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The State of the Global The State of the Global The State of the Global The State of the Global Crop Innovation System Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis Conference on the FutureofF armsand Food in Canada Chateau Laurier, Ottawa, Canada January 1314, 2011 Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics University of California Agricultural Issues Center

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Page 1: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

The State of the GlobalThe State of the GlobalThe State of the Global The State of the Global Crop Innovation SystemCrop Innovation System

Julian M. Alston  University of California, Davis

Conference on  the Future of Farms and Food in CanadaCo e e ce o t e utu e o a s a d ood Ca adaChateau Laurier, Ottawa, Canada

January 13‐14, 2011

Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics

University of California Agricultural Issues Center

Page 2: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Key PointsKey Points

1. High rates of return to agricultural R&DImplies persistent underinvestment—why is it so?

2. Shifting patterns of public support for R&DHigh‐income countries

Slowdown in spending growth

Diminishing share for on‐farm productivity enhancement

A different pattern in Brazil, China, and Indiap

3. Shifting productivity patternsProductivity slowdown in high‐income countries

A different pattern in Brazil, China, and India

4. Implications—institutional reform required?Enhance rates of research investment, restore productivity growth, reduce pressure on natural resource stocks

Page 3: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Rates of return to agricultural R&DRates of return to agricultural R&DRates of return to agricultural R&DRates of return to agricultural R&D

Page 4: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Stylized Representation of Research Benefits and CostsStylized Representation of Research Benefits and Costs

Gross annual benefits (dollars per year)

Research Benefits

0 5 10 15 20 25 300 5 10 15 20 25 30

Research CostsYear

R&D Lag

Adoption Process

Page 5: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Meta Evidence from Literature Prior to 2000Meta Evidence from Literature Prior to 2000

Mean : 82.1 % per annum, real

1 821 b ti1,821 observations

292 studies

Source.  Alston, J.M., C. Chan‐Kang, M.C. Marra, P.G. Pardey, and T J Wyatt. A Meta‐Analysis of the Rates of Return to Agricultural R&D: Ex Pede Herculem.  IFPRI Research Report No. 113, 2000.

Page 6: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Key Points from the MetaKey Points from the Meta‐‐AnalysisAnalysis

Challenge:Whi h h d t d b h d h ibl f– Which research, conducted by whom, and when was responsible for observed productivity growth? 

Attribution Issues– Long time lags in knowledge creation and adoption

Spatial spillovers among states and countries– Spatial spillovers among states and countries

– What is the relevant counterfactual alternative?

Studies have tended to overstate rates of return as a result of attribution biases . . .  but true returns are still very large

Page 7: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

New EvidenceNew EvidencePersistence Pays: U.S. Agricultural Productivity Growth and the B fi f P bli R&D S diBenefits from Public R&D Spending.J.M. Alston, M.A. Andersen, J.S. James, and P.G. PardeySpringer, January 2010

Page 8: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Agricultural Technology Timelines Agricultural Technology Timelines Hybrid Corn Bt Corn

1877Beal conducts first controlled crosses/hybrid vigor 1901

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) discovered in Japan (and 1911 in Germany)

1905‐1912Shull developed correct understanding of inbreeding and cross breeding 1950s Bt used as a control agent and registered1905 1912 inbreeding and cross breeding 1950s

1917 James developed double cross‐hybrid 1986 Cry1Ab gene sequence published

I St t t ti b i b di C 1Ab l d i t t l i1922

Iowa State station began corn in‐breeding program 1986

Cry1Ab cloned into root colonyzing Pseudomonas bacteria

1933First commercial planting of Hybrid Iowa 939 developed by Merle Jenkins 1992

YieldGard insect protected corn event Mon810 produced by "gene gun"

1936

First release of a widely popular double‐cross hybrid developed at Purdue University

1996 FDA, USDA & EPA approvals for Yield Guard

Vastly improved in‐breds led to shift to  Bt corn (corn borer protection) 1960

ast y p o ed b eds ed to s t tosingle‐cross hybrids 1997

t co (co bo e p otect o )commercialized in U.S.

