Impact of the Covid-19Pandemic and Policy Responses on Excess Mortality,” National Bureau of Economic Research, WorkingPaper 28930, June, 2021 <https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w28930/w28930.pdf>; AIERStaff, “Lockdowns Do Not Control the Coronavirus: The Evidence,” American Institute for EconomicResearch, December 19, 2020 <https://www.aier.org/article/lockdowns-do-not-control-the-coronavirus-the-evidence/>; Greg Ip, “New Thinking on Covid Lockdowns: They’re Overly Blunt and Costly,” WallStreet Journal, August 24, 2020 <https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-lockdowns-economy-pandemic-recession-business-shutdown-sweden-coronavirus-11598281419>.

13 The Canadian Press, “‘We’ll be living with overflow for a few months,’ says minister Dube regardingQuebec emergency rooms,” CTV News, July 5, 2021 <https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/we-ll-be-living-with-overflow-for-a-few-months-says-minister-dube-regarding-quebec-emergency-rooms-1.5497406>; AdamKovac, “Many Quebec ERs stretched to capacity even as COVID numbers shrink,” CTV News, June 16,2021 <https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/many-quebec-ers-stretched-to-capacity-even-as-covid-numbers-shrink-1.5473947>. The explosive growth in ER visits for non-Covid sickness, as a result of delayed treatments, isalso occurring in the US: “Except for initial hot spots like New York City, many ERs across the U.S. wereoften eerily empty in the spring of 2020. Terrified of contracting COVID-19, people who were sick withother things did their best to stay away from hospitals. Visits to emergency departments dropped to halftheir normal levels, according to the Epic Health Research Network, and didn’t fully rebound until thesummer of 2021. But now, they’re too full. Even in parts of the country where COVID-19 isn’toverwhelming the health system, patients are showing up to the ER sicker than they were before thepandemic, their diseases more advanced and in need of more complicated care”—see: Kate Wells, “ERsare now swamped with seriously ill patients — but many don't even have COVID,” NPR, October 26, 2021<https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/10/26/1046432435/ers-are-now-swamped-with-seriously-ill-patients-but-most-dont-even-have-covid>.

14 The Executive Director of the Quebec Cancer Coalition was reported as saying, “Where this gets us isanother pandemic”; Dr. Neil Fleshner, Chair of Urology at the University of Toronto: “I do believe thatpatients with cancer in Canada…are being rendered fatal, terminal or incurable, as a result of what’shappened”—see: Tom Blackwell, “Pandemic-related cuts in cancer screening, surgery have doctorsworried more people will die,” National Post, April 13, 2021<https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/pandemic-related-cuts-in-cancer-screening-surgery-have-doctors-worried-more-people-will-die>.

15 StatCan, “Disruptions to cancer screening may lead to increases in cancer rates and deaths,” StatisticsCanada, March 11, 2021 <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-631-x/11-631-x2021001-eng.htm#a3>.

16 Stephane Giroux & Luca Caruso-Moro, “Montreal records increase in opioid deaths in pandemic year asnational fatalities skyrocket,” CTV News, June 25, 2021 <https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/montreal-records-

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increase-in-opioid-deaths-in-pandemic-year-as-national-fatalities-skyrocket-1.5486644>; Health Canada,“Opioid- and Stimulant-related Harms in Canada,” Government of Canada, September, 2021<https://health-infobase.canada.ca/substance-related-harms/opioids-stimulants/>.

17 Becky Robertson, “Way more young people in Ontario died from effects of lockdown than of Covid itself,” BlogTO, July, 2021 <https://www.blogto.com/city/2021/07/way-more-young-people-ontario-died-lockdown-covid-itself/>; Nadine Yousif, “‘Very, very concerning’: Pandemic taking heavy toll on children’s mental health, Sick Kids study shows,” Toronto Star, July 8, 2021 <https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2021/07/08/very-very-concerning-pandemic-taking-heavy-toll-on-childrens-mental-health-sick-kids-study-shows.html>; and, Denette Wilford, “More young Canadians died from ‘unintentional side effects’ of the pandemic, not COVID,” Toronto Sun, July 13, 2021 <https://torontosun.com/news/more-young-canadians-died-from-unintentional-side-effects-of-the-pandemic-not-covid>.

18 “Provisional death counts and excess mortality, January 2020 to April 2021,” Statistics Canada, July 12,2021 <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/210712/dq210712b-eng.htm>.

19 Simran Kalkat, Julie Yixia Cai, & Shawn Fremstad, “Over 3.8 Million Young Adults Found Not Working or inSchool in Early 2021,” Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR), June 23, 2021<https://cepr.net/over-3-8-million-young-adults-found-not-working-or-in-school-in-early-2021/>.

20 Anne C. Gadermann, Kimberly C. Thomson, Chris G. Richardson, et al., “Examining the Impacts of theCOVID-19 Pandemic on Family Mental Health in Canada: Findings from a National Cross-Sectional Study,”BMJ Open, 2021 <https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/1/e042871>.

