the status, research progress, and new application of soil inventory in japanese agricultural land...

The status, research progress, and li ti f il i t i new application of soil inventory in Japanese agricultural land

Yusuke Takata, Hiroshi Obara, Kazunori Kohyama, and Kazuyuki YagiNational Institute for Agro‐Environmental Science (NIAES)

ContentsHi t f ti l il

Researchers of our institute, as well as other soil scientists in Japan, have actively contributed to

History of national soil survey program and status of soil inventories

p , ythe activities of Asian soil science network over a period of many years. Recently, many of these activities are based on the East and Southeast

Application of soil inventory 1- Agro-environmental indicators -

activities are based on the East and Southeast Asia Federation of Soil Science and Society（ESAFS） and its soil information WG is a good example Therefore We hope that GSP Asian RSP

Application of soil inventory 2- Status of utilization and demands of soil

example. Therefore, We hope that GSP Asian RSP builds close collaboration with these existing networks and contribute to the development of

ti t hi f t i bl t f Status of utilization and demands of soil information in Japan -

active partnership for sustainable management of soil resources in Asia.

Agro-geological Maps (1:100,000)

History of National Soil Survey Programs in Japanese Agricultural Land (1885-1948)

Max Fesca(1845-1919)

©Tokyo Univ.

Map unitS il T t /Soil Texture/Geological Condition


・Soil Survey for Improving Fertilizer application(1953-1961)

Mainly in paddy field about 200 000 pedons were surveyed

・ Fundamental Soil Survey for Soil Fertility Conservation(1959-1978)

Mainly in paddy field, about 200,000 pedons were surveyed.

(1959-1978)

Mainly in upland field, the survey density was 500m.

Summaries of Pedon dataset (47 prefectures) Cultivated soil maps (1:50,000)

Digitalized and updated cultivated soil maps (1: 50,000)Digitalized soil inventory

Cultivated soil maps (1:50,000)Benchmarked soil

pedon databaseDigital soil map

Benchmarked soil dataset Updating soil-land map(about 20,000sites)

・Soil Survey for Improving Fertilizer application

F d t l S il S ・ Fundamental Soil Survey for Soil Fertility Conservation

Urban sprawl impacts on fertile soils


Basic Soil - Environment MonitoringAbout 20,000 monitoring sites.5 year interval (Since 1979)

Basic Soil - Environment Monitoring

Site information Soil profile description

5-year-interval (Since 1979)

800

・Site ・Latitude Longitude・Soil type ・Sampling date

・Depth of horizons・Color・StructureothersO5

mg/100g)

600

PSampling dateothers

Activity data

others

Soil propertiesosphate (P2O

4001979-

1984Available P

Activity data

・Soil treatment・Fertilizer applicationC t ti

Soil properties

pH, EC, Soil texture, C and N content, Bulk density available P CEC

Location of stationary it i ita

ilable Pho

200

1984-

1989-

1994-

A

・Crop rotation・Irrigation/Drainageothers

density, available P, CEC, Ex-cations, pF, Solid-liquid-gaseous phase, Hydraulic conductivity,

monitoring sites.

land use

greenhousepastureorcharduplandpaddy

Ava

0 1998

Paddy Upland Orchard Pasture Greenhouse

others

History of National Soil Survey Programs in Japanese Agricultural Land (1999-)

1) Soil survey program for monitoring soil function1) Soil survey program for monitoring soil function(1999 - )

Downsizing of the Basic soil-environment monitoring (Monitoring sites were decreased from 20 000 to 5 000)

2) A national soil survey program for monitoring soil carbon content and soil management in Japan

(Monitoring sites were decreased from 20,000 to 5,000)

carbon content and soil management in Japan(2008 - )

In order to monitor variations in soil carbon content of arable lands and effects of agricultural management practices (3,500 monitoring sites)effects of agricultural management practices (3,500 monitoring sites)

・Developing the Comprehensive soil classification system of Japan (seamless between cultivated and forest area)

・Upgrading a seamless digital soil map at scale 1: 250,000 using the Comprehensive soil classification system (also WRB 2006 will be used)WRB 2006 will be used).