1960 95 percent of U.S. corn acreage in hybrids 1998Stacked with other traits (e.g. herbicide tolerance)

2004U.S. patent issued to Monsanto for Mon810

2008 Regulatory approval in 20 countries

Source: Alston et al. (2010).

Page 9: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Share of acreage planted to different types of corn Share of acreage planted to different types of corn varietiesvarieties——years to reach 80 % adoptionyears to reach 80 % adoption

100Percentage

varietiesvarieties years to reach 80 % adoptionyears to reach 80 % adoption

80

90

Hybrid corn

50

60

70y

19 years 13 yrs

30

40

50

GE corn

19 years 13 yrs

0

10

20GE corn

0

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Page 10: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Agricultural Technology Timelines Agricultural Technology Timelines 

1970 Glyphosphate shown to have herbicidal activity 1992 Project initiated by Ingo Potrykus

Roundup Ready Soybean Golden Rice

1976 Roundup herbicide commercialized in U.S. 1999One daffodil and one soil bacterium introduced to Japonica rice to express beta‐carotene 

1980 Idnetification of 3 mechanisms to infer  2001 Humanitarian lisence agreement with 1980 Idnetification of 3 mechanisms to inferglyphosphate tolerance 2001 Humanitarian lisence agreement with

Syngenta

Late 1980s Several genes encoding glyphospate insensitivity isolated 2002 Trait expressed in Indian rice

1987 First soybean transformation achieved 2004 First field trial in Louisiana

1990 & 91 Glyphosphate tolerant seeds evaluated 2005 Enhanced expression of beta‐carotene

1996 Roundup Ready Soybeans commercialized 2007 Bioavailability studies launched

2012 Anticipated commercialization of technology

Source: Alston et al. (2010).

Page 11: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

R&D Lags (United States)R&D Lags (United States)

Panel a: Varietal Adoption Lags

90

100

Panel b: Aggregate R&D‐Productivity40

50

60

70

80

percen

t

Hybrid corn

Semidwarf wheat

GE corn

0.10Weight

Panel b: Aggregate R&D‐Productivity 

0

10

20

30

40

0 3 6 9 2 5 8 1 4 7 0 3 6 9 2 5 8 1 4 7 0 3 6 9 2 5 8 1 4 7

Semi‐dwarfrice

GE soybeans

0.06

0.08

Trapezoidal

1920

1923

1926

1929

1932

1935

1938

1941

1944

1947

1950

1953

1956

1959

1962

1965

1968

1971

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

0.02

0.04

Gamma

0.00

0 10 20 30 40 50Years

Source: Pardey and Chan‐Kang (2011) and Alston et al. (2010).

Page 12: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

The Tyranny of the Red QueenThe Tyranny of the Red Queen

Crop varietal innovations masked by– Changing location of production => adaptive research

– Co‐evolving pests and diseases  => maintenance research

The “Red Queen” effect

"Well, in our country," said Alice, still panting a little, "you'd generally get to somewhere else — if you run very fast for a long time, as we've been doing.“

"A slow sort of country!" said the Queen. "Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that!"

– Through the Looking Glass

Page 13: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Marginal Returns to U.S. Public Agricultural R&EMarginal Returns to U.S. Public Agricultural R&E

R t t

Benefit‐Cost Ratio (3% real discount rate)Returns to  (3% real discount rate)  

Own‐State  National 

ratioState R&E  48‐State Average  21.0  32.1   48‐State Minimum  2.4  9.9   48‐State Maximum  57.8 69.2  

     USDA Research    17.5   

  

Benefit cost ratios seem very bigBenefit cost ratios seem very big

Page 14: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Marginal Returns to U.S. Public Agricultural R&EMarginal Returns to U.S. Public Agricultural R&E

R t t

Benefit‐Cost Ratio (3% real discount rate)

Real Internal  Rate of ReturnReturns to  (3% real discount rate)   Rate of Return

Own‐State  National  Own‐State  National 

ratio   percent per yearState R&E  

p p y

48‐State Average  21.0  32.1    18.9  22.7 48‐State Minimum  2.4  9.9    7.4  15.3 48‐State Maximum  57.8  69.2    27.6  29.1 

         USDA Research    17.5      18.7 

          

