The State of the Art ofThe State of the Art ofthe Documentation of Philippine the Documentation of Philippine

LanguagesLanguages

Hsiu-chuan LiaoNational Tsing Hua University

The First International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation: Supporting Small Languages Together

Honolulu, Hawai‘i, March 12-14, 2009

Number of Philippine Languages Number of Philippine Languages

Ethnologue (Gordon 2005):

175 languages in total

Of these, 168 are Austronesian.

Previous Studies on the State of Previous Studies on the State of the Art of Philippine Linguisticsthe Art of Philippine Linguistics

Constantino 1971McKaughan 1971Reid 1981Quakenbush 2003, 2005Liao 2006

Philippine LanguagesPhilippine Languages——IaIa

Philippine languages (geographical): indigenous languages of the Philippines:

All Austronesian languages spoken in the Philippine archipelago (including the Sama-Bajaw or Samalanlanguages, which have been proposed to belong to the ‘Extended Barito Family’ of Southeast Borneo, rather than the Philippine subgroup) (Blust 2005)

Chabacano (a Spanish-based Creole)

Philippine LanguagesPhilippine Languages——IbIbAustronesian languages that have been proposed to be part of a Philippine subgroup but are not spoken in the geographic confines of the Philippine are excluded:

Yami: Taiwan

the Sangiric, Minahasan, and Gorontalic languages: northern Sulawesi

Languages that are spoken in the geographic confines of the Philippine but are not considered to be indigenous to it are excluded:

English, Spanish, and Chinese languages

Research QuestionsResearch Questions

What types of work have been done on the documentation of Philippine languages since the Independence of the Philippines in 1946?

Are these studies mainly done by Filipinos or non-Filipinos?

Studies on Philippine Languages: Studies on Philippine Languages: Three PeriodsThree Periods

The Spanish Period: started from the sixteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century

The American Period: started from 1900 and ended after World War II.

The Independence Period: started after the Independence of the Philippines in 1946.

Sources of Bibliographical InformationSources of Bibliographical InformationBibliography of the Summer Institute of Linguistics 1953-2003 (Johnson et al. 2003) A bibliography of Philippine Linguistics (Johnson 1996)Journal of Philippine Linguistics (1970-2009)Studies in Philippine Linguistics (SIPL) (now Studies in Philippine Languages and Cultures (SPLC))Annual Reports of Komisyon sa Wikang FilipinoAbstracts of theses and dissertations, Department of Linguistics, University of the PhilippinesWeb search

The Documentation of Philippine The Documentation of Philippine Languages: Since 1946Languages: Since 1946

Dictionaries/Lexicon/VocabularyGrammarsTexts

DictionariesDictionaries——IaIa

Dictionaries: 92– Major languages (i.e. languages that are spoken by

more than one million speakers): 47– Minor languages (i.e. languages that are spoken by

less than one million speakers): 35 [Sama-Bajaw(3); Chabacano(3)]

– Dictionaries of Technical Terms: 10 [6 + *4]

DictionariesDictionaries——IbIb: Major Languages: Major LanguagesMajor languages: 47– Tagalog/Filipino: 19 [slang (1); Fil-Chamorro-Eng(1)]– Cebuano: 5– Ilokano: 4 [Ilk-Fil-Eng (1)]– Hiligaynon/Ilonggo: 6 [Hil-Fil (1); Hil-Fil-Eng (2)]– Bikol: 4 [Eng-Fil-Bik (1)]– Samar-Leyte/Waray: 2 [Fil-Samar-Eng (1)]– Kapampangan: 3 [Kap-Fil (1)]– Pangasinan: 1 (Benton 1971)– Maranao: 1 – Magindanao: 2 [Magindanao-Fil (1)]

DictionariesDictionaries——IcIc: Minor Languages: Minor LanguagesMinor languages: 35– Ivatan (1); Itbayat (1)– Casiguran Dumagat Agta (1); Dupaningan Agta (1 [*paper/on-

line]); Yogad (1); Isnag (1); Ibanag (1); Ifugao (2); Bontok (2 [*1 on-line dictionary])

– Tina Sambal (1); Ayta Mag-anchi (1)– Masbatenyo (1); Romblomanon (1); Aklanon (1+*1); Tausug (3);

Mansaka (1)– Central Tagbanwa (1)– Agusan Manobo (1); Binukid (1); W. Bukidnon Manobo (1)– Hanunoo (1)– Tboli (1); Tirurai (1)– North Mangyan (1)– Yakan (2); Mapun (1)– Chabacano (3)

DictionariesDictionaries——Id: Id: Technical TermsTechnical Terms

Terms of Mass communication: 2 [1 + *1]Business Terms (in 7 languages): 2 [1 +*1]Military Terms: 2 [1 +*1]Agricultural Terms (in 7 languages): 1Terms in Art: 1Glossary of Rattan Industry: 1 (Barraca 2007)Wordlist on Copra Production: 1 (Rodil 2008)