21 Professor Douglas Allen, economist at Simon Fraser University, concluded that the lockdowns werepossibly Canada’s greatest peacetime policy failure, one that also increased excess deaths—see: DouglasW. Allen, “Covid Lockdown Cost/Benefits: A Critical Assessment of the Literature”<https://www.sfu.ca/~allen/LockdownReport.pdf>; HillNotes, “Impacts of COVID-19 on Employment inCanada by Sector,” Library of Parliament, June 25, 2020 <https://hillnotes.ca/2020/06/25/impacts-of-covid-19-on-employment-in-canada-by-sector/>.

22 Matt Gilmour, “Number of homeless Montrealers doubled in pandemic; Plante floats new approach oncampaign trail,” CTV News, October 11, 2021 <https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/number-of-homeless-montrealers-doubled-in-pandemic-plante-floats-new-approach-on-campaign-trail-1.5619434>.

23 Tristin Hopper, “What 16 months of COVID lockdowns have cost us,” National Post, July 28, 2021<https://nationalpost.com/news/what-16-months-of-covid-lockdowns-have-cost-us>; Nicole Gibillini, “Upto 225,000 Canadian firms could close because of COVID: CFIB CEO,” BNN Bloomberg, November 11, 2020<https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/up-to-225-000-canadian-firms-could-close-because-of-covid-cfib-ceo-1.1520974>; The Canadian Press, “Canada has slipped into recession due to COVID-19, C.D. Howe councilsays,” Global News, May 1, 2020 <https://globalnews.ca/news/6892098/coronavirus-canada-economy-recession>.

24 Zara Liaqat, “Why COVID-19 is an inequality virus,” Policy Options Politiques, April 30, 2021<https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/april-2021/why-covid-19-is-an-inequality-virus/>. We note that“the virus” has no power to breed inequalities; this crisis bears only the imprints of the heavy hands ofthe state and large transnational corporations.

25 Government of Canada: Covid-19 daily epidemiology update <https://health-infobase.canada.ca/covid-19/epidemiological-summary-covid-19-cases.html?stat=num&measure=deaths#a7>.

26 Cathrine Axfors & John P.A. Ioannidis, “Infection fatality rate of COVID-19 in community-dwellingpopulations with emphasis on the elderly: An overview,” medRxiv, July 13, 2021<https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.08.21260210v1>; John P.A. Ioannidis, “Infection fatalityrate of COVID-19 inferred from seroprevalence data,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, October14, 2020 <https://www.who.int/bulletin/online_first/BLT.20.265892.pdf> and

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<https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33716331/>; Andrew T. Levin, William P. Hanage, & Nana Owusu-Boaitey, et al., “Assessing the Age Specificity of Infection Fatality Rates for COVID-19: Systematic Review,Meta-Analysis, and Public Policy Implications,” European Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 2020, pp. 1123–1138 <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10654-020-00698-1>; Dr. Jay Bhattacharya, MD, PhD,from the Stanford University School of Medicine, appearing on a JAMA (The Journal of the AmericanMedical Association) Network conversation alongside Mark Lipsitch, DPhil and Dr. Howard Bauchner<https://youtu.be/2tsUTAWBJ9M>; Dominick Mastrangelo, “Stanford doctor: Coronavirus fatality rate forpeople under 45 ‘almost 0%’,” Washington Examiner, July 2, 2020<https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/stanford-doctor-coronavirus-infection-fatality-rate-for-people-under-45-almost-0>.

27 UCL, “Symptoms of Covid-19 are a poor marker of infection,” UCL News, October 8, 2020<https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/oct/symptoms-covid-19-are-poor-marker-infection> and Irene Petersen& Andrew Phillips, “Three Quarters of People with SARS-CoV-2 Infection are Asymptomatic: Analysis ofEnglish Household Survey Data,” Clinical Epidemiology, 12, 2020, pp. 1039‒1043<https://www.dovepress.com/three-quarters-of-people-with-sars-cov-2-infection-are-asymptomatic-an-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CLEP>.

28 The Norwegian Directorate of Health and the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH) via: Office of thePrime Minister, “Norge går over til en normal hverdag med økt beredskap,” Regjeringen, September 24,2021 <https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumentarkiv/regjeringen-solberg/aktuelt-regjeringen-solberg/smk/pressemeldinger/2021/norge-gar-over-til-en-normal-hverdag-med-okt-beredskap/id2872539/>;in the UK, Jo Churchill, then Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department of Health andSocial Care, stated that, “as of 15 July [2021], Public Health England’s modelling group, with the MRCBiostats Unit, estimated that overall infection mortality rate is approximately 0.096%”: “Coronavirus:Death—Question for Department of Health and Social Care,” UK Parliament, July 12, 2021<https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2021-07-12/31381>; the last point isrelevant to the fact that, by some estimates, Covid is less fatal than the annual flu—see Simon Thornley,“The covid-19 elimination debate needs correct data,” BMJ, 371(3883), November 8, 2020<https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m3883/rr>.