Benefit cost ratios seem very big . . .  but the implied IRRs are comparatively modestBenefit cost ratios seem very big . . .  but the implied IRRs are comparatively modestreflecting the very long lags and other modeling details (improvements)reflecting the very long lags and other modeling details (improvements)

Page 15: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

U S science spendingU S science spendingU.S. science spendingU.S. science spending

Page 16: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

U.S. Science Spending, 2008U.S. Science Spending, 2008

Other

Total Science By Performer

Food and Agriculture  $9.6 billion, 

2%Academic

Government$42b, 11%

Other$16b, 4%

Government(USDA) $1.5b, 16%

$51b, 13% Academic(SAES)$3.7b, 39%

Business$289b, 73%

Business$4.4b, 46%

T t l F d d$ Total Science

Food and Agriculture

$398 billion

Source: NSB (2010), USDA, CRIS (various years), and Dehmer and Pardey (2011)

Page 17: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Public and Private Agricultural R&D, 1950Public and Private Agricultural R&D, 1950––20092009

9

10 Total

Billions of dollars (2005 prices)

$9.6 billion (nominal dollars)

5

6

7

8

Private

1

2

3

4

Public

80Percentage

Food processing shareof private

0

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

40

50

60

70of private 

46%

59%

0

10

20

30Private share of total agricultural R&D

0

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Source: Dehmer and Pardey (2011)

Page 18: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

U.S. Agricultural Research Spending, 1950U.S. Agricultural Research Spending, 1950‐‐20092009

% per earAverage Annual Growth Rate

3.5

4.0

% per year

2.0

2.5

3.0

1.0

1.5

0.0

0.5

1950s & 1960s  1970s & 1980s 1990s & 2000s

Source: Pardey et al. (2011) with data from USDA, CRIS (various years)

Page 19: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

USDA Role in Funding SAES Research, 1970USDA Role in Funding SAES Research, 1970––20092009

70

80

percentage

USDA share of total federal

60

70

NIFA cum CSREES share of total federal

40

50

Federal share of SAES

20

30

0

10

1890 1905 1920 1935 1950 1965 1980 1995

NIFA cum CSREES share of SAES 

20091890 1905 1920 1935 1950 1965 1980 1995

Source: Pardey et al. (2011) with data from USDA, CRIS (various years)

Page 20: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Farm Productivity Share of SAES Research, 1976Farm Productivity Share of SAES Research, 1976‐‐20092009

69

71

percentage

65

67

61

63

57

59

55

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

Source: Pardey et al. (2011) with data from USDA, CRIS (various years)

Page 21: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Farm Productivity Share by State, 1976 and 2009Farm Productivity Share by State, 1976 and 20091976

1012141618

1976Number of states

U.S. overall = 65%

0246810

45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 00<4

45 to

 5

50 to

 5

55 to

 6

60 to

 6

65 to

 7

70 to

 7

75 to

 8

80 to

 10

2009Number of states

U S overall = 56%

68

101214

16U.S. overall = 56%

0

24

6

<45

to 50

to 55

to 60

to 65

to 70

to 75

to 80

o 10

0

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 t o

Source: Pardey et al. (2011) with data from USDA, CRIS (various years)

Page 22: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Global science spendingGlobal science spendingGlobal science spendingGlobal science spending

Page 23: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Global Science Spending Landscape, 2000Global Science Spending Landscape, 2000

Low+middle income

Total Science Food & Agricultural R&D

Agricultural R&D, 5%

income private, 2%

Low+middle income 

public, 27%

Other High income public (excl. U.S.), 

27%

U.S. public, 11%

Other R&D, 95%

Other High income 

private (excl. U.S.), 24%

U.S. private, 9%

$782 7 billion $37 5 billion$782.7 billion $37.5 billion

Note: Spending in 2005 prices

Source: NSB (2010), USDA, CRIS (various years), and Dehmer and Pardey (2011)

Page 24: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Food and Agricultural Research Intensity RatiosFood and Agricultural Research Intensity Ratios

Panel a: Public Panel b: Public and Private

4.0

5.0

6.0

ge

4.0

5.0

6.0

e

1.0

2.0

3.0

percen

tag

1.0

2.0

3.0

percen

tage

0.0

Low and middle income countries

High income countries

0.0

Low and middle income countries

High income countries

1970s                 1980s                     1990s              2000s

Source: Pardey and Pingali (2010).

