The State of Internationalization in

Higher Education

A German perspective

Assessing the Quality of Internationalization

February 26, 2015

Paris

1

Ulrich Grothus Deputy Secretary General of DAAD

The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) is …

2

A self-governing organisation

of German universities:

239 member universities

121 student bodies

Goals and tasks of the DAAD

3

EXPERTISE FOR

ACADEMIC

COLLABORATION

STRUCTURES FOR

INTERNATIONALISATION

SCHOLARSHIPS FOR

THE BEST

Three strategic areas of activity

Grant scholarships to the best

so that the professionals and leaders

of tomorrow can gain qualifications at

the best locations, prepare for positions

of responsibility and cultivate contacts

throughout the world.

Create structures that promote

internationalisation

so that higher education

institutions can improve the

quality of research and

instruction and address the

challenges of the future with

strong partners.

so that more people can cross

borders and achieve success in

study and research.

so that German remains an

important language of culture

and scholarship.

so that higher education

institutions may contribute to

development and build bridges

to surmount conflicts.

Offer expertise for academic

collaboration

so that academic and political leaders

are able to make well-informed policy

decisions.

Budget 2014

4

Federal Ministry for Economic

Cooperation and Development (BMZ):

€ 41 million = 9 %

European Union (EU):

€ 65 million = 15 %

Other funding bodies:

€ 55 million = 13 %

Federal Foreign Office (AA):

€ 177 million = 40 %

Federal Ministry of Education and

Research (BMBF):

€ 103 million = 23 %

€ 441

million

*Figures: 2014

Other

EU

BMZ BMBF

AA

Total:

DAAD Total Budget 1950 - 2014

5

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Mill

ion

Eu

ro

Definitions of „Internationalization“

6

„Internationalization of higher education is the process of integrating an international, intercultural or global dimension into the purpose, functions or delivery of post-secondary education.“

Jane KNIGHT, 2003

... all the policies and activities of governments and higher education institutions aimed at making higher education more responsive to the challenges of Europeanisation, internationalisation, and globalisation.

J. HUISMAN / M. v.d. WENDE, 2004

Mobility to and from (West) Germany

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Internationalstudents (%)

Internationalstudents (10,000)

Graduates withstudy abroad (%)

Graduates withstudy abroad(10,000)

Drivers of Internationalization

8

Academic

- improve quality of teaching and research

- prepare students for a globalized world

- enhance reputation

Economic

- income generation (fees)

- skilled immigration

Political

- „soft diplomacy“

Challenges Ahead

9

Tackle global issues

Cooperation vs. competition: global markets for higher

education

New media

Europe

Equity and access

A Changing Global Landscape of Research

10

Quelle: Monitoringbericht 2013 Pakt für Forschung und Innovation

Science Citation Index Expanded / Social Science Citation Index

What is a Strategy?

“Strategy is the use of the engagement for the purpose of

the war. The strategist must therefore define an aim for

the entire operational side of the war that will be in

accordance with its purpose. . . . The aim will determine

the series of actions intended to achieve it.“

Carl von Clausewitz, On War, III. 1.

(Howard / Paret translation, Princeton UP 1976, p. 177)

A Host of Strategies

12

DAAD 2020 (Feb. 2013)

The joint strategy of federal and Länder ministers of

higher education (April 2013)

The coalition agreement (November 2013)

Similar objectives:

- 350,000 international students by 2020

- 50% of domestic graduates having study abroad

- internationalization of curricula and faculty

and then: universities have their own strategies

13

2.1m

2000

3.0 m

2005

4.1 m

2010

4.3 m

2011

Quelle: OECD Education Online

International Students

Number of internationally mobile students

14

And Numbers Will Continue to Increase

Prognosen der Entwicklung internationaler Studierender

bis 2025 (OECD)

6,4 Mio.

2025

5,6 Mio.

4,5 Mio.

3,7 Mio

Quelle: Prognose OECD (2009): Higher Education to 2030, Volume 2:

Globalisation.

.

.

International Students in Major Host Countries

15 Quelle: OECD

709.565

559.948

203.823

D: 272.797

F: 268.212

A: 262.597

0

100.000

200.000

300.000

400.000

500.000

600.000

700.000

800.000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

USA

UK

Germany

France

Australia

Canada

350,000 International Students by 2020

16

Hold „market share“

Reform access in order to attract the best students

from around the world

Increase graduation rates

Immigration through study abroad

… and who is going to pay?