29 Responding to news that a woman died from blood clotting caused by the AstraZeneca injectable(AstraZeneca has since been pulled from the market in Canada), Quebec Premier François Legault statedthe following: “I’m very sad to know that a 54-year-old woman in good shape....died because she wasvaccinated. Unfortunately these cases happen....I think people will still continue getting vaccinated. It’svery unfortunate and we’re sad about it, but unfortunately, that’s the price of vaccination” (emphasesadded): Amy Lift & Luca Caruso-Moro, “Experts worry AstraZeneca death will deter others from gettingvaccinated,” CTV News, April 27, 2021 <https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/experts-worry-astrazeneca-death-will-deter-others-from-getting-vaccinated-1.5404241>. Death by “vaccination” was accepted as “the priceto pay,” while even one death from the virus was condemned as “one death too many”—see: FranceMignacca, “Quebec children can enjoy Halloween this year — but with some conditions,” CBC News,October 15, 2020 <https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-covid-halloween-with-restrictions-1.5763644>, Kalina Laframboise, “Quebec mulls stricter COVID-19 measures but decision will be madenext week, Legault says,” CTV News, December 11, 2020 <https://globalnews.ca/news/7515997/quebec-coronavirus-covid-19-december-11/>.

30 See this study which, “demonstrated that natural immunity confers longer lasting and stronger protectionagainst infection, symptomatic disease and hospitalization caused by the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2,compared to the BNT162b2 two-dose vaccine-induced immunity”: Sivan Gazit, Roei Shlezinger, & GalitPerez, et al., “Comparing SARS-CoV-2 natural immunity to vaccine-induced immunity: reinfections versusbreakthrough infections,” medRxiv, August 25, 2021<https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.24.21262415v1>; plus, Jennifer Block, “Vaccinating

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people who have had covid-19: why doesn’t natural immunity count in the US?” BMJ, 374(2101), 2021<https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n2101>. For a study conducted in Vancouver, that showed that,“more than 90% of uninfected adults showed antibody reactivity against the spike protein, receptor-binding domain (RBD), N-terminal domain (NTD), or the nucleocapsid (N) protein from SARS-CoV-2”:Abdelilah Majdoubi, Christina Michalski, & Sarah E. O’Connell, et al., “A majority of uninfected adultsshow preexisting antibody reactivity against SARS-CoV-2,” JCI Insight, 6(8), 2021<https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/146316>. This research echoes what was published in the summer of2020 by Sweden’s prestigious Karolinska Institute which showed that, “many people with mild orasymptomatic COVID-19 demonstrate so-called T-cell-mediated immunity to the new coronavirus, even ifthey have not tested positively for antibodies....this means that public immunity is probably higher thanantibody tests suggest”: “Immunity to COVID-19 is probably higher than tests have shown,” KarolinskaInstitutet, August 18, 2020 <https://news.ki.se/immunity-to-covid-19-is-probably-higher-than-tests-have-shown>; see also, Takuya Sekine, André Perez-Potti, & Olga Rivera-Ballesteros, et al., “Robust T CellImmunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19,” Cell, 183(1), 2020, pp. 158–168 <https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)31008-4>.

31 Jeremy Loffredo, “We’re Not in a ‘Pandemic of the Unvaccinated,’ Peter Doshi Explains During COVIDPanel,” The Defender, November 5, 2021 <https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/peter-doshi-restev-levi-covid-vaccines-trial-data/>. Just as Peter Doshi critiqued the redefinition of the term “vaccine”to include treatments, the descriptive phrase “novel gene therapy,” is one that came from its developers—see: Grant A. Brown, “Can We Really Inject Our Way Out of This Pandemic? Part Two of a SpecialSeries,” C2C Journal, September 22, 2021 <https://c2cjournal.ca/2021/09/can-we-really-inject-our-way-out-of-this-pandemic-part-two-of-a-special-series/>. This point was reinforced by Stefan Oelrich, president ofBayer’s Pharmaceuticals Division, who explained that cell and gene therapies have been marketed as“vaccines” to the public, to make them more palatable: Jack Bingham, “Bayer executive: mRNA shots are‘gene therapy’ marketed as ‘vaccines’ to gain public trust,” LifeSite News, November 10, 2021<https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/bayer-executive-mrna-shots-are-gene-therapy-marketed-as-vaccines-to-gain-public-trust/>.

32 On the advertised safety of the Pfizer product, see the whistle blower’s damning account of the nature ofthe actual safety trials: Paul D. Thacker, “Covid-19: Researcher blows the whistle on data integrity issuesin Pfizer’s vaccine trial,” BMJ, 375(2635), November 2, 2021<https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj.n2635>. See also, Peter Doshi, “Does the FDA think these datajustify the first full approval of a covid-19 vaccine?” BMJ, August 23, 2021<https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/08/23/does-the-fda-think-these-data-justify-the-first-full-approval-of-a-covid-19-vaccine/>, and, Alex Berenson, “More people died in the key clinical trial for Pfizer’s Covidvaccine than the company publicly reported,” Unreported Truths, November 16, 2021<https://alexberenson.substack.com/p/more-people-died-in-the-key-clinical>.