Page 25: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Public Food and Agricultural Research ExpendituresPublic Food and Agricultural Research Expenditures

8.0

% per year

Average Annual Growth Rate

6.0

2 0

4.0

0.0

2.0

Low and middle income SSA High income

‐2.0

1970s                 1980s                     1990s              2000s

Source: Pardey and Pingali (2010).

Page 26: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Productivity patternsProductivity patternsProductivity patternsProductivity patterns

Page 27: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Sources . . . Sources . . . The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Production and Productivity Worldwide March 2010 (CARD Iowa State University MATRIC e book)March 2010 (CARD, Iowa State University, MATRIC e‐book) 

Julian Alston, Bruce Babcock, and Philip Pardey (editors)

23 authors, 15 chapters

5 h l b l i l i5 chapters => global overview, general issues

10 country‐specific chapters– Argentina– Australia and New ZealandAustralia and New Zealand– Canada– China– India– Indonesia– Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe– South Africa– United KingdomUnited Kingdom– United States

Page 28: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Sources . . . Sources . . . 

Diverging Agricultural Productivity Paths—International Competitiveness and Food Security in the Long Run (theme in Choices, Fall 2009)

Julian Alston and Philip Pardey (theme editors)Six articles:Six articles:

– Theme overview

– Global patterns

Canada– Canada

– China

– Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

– United States

Page 29: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Main pointsMain pointsEvidence of a significant pervasive slowdown in agricultural productivity growth since 1990 or thereabouts

China is an important exception with faster growth reflecting institutional change and other factors

The converse applies for FSU and Central European countries 

Similar patterns emerge using various measures– Commodity prices

– Crop yields

Production per unit of land or labor– Production per unit of land or labor

– Multifactor productivity measures where available 

Australia Canada United States United KingdomAustralia, Canada, United States, United Kingdom

Page 30: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Global Crop Yield Growth Rates, 1961Global Crop Yield Growth Rates, 1961‐‐20072007

Maize Wheat Rice Soybeans

Group 1961‐90 1990‐07 1961‐90 1990‐07 1961‐90 1990‐07 1961‐90 1990‐07

(percent per year)(percent per year)

World 2.20 1.77 2.95 0.52 2.19 0.96 1.79 1.08

High Income 2.34 1.48 2.47 0.06 1.07 0.54 1.14 0.02

Middl I 2 41 2 12 3 23 0 85 2 54 0 81 3 21 2 08Middle Income 2.41 2.12 3.23 0.85 2.54 0.81 3.21 2.08

Low Income 1.07 0.65 1.32 2.15 1.46 2.16 2.63 0.00

Source: Alston, Beddow and Pardey (2010).

Page 31: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Growth in Agricultural Land and Labor Productivity, 1961Growth in Agricultural Land and Labor Productivity, 1961‐‐20052005

Land Productivity Labor ProductivityGroup

Land Productivity Labor Productivity1961‐90 1990‐05 1961‐90 1990‐05

World 2.03 1.82 1.12 1.36excl. China 1.90 1.19 1.21 0.42excl. China & USSR 1.91 1.57 1.13 0.73

Latin America 2.17 2.83 2.15 3.53Asia 2 56 3 01 1 83 2 72Asia 2.56 3.01 1.83 2.72

excl. China 2.45 1.83 1.69 1.24China 2.81 4.50 2.29 4.45

Africa 2.18 2.21 0.68 0.90

Source: Alston, Beddow and Pardey (2010).