DictionariesDictionaries——II: II: MicrogroupsMicrogroupsBashiic/Batanic: 2Cordilleran/Northern Luzon: 14 (5 + 9)Central Luzon: 5 (3 + 2)Inati: 0Kalamian: 0Greater Central Philippines: 52 + **1 [Central Philippines (44 = 36+8), South Mangyan (1+**1), Palawanic (1), Manobo (3), Danao (3), Subanun (0)]Bilic: 2North Mangyan: **1Sama-Bajaw: 3Chabacano: 3

DictionariesDictionaries——III: Languages III: Languages

Dictionaries: 92– Bilingual: 71 [English (63); Filipino (6); German (1);

Spanish (1)]– Monolingual: 3 [Filipino/Tagalog]– Trilingual: 15 [x-Fil-Eng (14); Fil-Chamorro-Eng(1)]– Multilingual (7 lgs): 3 [Eng-Fil-Seb-Hlg-Mar-Tau-

Mag]

Major DevelopmentMajor Development--I: I: Monolingual DictionariesMonolingual Dictionaries

– Diksyunaryo ng wikang Filipino (Linangan ng mgaWika sa Pilipinas 1989)

– Diksyunaryo ng wikang Filipino (Komisyon saWikang Filipino 1998)

– Diksiyunaryong monolingwal sa Filipino(Gonzalez 2005)

Major DevelopmentMajor Development--II: II: Bilingual DictionariesBilingual Dictionaries

– Diksiyonaryong Hiligaynon-Filipino (Alcantara 1997) – Pampango Filipino Lexicon (Komisyon sa Wikang

Filipino (KWF))– Maguindanawn Filipino Lexicon (KWF)– Akean-Filipino Leksikon (old) (KWF)– Leksikong Akean-Filipino (new) (KWF)– Ibanag Filipino Lexicon (KWF)

Major DevelopmentMajor Development--IIIaIIIa: : Trilingual DictionariesTrilingual Dictionaries

– Modern English-Pilipino-Pampango dictionary (Tunglo1987)

– English-Tina Sambal-Filipino dictionary (Elgincolin et al. 1988)

– Ivatan-Filipino-English dictionary: The cultural dictionary of Batanes (Hidalgo et al. 1998)

– Katawagan: Hiligaynon-Filipino-Ingles (Komisyon saWikang Filipino 2000)

– Bokabularyong traylinggwal: Ilocano-Filipino-English(Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino 2003)

Major DevelopmentMajor Development--IIIbIIIb: : Trilingual DictionariesTrilingual Dictionaries

– Hiligaynon-Filipino-Ingles (KWF)– Diksyunaryo Filipino-Samar-Ingles (KWF)– Diksyunaryo English-Filipino-Bikol (KWF)– Bokabularyong Traylinggwal Tausug-Filipino-English

[1999] (KWF)– Diksyunaryong Chabacano-Filipino-Ingles (KWF)

– Traylinggwal ng Diksyunaryong Pang-MassCom [old] (KWF)

– Traylinggwal na Diksyunaryong Pang-Mass Communication [new] (KWF)

Major DevelopmentMajor Development--IV: Technical TermsIV: Technical Terms– Mga Terminong Pansakahan sa Pitong Diyalekto (KWF)

‘agricultural terms (7 lgs)’– Tumbasang Diksyunaryo ng mga Katawagan Pangmilitar: (Ingles-

Fil.-Seb.-Hlg. -Mar.-Tau.-Mag.) [old] (KWF) ‘military terms (7 lgs)’

– Tumbasang Diksyunaryo ng mga Katawagang Pangmilitary [new] (KWF)

– Diksyunaryong Panghanapbuhay [old] (KWF) ‘business terms’– Diksyunaryo ng mga Katawagang Panghanapbuhay [new] (KWF)– Mga Katawagan sa Sining (KWF) ‘terms in art’

– Traylinggwal ng Diksyunaryong Pang-MassCom [old] (KWF) ‘mass communication’

– Traylinggwal na Diksyunaryong Pang-Mass Communication [new] (KWF)

GrammarsGrammars——IaIa

Grammars: 90 publications– Major languages: 38– Minor languages: 52 [Sama-Bajaw (4); Chabacano (1)]

GrammarsGrammars——IbIb: Major Languages: Major LanguagesMajor languages (38)– Tagalog/ Filipino: 11– Cebuano: 3– Ilokano: 9– Hiligaynon/Ilonggo: 3– Bikol: 3– Waray/ Samar-Leyte: 1 (Diller 1971)– Kapampangan: 6– Pangasinan: 2 (Amurrio 1970; Benton 1971) – Maranao: 0– Magindanao: 0

GrammarsGrammars——1c: Minor Languages1c: Minor Languages

Minor languages (52)– Cordilleran/Northern Luzon languages: 18– Central Philippine languages: 8– Manobo languages: 6

GrammarsGrammars——II: II: MicrogroupsMicrogroupsBashiic/Batanic: 3Cordilleran/Northern Luzon: 29 [11 +18]Central Luzon: 10 [6+ 4]Inati: 0Kalamian: 0Greater Central Philippines: 40+**1 [Central Philippines (29 = 21 + 8), South Mangyan (1+**1), Palawanic (2), Manobo (6), Danao (0), Subanun (2)]Bilic: 1North Mangyan: 1 + **1Sama-Bajaw: 1Chabacano: 4

TextsTexts——I I 24 texts (2 + 22)– Mainly of minor languages (esp. Northern Luzon

languages and Manobo languages)

Mainly done by SIL linguists

TextsTexts——II II

Main publication outlets of texts– Studies in Philippine Linguistics (SIPL) (now

Studies in Philippine Languages and Cultures (SPLC))

– Linguistic Society of the Philippines (LSP) Special Monograph Series

– Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim (ELPR) Publications Series

– De La Salle University Press

ObservationObservation--IITagalog (or Filipino) has been the most well documented language (since the Spanish Period).