Participation Rates in Study Abroad:

Is There a Glass Ceiling?

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012

D

USA

NL

Going Forward to 50 per cent?

The Main Challenges

18

Reach out to underrepresented fields and social

groups

Make study abroad fit better into the domestic

curriculum („mobility windows“ / recognition)

Funding? Student aid is already portable.

19

From the Mobility of People to the Mobility of Programs:

Transnational Education

19

Strengthen the international reputation of

higher education institutions.

Promote the academic principles and

structures of the German system of

higher education.

Contribute to competence-building in

developing and emerging countries.

With transnational education

projects, the DAAD aims to:

EXPERTISE FOR

ACADEMIC

COLLABORATION

STRUCTURES FOR

INTERNATIONALISATION

SCHOLARSHIPS

FOR

THE BEST

TNE Projects of German higher education institutions

with DAAD funding

20

Internationalization@home

21

Changing curricula

Joint programs and degrees

Language policies

Impact of virtualization

International Faculty

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Int'l Professors

Int'l Academic Staff

Share of International Staff Slowly Increasing

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Int'l Professors (%)

Total Int'l Academic Staff(%)

The Networks of Scientific Collaboration

25

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

USA GBR GER FRA ITA BRA IND CHN RUS

"mobile"

"stationary"

Mobility and Scientific Impact M

edia

n journ

al sourc

e-n

orm

alis

ed

impact fa

cto

r per

paper

(1996

-2011)

Source: OECD (2013), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard

2013, based on OECD calculations applied to Scopus Custum Data, Elsevier,

version 5.2012, and SNIP2 database, www.journalmetrics.com, Elsevier,

Scimago and University of Leiden, May 2013

Benchmarking Internationalization

Student Mobility

26

12,1

14,3 14,1

Int'l Students

Erasmus OutErasmus In

HUZ

Big Universities

"Excellence Universities"

Highest Value for Big Uni

Zahlenbeschriftungen beziehen sich jeweils auf die fett gedruckte Kategorie.

Research and Academic Staff

27

12,6

9,2

5,9 15,3

16,8

IntStaff

IntProf

AvH FellowsDAAD Fellows

Intl DoctoratesHUZ

Big Univ

Best Big Univ

Excel. Univ.

The Rôle of a National Agency:

Scholarships for the Best

28

The DAAD wants to:

Ensure that candidates are selected

through a rigorous and fair competitive

process.

Enable scholarship holders to study and

conduct research successfully.

Cultivate a new generation of university

lecturers and the leaders of tomorrow.

EXPERTISE FOR

ACADEMIC

COLLABORATION

STRUCTURES FOR

INTERNATIONALISATION

SCHOLARSHIPS

FOR THE BEST

29

Competitive Funding for Institutions

The DAAD aims to:

Support higher education institutions as they

implement their own internationalisation

strategies.

Better integrate higher education institutions

of applied sciences/work-study programmes

into international cooperation.

Promote and use forms of virtual learning to

reach new target groups.

Adapt funding measures and

internationalisation structures to incorporate

diversity and life-long learning.

EXPERTISE FOR

ACADEMIC

COLLABORATION

STRUCTURES FOR

INTERNATIONALISATION

SCHOLARSHIPS

FOR

THE BEST

Competitive Funding for Institutions (continued)

30

Institution-based exchange programs

- short term mobility

- Erasmus type mobility

Institutional projects, e.g.:

- International degree programs

- joint/double degree programs

- strategic partnerships

Higher Education and Research Marketing

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GATE Germany: a national consortium of universities

Fairs, websites, brochures, social media

A network of 70 Branch Offices and Information

Centers

Expertise for Academic Collaboration

32

The DAAD wants to:

Enable institutions in education, science

and culture to make informed, strategic

decisions.

Offer comprehensive professional and

regional expertise on academic systems

and collaborations in higher education to

institutions of higher education, national

and international bodies in a more

systematic fashion.

EXPERTISE FOR

ACADEMIC

COLLABORATION

STRUCTURES FOR

INTERNATIONALISATION

SCHOLARSHIPS FOR

THE BEST

Expertise for Academic Cooperation (continued)

33

Knowledge Management

Continuing Education: International DAAD Academy

Advice to policy makers and institutions

Setting the internationalization agenda

Internationalization mainstreaming: What will internat

professionals be needed for in the future.

34

Thank you for your attention!

© M

ichael Jord

an