33 Aaron Siri, “FDA Asks Federal Judge to Grant it Until the Year 2076 to Fully Release Pfizer’s COVID-19Vaccine Data,” Injecting Freedom, November 17, 2021 <https://aaronsiri.substack.com/p/fda-asks-federal-judge-to-grant-it>.

34 See the Great Barrington Declaration <https://gbdeclaration.org/>; Declaration of the InternationalAlliance of Physicians and Medical Scientists <https://doctorsandscientistsdeclaration.org/>; theCanadian Covid Care Alliance COVID-19 Declaration <https://www.canadiancovidcarealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/CCCA-Declaration-Final_v6_Sept26th2021.pdf>; Canadian Frontline Nurses<https://www.canadianfrontlinenurses.ca/>; World Council for Health<https://worldcouncilforhealth.org/>; World Doctors’ Alliance <https://worlddoctorsalliance.com/>;Doctors for Covid Ethics <https://doctors4covidethics.org/>; Children’s Health Defense<https://childrenshealthdefense.org/>; America’s Frontline Doctors<https://americasfrontlinedoctors.org/>.

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35 Several prominent Canadian scientists, doctors, and academics wrote in an open letter to OntarioPremier Doug Ford regarding recommendations by the Science Advisory Table (SAT). The SAT’s claimswere: 1.That COVID-19 vaccines are safe; 2. That COVID-19 vaccines are effective; 3. That general infectionprevention and control to reduce the spread of COVID-19 is imperfect whereas vaccines provide safe andeffective protection; and, 4. That efforts to counter ‘vaccine hesitancy’ among the most vulnerable, e.g.,racialized workers, through ‘education’ and ‘personalized outreach’, will lead to trust building and willavoid losing ‘valuable members of the workforce’”. The authors of the open letter summarized theirresponse as follows (backed by published scientific research): “None of these claims are based onscientific evidence”. See: Claudia Chauffan, Stephen Pelech, & Deanna McLeod, et al., “Response: COVID-19 vaccine mandates for Ontario’s hospital workers,” United Healthcare Workers of Ontario (UHCWO),October 28, 2021 <https://uhcwo.com/response-sat>. See also, Arjun Walia, “UBC Immunologist CautionsPeople On COVID Vaccine Safety & Efficacy,” The Pulse, November 16, 2021<https://thepulse.one/2021/11/16/ubc-immunologist-cautions-people-on-covid-vaccine-safety-efficacy/>.

36 For more on each of these points, see the following: Piero Olliaro, Els Torreele, & Michel Vaillant, “COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and effectiveness—the elephant (not) in the room,” The Lancet, 2(7), E279-E280, 2021<https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanmic/article/PIIS2666-5247(21)00069-0/fulltext>; Paul EliasAlexander, “22 Studies and Reports that Raise Profound Doubts about Vaccine Efficacy for the GeneralPopulation,” Brownstone Institute, October 28, 2021 <https://brownstone.org/articles/22-studies-and-reports-that-raise-profound-doubts-about-vaccine-efficacy-for-the-general-population/>; Harald Walach,Rainer J. Klement, & Wouter Aukema, “The Safety of COVID-19 Vaccinations—Should We Rethink thePolicy?” Science, Public Health Policy, and the Law, 3, 2021, pp. 87‒99 <https://cf5e727d-d02d-4d71-89ff-9fe2d3ad957f.filesusr.com/ugd/adf864_8c97b2396c2842b3b05975bfbd8254cb.pdf>; Barbara A. Cohn, PieraM. Cirillo, & Caitlin C. Murphy, et al., “SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protection and deaths among US veteransduring 2021,” Science, November 4, 2021, <https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm0620>;Berkeley Lovelace Jr., “Israel says Pfizer Covid vaccine is just 39% effective as delta spreads, but stillprevents severe illness,” CNBC, July 23, 2021 <https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/23/delta-variant-pfizer-covid-vaccine-39percent-effective-in-israel-prevents-severe-illness.html>; “UK study finds vaccinatedpeople easily transmit Delta variant in households,” Reuters, October 28, 2021<https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/uk-study-finds-vaccinated-people-easily-transmit-delta-variant-households-2021-10-28/>; Michelle Roberts, “Covid: Double vaccinated can stillspread virus at home,” BBC News, October 28, 2021 <https://www.bbc.com/news/health-59077036>; AnikaSinganayagam, Seran Hakki, Jake Dunning, “Community transmission and viral load kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) variant in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals in the UK: a prospective,longitudinal, cohort study,” The Lancet, October 29, 2021<https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(21)00648-4/fulltext>; HART,“Compulsory vaccination for NHS staff back on the agenda?” Health Advisory & Recovery Team, June 3,2021 <https://www.hartgroup.org/compulsory-vaccination-nhs/>; Paul Elias Alexander, “96 ResearchStudies Affirm Naturally Acquired Immunity to Covid-19: Documented, Linked, and Quoted,” BrownstoneInstitute, October 17, 2021 <https://brownstone.org/articles/79-research-studies-affirm-naturally-acquired-immunity-to-covid-19-documented-linked-and-quoted/>; Carolina Lucas, Chantal B.F. Vogels, & InciYildirim, et al. “Impact of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants on mRNA vaccine-induced immunity,” Nature,October 11, 2021 <https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04085-y>; Gaëlle Breton, Pilar Mendoza, &Thomas Hagglof, et al., “Persistent Cellular Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Infection,” bioRxiv, December 9, 2020<https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.08.416636v1>; Jennifer M. Dan, Jose Mateus, & Yu Kato,et al., “Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection,” Science,371(6529), 2021 <https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abf4063>; Victoria Jane Hall, Sarah Foulkes,& Andre Charlett, “SARS-CoV-2 infection rates of antibody-positive compared with antibody-negativehealth-care workers in England: a large, multicentre, prospective cohort study (SIREN),” The Lancet,