Among other major languages, Ilokano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon/Ilonggo, Kapampangan, and Bikol are more well-documented than Samar-Leyte/Waray, Pangasinan, Maranao, and Magindanao.

Nearly no documentation (as well as other kind of linguistic studies) has been done on Pangasinan after 1971.

[Lomboy, Russel R. 2009. A survey on the status of the Pangasinanlanguage: Attitudes of speakers and domains of use. MA thesis, the Department of Linguistics, Bilingual Education, and Literature, Philippine Normal University.]

ObservationObservation--IIII

Northern Luzon languages, Bashiic languages, Manobo languages, Sama-Bajaw languages, and Chabacano appear to have been more well documented than Central Luzon languages, North Mangyan languages, South Mangyan languages, Kalamian languages, and Subanun languages.

ObservationObservation--IIIIII

Relatively few documentations have been done on the Negrito languages of the Philippines. – Dictionaries: 4 (92 in total)– Grammars: 8 (90 in total)

[mainly done by SIL linguists]– Texts: 2 (24 in total)

FilipinosFilipinos’’ Involvement in the Documentation Involvement in the Documentation of Philippine Languagesof Philippine Languages——II

Are documentations of Philippine languages mainly done by Filipinos or non-Filipinos?Dictionaries: 45 (92 entries in total)– Major languages: 25 (47 in total)

[mainly done by Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF)]

– Minor languages: 6 (35 in total)

– Dictionaries of technical terms: 10 (10 entries in total) [mainly done by Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF)]

FilipinosFilipinos’’ Involvement in the Documentation Involvement in the Documentation of Philippine Languagesof Philippine Languages——IIII

Are documentations of Philippine languages mainly done by Filipinos or non-Filipinos?– Most documentations of Philippine languages have been

done by non-Filipinos.

– In the 1970s, a number of linguists affiliated with the University of Hawai‘i were involved in thedocumentations of Philippine languages.

– After the 1970s, most documentations of Philippine languages have been done by SIL linguists.

RecommendationRecommendation--II

More works should be done on the following major languages: Pangasinan, Samar-Leyte/Waray, Maranao, and Magindanao.

Detailed reference grammars with the quality of Schachter and Otanes’s (1972) Tagalog reference grammar should be prepared for other major languages as well, and if possible, also for minor languages.

RecommendationRecommendation--IIII

Documentation of minor languages, especially of the 30 extant Negrito languages, is in urgent need.

Documentation of the following non-Negrito languages and/or language groups is of special need: North Mangyan languages, South Mangyanlanguages, Subanun languages, and Central Luzon languages.

RecommendationRecommendation--IIIIII

More local Filipinos’ involvement in the documentation of Philippine languages is needed.– Courses on Philippine linguistics and/or Austronesian

linguistics need to be offered by most, if not all, major universities in the Philippines.

Selected References

Gordon, Raymond G., Jr., ed. 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the world, 15th edition. (http://www.ethnologue.com/)

Constantino, Ernesto. 1971. Tagalog and other major languages of the Philippines. In Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 8: Linguistics in Oceania, ed. by Thomas A. Sebeok, 112-154. The Hague and Paris: Mouton.

McKaughan, Howard P. 1971. Minor languages of the Philippines. Current Trends in Linguistics, Volume 8: Linguistics in Oceania, Part One, ed. by Thomas A. Sebeok, 155-167. The Hague: Mouton.

Quakenbush, J. Stephen. 2005. Philippine linguistics from an SIL perspective: Trends and prospects. In Current issues in Philippine linguistics and anthropology: Parangal kayLawrence A. Reid, ed. by Hsiu-chuan Liao and Carl R. Galvez Rubino, 3-27. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines.

Reid, Lawrence A. 1981. Philippine linguistics: The state of the art: 1970-1980. In Philippine studies: Political science, economics, and linguistics, ed. by Don V. Hart, 212-273. DeKalb: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University.

Johnson, Rex E., compiler. 1996. A bibliography of Philippine linguistics. Linguistic Society of the Philippines Special Monograph Issue No. 39. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.

Johnson, Rex A., Grace O. Tan, and Cynthia Goshert, compilers. 2003. Bibliography of the Summer Institute of Linguistics Philippines 1953-2003 (50th Anniversary Edition). Manila: Summer Institute of Linguistics Philippines. [Bibliography alphabetically listed by language names]

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

Ministry of Education, Taiwan

Ricky NolascoAlice KaraanMay Ocampo-ViajeTeresita Fortunato