Page 32: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Growth in Agricultural Land and Labor Productivity, 1961Growth in Agricultural Land and Labor Productivity, 1961‐‐20052005

Land Productivity Labor ProductivityGroup

Land Productivity Labor Productivity1961‐90 1990‐05 1961‐90 1990‐05

World 2.03 1.82 1.12 1.36excl. China 1.90 1.19 1.21 0.42excl. China & USSR 1.91 1.57 1.13 0.73

Latin America 2.17 2.83 2.15 3.53Asia 2.56 3.01 1.83 2.72Asia 2.56 3.01 1.83 2.72

excl. China 2.45 1.83 1.69 1.24China 2.81 4.50 2.29 4.45

Africa 2.18 2.21 0.68 0.90

Low Income Countries 2.00 2.39 0.46 1.03Middle Income Countries 2.35 2.30 1.51 2.02

excl China 2 18 1 37 0 39 0 81excl. China 2.18 1.37 0.39 0.81High Income Countries 1.61 0.72 4.26 4.18

Top 20 Producers 2.11 2.16 1.17 1.77excl. China 1.98 1.38 1.33 0.63

Other Producers 1.74 0.88 1.00 0.07

Source: Alston, Beddow and Pardey (2010).

Page 33: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

MFP Growth Rates, 1949MFP Growth Rates, 1949‐‐2002 and 19902002 and 1990‐‐20022002,,

1949‐2002 1990‐20021949‐2002 1990‐2002

Pre‐1990 Post‐19902.02% per year

Post 19900.97% per year 

Page 34: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Real U.S. Commodity Prices, 1924Real U.S. Commodity Prices, 1924‐‐2008 2008 (Deflator = (Deflator = CPICPI‐‐U )U )

160

180Period

CommodityMaize Wheat Rice Soybean

1924-2005 -1.08 -0.73 -1.53 -1.17

Index = 100 in 1924Index = 100 in 1924 Growth Rates, Percent per YearGrowth Rates, Percent per Year

120

140

160Rice

Soy

Wheat

Maize

1924 2005 1.08 0.73 1.53 1.171950-2005 -2.61 -2.16 -2.51 -1.561975-2005 -3.93 -3.30 -3.68 -2.59

1975-1990 -4.45 -3.59 -4.84 -2.891990-2005 -3 22 -0 63 -1 96 -2 28

80

100

120 1990 2005 3.22 0.63 1.96 2.282000-2005 -2.04 1.59 1.10 1.31

60 percent decline since mid 1970s!

40

60What will commodity prices do over the next 40 years?

A return to the rapid real declines of 

0

20

the 1970s and 1980s?

A continuation of the recent pattern?

What are the key determinants?

1924

1927

1930

1933

1936

1939

1942

1945

1948

1951

1954

1957

1960

1963

1966

1969

1972

1975

1978

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

What are the key determinants?

Alston, Beddow, and Pardey (2009). Mendel versus Malthus: Research, Productivity and Food Prices in the Long Run

Page 35: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

U.S. Policy OptionsU.S. Policy Options

Reinvesting in agricultural R&D

Redirecting federal tax revenue to agricultural R&D

Priorities within the agricultural budget

nutrition vs farm subsidies vs R&D

Co‐financing arrangements

Research levy with a public match 

F i li f biFarmers , input suppliers, post‐farm processors, bio‐energy and other industries that benefit from R&D

Si il id b l t f C dSimilar ideas may be relevant for Canada

Page 36: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Selected Sources

Alston, J.M., M.A. Andersen, J.S. James, and P.G. Pardey. Persistence Pays: U.S. Agricultural Productivity Growth and the Benefits from Public R&DSpending. New York: Springer, 2010.

Alston, J.M., BA. Babcock and P.G. Pardey. The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Production and Productivity Worldwide, Ames IA: Iowa State University, CARD‐MATRIC e‐book, 2010.

Pardey, P.G. and J.M. Alston. U.S. Agricultural Research in a Global Food Security Setting. A Report of the CSIS Task Force on Food Security. y g p yWashington D.C.: Center for Strategic International Studies, January 2010.

Pardey PG and PL Pingali “Reassessing International Agricultural ResearchPardey , P.G. and P.L. Pingali.  Reassessing International Agricultural Research for Food and Agriculture.” Report prepared for the Global Conference on Agricultural Research for Development (GCARD), Montpellier, France, 28‐31 March 2010 .

Page 37: The State of the Global - University of GuelphThe State of the Global Crop Innovation System Julian M. Alston University of California, Davis CoCo e e cenference on ttehe Futuutu ere

Thank You!

[email protected]@ucdavis.edu