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397(10283), 2021, pp. 1459–1469 <https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00675-9/fulltext>; Jackson S. Turner, Wooseob Kim, & Elizaveta Kalaidina, et al., “SARS-CoV-2infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans,” Nature, 595, 2021, pp. 421–425<https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03647-4>; Ronald B. Brown, “Outcome Reporting Bias inCOVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Clinical Trials,” Medicina, 57(199), 2021 <https://www.oyetimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/medicina-57-00199.pdf>; Peter Doshi, “Pfizer and Moderna’s ‘95% effective’vaccines—let’s be cautious and first see the full data,” BMJ, November 26, 2020<https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/11/26/peter-doshi-pfizer-and-modernas-95-effective-vaccines-lets-be-cautious-and-first-see-the-full-data/>; and, note that even when giving full approval to Pfizer, the FDA in aletter to the company listed numerous safety studies yet to be undertaken by Pfizer, and in some casesthe completion dates for these studies are in 2025—the list of safety studies to be undertaken begins onpage 5, and consists of 13 individual studies: <http://openanthropology.org/August%2023%2C%202021%20Approval%20Letter%20-%20Comirnaty.pdf>.

37 See: VigiAccess, produced by the WHO Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring with theUppsala Monitoring centre, reported a total of 2,528,564 adverse events reported for Covid-19 vaccines<http://vigiaccess.org/>; “From the 11/5/2021 release of VAERS data: Found 18,461 cases where Vaccine isCOVID19 and Patient Died,” National Vaccine Information Center<https://www.medalerts.org/vaersdb/findfield.php?TABLE=ON&GROUP1=AGE&EVENTS=ON&VAX=COVID19&DIED=Yes>; MHRA, “Coronavirus vaccine -weekly summary of Yellow Card reporting,” Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency<https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-vaccine-adverse-reactions/coronavirus-vaccine-summary-of-yellow-card-reporting>; “29,934 Deaths 2,804,900 InjuriesFollowing COVID Shots in European Database of Adverse Reactions,” Vaccine Impact<https://vaccineimpact.com/2021/29934-deaths-2804900-injuries-following-covid-shots-in-european-database-of-adverse-reactions-corporate-journalists-have-pericarditis-after-pfizer-shots/>; and, MeganRedshaw, “Reports of Injuries, Deaths After COVID Vaccines Climb Steadily, as FDA, CDC Sign Off on ThirdShot for Immunocompromised,” The Defender, August 16, 2021<https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/vaers-cdc-injuries-deaths-covid-vaccines-fda-third-shot-immunocompromised/>.

38 “Even if vaccination were universal, the coronavirus would probably continue to spread”: Melissa Healy, “CDC shifts pandemic goals away from reaching herd immunity,” Los Angeles Times, November 12, 2021 <https://web.archive.org/web/20211112132627/https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2021-11-12/cdc-shifts-pandemic-goals-away-from-reaching-herd-immunity>.

39 See: Paul Elias Alexander, “28 Studies on Vaccine Efficacy that Raise Doubts on Vaccine Mandates,”Brownstone Institute, October 28, 2021 <https://brownstone.org/articles/16-studies-on-vaccine-efficacy/>;Catherine M Brown, Johanna Vostok, & Hillary Johnson, et al., “Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Infections,Including COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections, Associated with Large Public Gatherings -Barnstable County, Massachusetts, July 2021,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(31), 2021, pp.10591062 <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34351882/>; Laurel Wamsley, “Vaccinated People WithBreakthrough Infections Can Spread The Delta Variant, CDC Says,” NPR, July 30, 2021<https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/07/30/1022867219/cdc-study-provincetown-delta-vaccinated-breakthrough-mask-guidance>; S.V. Subramanian & Akhil Kumar, et al. “Increases inCOVID-19 are unrelated to levels of vaccination across 68 countries and 2947 counties in the UnitedStates,” European Journal of Epidemiology, September 30, 2021<https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-021-00808-7>; Günter Kampf, “The epidemiologicalrelevance of the COVID-19-vaccinated population is increasing,” The Lancet Regional Health – Europe, 11,December, 2021 <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666776221002581>; Pnina Shitrit,Neta S Zuckerman, & Orna Mor, et al., “Nosocomial outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in a

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highly vaccinated population, Israel, July 2021,” Eurosurveillance, 26(39), 2021<https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.39.2100822>; Kasen K.Riemersma, Brittany E. Grogan, & Amanda Kita-Yarbro, et al., “Shedding of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 DespiteVaccination,” medRxiv, October 15, 2021<https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.31.21261387v5>; Venice Servellita, Alicia Sotomayor-Gonzalez, & Amelia S. Gliwa, et al., “Predominance of antibody-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants in vaccinebreakthrough cases from the San Francisco Bay Area, California,” medRxiv, October 8, 2021<https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.19.21262139v2>; Charlotte B. Acharya, John Schrom,& Anthea M. Mitchell, et al., “No Significant Difference in Viral Load Between Vaccinated andUnvaccinated, Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Groups When Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant,”medRxiv, October 5, 2021 <https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.28.21264262v2>; NguyenVan Vinh Chau & Nghiem My Ngoc, et al., “Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Among VaccinatedHealthcare Workers, Vietnam,” The Lancet, October 11, 2021 <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3897733>; “Pandemic of the Vaccinated – Worldwide data on 188 countries proves thehighest Covid-19 case rates are in the most vaccinated countries,” The Exposé, November 2, 2021<https://theexpose.uk/2021/11/02/worldwide-data-proves-the-highest-covid-19-case-rates-are-in-the-most-vaccinated-countries/>; and, Will Jones, “Vaccine Passports Make No Sense as the Vaccinated Are MoreLikely to Be Infected, Scientists Tell MPs,” The Daily Sceptic, November 22, 2021<https://dailysceptic.org/2021/11/22/vaccine-passports-make-no-sense-as-the-vaccinated-are-more-likely-to-be-infected-scientists-tell-mps/>.

40 Elizabeth Redden, “Hundreds of Positive COVID Tests at Mostly Vaccinated Duke,” Inside Higher Ed,August 31, 2021 <https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2021/08/31/hundreds-positive-covid-tests-mostly-vaccinated-duke>; Kate Murphy, “Duke sets new campus restrictions after rise in COVID casesamong vaccinated students,” The News & Observer, August 31, 2021<https://www.newsobserver.com/news/local/education/article253851373.html>; Joseph Silverstein,“Despite 95% vaccination rate, Cornell today has five times more COVID cases than it did this time lastyear,” The College Fix, September 4, 2021 <https://www.thecollegefix.com/despite-95-vaccination-rate-cornell-today-has-five-times-more-covid-cases-than-it-did-this-time-last-year/>.

41 Eva Bartlett, “‘It’s absolutely appalling’: Unvaccinated Canadians become social outcasts and the newpersecuted minority,” RT, October 21, 2021 <https://www.rt.com/op-ed/538035-unvaccinated-canadians-become-outcasts/>.

42 Even as the administration proclaimed its support for the vaccine passport system, and adopted it for all“non-essential” campus services (which include eating and fitness), the public relations unit of ConcordiaUniversity proudly directed attention to new research involving Concordia that confirmed the largepresence of “traditionally underrepresented groups” among the “vaccine hesitant”—see: Patrick Lejtenyi,“New data from a Montreal-led global study helps explain vaccination rates and vaccine hesitancy,”Concordia University News, August 31, 2021 <https://www.concordia.ca/news/stories/2021/08/31/new-data-from-a-montreal-led-global-study-helps-explain-vaccination-rates-and-vaccine-hesitancy.html>. Seealso, Kennedy Hall, “‘Absolutely forbidden’ to give COVID shots to kids, young men and women, Jewishcourt rules,” LifeSite News, November 2, 2021 <https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/absolutely-forbidden-to-give-covid-shots-to-children-and-youth-jewish-court-rules/>.

43 Statistics Canada reported that, “Among people designated as a visible minority, 74.8% reported beingvery or somewhat willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Some differences exist for willingness amongparticular visible minority groups. Compared to non-visible minorities (77.7%), a much lower proportionof the Black population (56.4%) reported being somewhat or very willing to receive a COVID-19vaccine....A lower rate of vaccine willingness was also seen among the Latin American population(65.6%)”: StatCan, “COVID-19 vaccine willingness among Canadian population groups,” Statistics Canada,March 26, 2021 <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2021001/article/00011-eng.htm>; see

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also Cosmin Dzsurdzsa, “Trudeau ignores impact of mandatory vaccines on First Nations, blackCanadians,” True North, August 9, 2021 <https://tnc.news/2021/08/09/trudeau-ignores-impact-of-mandatory-vaccines-on-first-nations-black-canadians/>; Michèle Newton, “Vaccine hesitancy a problemfor us all,” Toronto Star, August 26, 2021 <https://www.thestar.com/local-barrie/opinion/2021/08/26/vaccine-hesitancy-a-problem-for-us-all.html>; and, Selena Ross, “Vaccinerefusal very high in Nunavik for ‘religious’ reasons or fears; cases escalating,” CTV News, November 8,2021 <https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/vaccine-refusal-very-high-in-nunavik-for-religious-reasons-or-fears-cases-escalating-1.5657807>. However, note the dismissive and disbelieving CTV News headline in thelatter reference, putting religious reasons inside quotation marks, as if such reasons were false or notworthy of respect—this, while Canadians preach about the dangers of “systemic racism”. Similar impactson minorities from mandates are felt in the US—see: Joseph Goldstein & Matthew Sedacca, “Why Only 28Percent of Young Black New Yorkers Are Vaccinated,” The New York Times, August 12, 2021<https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/12/nyregion/covid-vaccine-black-young-new-yorkers.html>; KevinJenkins & Joshua Coleman, “Thanks to Vaccine Mandates, Segregation Is Making a Comeback. OnceAgain, Black Americans Will Suffer Most,” The Defender, August 13, 2021<https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/vaccine-mandates-segregation-discrimination-black-americans/>; “Voter ID is racist but this isn’t? Fury over New York City vaccine pass that ACTUALLYdiscriminates against black Americans,” RT, August 3, 2021 <https://www.rt.com/usa/531055-vaccine-pass-racist-voter-id/>.

44 For studies and reports that paint a more realistic portrait of the “unvaccinated,” see: Bruce Anderson,“Typical ‘vaccine hesitant’ person is a 42-year-old Ontario woman who votes Liberal: Abacus polling,”Maclean’s, August 11, 2021 <https://www.macleans.ca/society/typical-vaccine-hesitant-person-is-a-42-year-old-ontario-woman-who-votes-liberal-abacus-polling/>; also, Amy Judd, “Polling the unvaccinated:Why Canadians say they won’t get a COVID vaccine,” Global News, November 3, 2021<https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/canada/polling-the-unvaccinated-why-canadians-say-they-won-t-get-a-covid-vaccine/ar-AAQhUz8>. On educational levels see UnHerd, “The most vaccine-hesitant group of all?PhDs,” The Post, August 11, 2021 <https://unherd.com/thepost/the-most-vaccine-hesitant-education-group-of-all-phds/> and in particular this survey which found that, “The association between hesitancyand education level followed a U-shaped curve with the lowest hesitancy among those with a master’sdegree (RR=0.75 [95% CI 0.72-0.78] and the highest hesitancy among those with a PhD (RR=2.16 [95%CI2.05-2.28]) or high school education(RR=1.88 [95%CI 1.83-1.93]) versus a bachelor’s degree”: Wendy C.≤King & Alex Reinhart, et al., “Time trends and factors related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy from January-May 2021 among US adults: Findings from a large-scale national survey,” medRxiv, July 23, 2021<https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.20.21260795v3>.

45 Robert G. Evans, “Tough on Crime? Pfizer and the CIHR,” Healthcare Policy, 5(4), 2010, pp. 16–25<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2875889/>; DoJ, “Justice Department Announces LargestHealth Care Fraud Settlement in Its History,” The United States Department of Justice, September 2, 2009<https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-largest-health-care-fraud-settlement-its-history>; FBI, “The Case Against Pfizer,” The Federal Bureau of Investigation, September 2, 2009<https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2009/september/pfizer_settlement_090209>; Drew Griffin& Andy Segal, “Feds found Pfizer too big to nail,” CNN, August 2, 2010<http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/04/02/pfizer.bextra/index.html>; Pratap Chatterjee, “Pfizer AdmitsBribery in Eight Countries,” CorpWatch, August 8, 2012 <https://www.corpwatch.org/article/pfizer-admits-bribery-eight-countries>; Richard Gale & Gary Null, “Pfizer’s History of Crimes andMisdemeanors,” Progressive Radio Network, March 10, 2021 <https://prn.fm/pfizers-history-crimes-misdemeanors/>.

46 Gail Davidson, “The Right to Say No to COVID-19 Vaccines: International Human Rights Law GuaranteesRights and Prohibits Unlawful Restrictions,” Canadian Covid Care Alliance (CCCA), October 28, 2021

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<https://www.canadiancovidcarealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/International-Human-Rghts-Law-Legality-of-Vaccine-Mandates-in-Canada.28.10.21.pdf>.

47 Michael Kowalik, “Ethics of vaccine refusal,” Journal of Medical Ethics, February 26, 2021<https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2021/10/20/medethics-2020-107026>.

48 “The specific and significant COVID-19 risk of ADE [antibody-dependent enhancement] should have beenand should be prominently and independently disclosed to research subjects currently in vaccine trials,as well as those being recruited for the trials and future patients after vaccine approval, in order to meetthe medical ethics standard of patient comprehension for informed consent”: Timothy Cardozo & RonaldVeazey, “Informed consent disclosure to vaccine trial subjects of risk of COVID-19 vaccines worseningclinical disease,” The International Journal of Clinical Practice, 75(3), 2021<https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijcp.13795>.

49 See: Title II, Chapter I, Art. 7 of Quebec’s Act Respecting Health Services and Social Services <http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/s-4.2>.

50 Arjun Walia, “Rockefeller Foundation Pledges $13.5 Million To Censor Health ‘Misinformation’,” The Pulse,July 19, 2021 <https://thepulse.one/2021/07/19/rockefeller-foundation-pledges-13-5-million-to-censor-health-misinformation/>.

51 Janice Flamengo, “How Covid-19 Killed Academic Tenure,” The Pipeline, October 14, 2021 <https://the-pipeline.org/covid-killed-academic-tenure/>.

52 Janice Flamengo, “The Silence of the Professors,” Truth USA, August 31, 2021<https://truthusa.us/opinions/the-silence-of-the-professors/>.

53 See the Special Issue on Covid Policies and Universities in Canada, published by the Society for AcademicFreedom and Scholarship, and edited by Janice Flamengo at <https://safs.ca/newsletters/newsletter.php?num=90> and <https://safs.ca/newsletters/issues/nl90.pdf>.

54 Joseph A. Ladapo & Harvey A. Risch, “Are Covid Vaccines Riskier Than Advertised?” Wall Street Journal,June 22, 2021 <https://archive.fo/2021.06.23-145939/https:/www.wsj.com/articles/are-covid-vaccines-riskier-than-advertised-11624381749#selection-3649.5-3649.48>.

55 Michael Kowalik, “Ethics of Vaccine Refusal,” Journal of Medical Ethics, February 26, 2021<https://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2021/10/20/medethics-2020-107026>. See also Lisa Boothe, “Why I'mNot Vaccinated,” Newsweek, November 15, 2021 <https://www.newsweek.com/why-im-not-vaccinated-opinion-1648024>; and, Raelle Kaia, “What’s To Be Done about the Vaccine Hesitant?” November 11, 2021<https://raellekaia.substack.com/p/whats-to-be-done-about-the-vaccine>.

56 Ronald N. Kostoff, Daniela Calina, & Darja Kanduc, et al., “Why are we vaccinating children against COVID-19?” Toxicology Reports, 8, 2021, pp. 1665–1684<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221475002100161X>; Heidi Ledford, “Deaths fromCOVID ‘incredibly rare’ among children,” Nature, 595, July 15, 2021<https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01897-w>; and, Larry Kwak, Steven T. Rosen, & Idit Shachar,“Applying brakes on ‘Warp Speed’ COVID-19 vaccinations for children: The long-term side effects areunknown,” The Washington Times, October 28, 2021<https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/oct/28/applying-brakes-on-warp-speed-covid-19-vaccination/>; Elia Abi-Jaoude, Peter Doshi, & Claudina Michal-Teitelbaum, “Covid-19 vaccines forchildren: hypothetical benefits to adults do not outweigh risks to children,” BMJ, July 13, 2021<https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/07/13/covid-19-vaccines-for-children-hypothetical-benefits-to-adults-do-not-outweigh-risks-to-children/>; Jonas F. Ludvigsson, Lars Engerström, Charlotta Nordenhäll, EmmaLarsson, “Open Schools, Covid-19, and Child and Teacher Morbidity in Sweden,” New England Journal ofMedicine, 384, 2021, pp. 669‒671 <https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2026670>.

57 Zachary Stieber, “Researchers Call for Halt on COVID-19 Vaccines for Pregnant Women After Re-analysisof CDC Study,” The Epoch Times, November 2, 2021 <https://www.theepochtimes.com/researchers-call-

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for-halt-on-covid-19-vaccines-for-pregnant-women-after-re-analysis-of-cdc-study_4081606.html>; Aleisha R.Brock & Simon Thornley, “Spontaneous Abortions and Policies on COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Use DuringPregnancy,” Science, Public Health Policy, and the Law, 4, 2021, pp. 130–143 <https://cf5e727d-d02d-4d71-89ff-9fe2d3ad957f.filesusr.com/ugd/adf864_2bd97450072f4364a65e5cf1d7384dd4.pdf>; Colleen Huber,“COVID vaccines may rival or exceed ‘the morning-after pill’ in abortion efficacy,” The Defeat of Covid,August 6, 2021 <https://colleenhuber.substack.com/p/covid-vaccines-may-rival-or-exceed>.

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