ContentsContentsHistory of national soil survey program and status of soil inventories and status of soil inventories


Application of soil inventory 2Application of soil inventory 2- Status of utilization and demands of soil information in Japan -

Cultivated soil area in JapanSoil Group Area (x1000 ha)No. of

1973 1992 2001Gray Lowland 9 Fluvisols, 1275 1157 1072

Soil Group(WRB)

Area (x1000 ha)Soil Group

No. ofSoil Series Group

ysoils

9 ,Gley soils

1275 1157 1072

Gley soils 7 Fluvisols 1027 908 848Gley soils 7 Fluvisols 1027 908 848

Andosols 5 Andosols 1007 944 879

Brown Forestsoils

3 Cambisols 483 426 362soils

Wet Andosols 5 GleyicAndosols

384 419 397

Other soils 31 1498 1347 1231

Total 5675 5202 4790

Application of soil inventory in Japanese agricultural land 1Agro-environmental indicators

Soil Erodibility Soil Carbon Radioactive Cs

Concentration mapSoil Erodibility(K) factor Map

Soil Carbon Stock Map

Concentration map(Aug. 2011)

Available Water Content

Soil Nitrogen Stock Map

Soil Temperature Map

S il b t k

Categorical methodSoil carbon stock map (delineated by categorical method)

In general, categorical method is Soil carbon content (g/kg)

“Basic Soil-Environmental Monitoring Project” data

used for delineation of soil carbon and nitrogen stock at national scale.

Soil carbon content (g/kg) Bulk density 0 cm

Calculating average value of carbon and nitrogen stock by soil and/or land use type

1cmuse type

But, 30 cmCategorical method has an

i t l bi Low

30 cmAveraging per soil series group and land use type (SSG LU categories) in

environmental bias.

Hi h

(SSG_LU categories) in each 1cm layer.

High

60 SSG and 4 land use (paddy, upland, orchard, grassland)240 SSG_LU categories

About 20,000 monitoring sites.5-year-interval (Since 1979)

Basic Soil - Environment Monitoring Cultivated Soil Map (1:50,0000)

5 year interval (Since 1979)

AndosolsWet AndosolsBrown Forest soilsGray Lowland soilsGley soilsOther Soil Groups

Digital Elevation Model (50m)Soil Temperature Map (1 km)

Environmental bias (Soil temperature)Residuals (tC/ha) M d l C t i l l

4SCS

= Measured values – Categorical values ＊Residuals (tC/ha) > 0; Underestimation ＊Residuals (tC/ha) < 0; Overestimation

sidu

als

) 0

2

4SCSa b c c

a b c ca b c c

a b c bca a b ab

C l i U d ti t d Both SCS and TN

erag

e R

es(tC

/ha

‐4

‐2Cool region; Underestimated Warm region; Overestimated Av

‐6

0.1TN a b b b a b b b a a b b a a b ab ab a b ab

Warm region; Overestimated

Res

idua

ls

ha)

‐0 2

‐0.1

0

Aver

age

R(tN

/h

21－30cm‐0.4

‐0.3

0.2

0－5cm 6－10cm 11－15cm 16－20cm

A

Frigid (0‐8 oC) Mesic (8‐15 oC)Thermic (15‐22 oC) Hyperthermic (more than 22 oC)

Soil Temperature map (resolution; 1km)

Environmental bias (Sloping Upland SCS – Landform)ConvexConvex

Plane Steep Slope

PlaneConcaveGentle Slope

3 - 8 degreeConcave

Gentle Slope

3 8 degree0

‐2Res

idua

ls

ha)

C it U d ti t d Upland SCS Upland SCS

2

‐4

Aver

age

R(tC

/hConcavity area; Underestimated Convexity area; Overestimated

Categorical method overestimates SCS in sloping upland field Steep Slope> 8 degree

a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a‐6

AConvexity area; Overestimated In Steep slope

SCS in sloping upland field > 8 degree

0

esid

uals

a)

‐5

erag

e R

e(tC

/ha

Digital elevation model

21‐30cm0‐5cm 6‐10cm 11‐15cm 16‐20cmb ab a b ab a b ab a b ab a a a a‐10

Ave Digital elevation model

(resolution; 50m)

Hybrid-kriging methodR id l = M d d t P di t d d t E 1Residuals = Measured data – Predicted data Eq.1

Predicted data was provided by Categorical Method (SCS or TN Point data) (Map data)(Point data)

ResidualsMap = Ordinary kriging (Residuals) Eq.2(Map data) (Point data)

SCS or TN_Map = Predicted data + ResidualsMap Eq.3(Categorical) (Eq. 2; Map data)(Map data)

E 3 Eq.3Eq.3

E 1 Eq 2Eq.1 Eq.2

ResidualsSCS or TN map (Categorical)

SCS or TN_Map(Hybrid)ResidualsMap

Comparison accuracy between Categorical method and Hybrid kriging method.

15.0 1.5

EESOC TN

5.0

10.0

0.5

1.0

RM

SE

RM

SE

0.0 0.0

RR

-1 0

0.0 0.0

-3.0

-2.0

1.0

-0.2

-0.1

ME

ME

-4.0 -0.3

Categorical Hybrid-krigingRMSE; Root mean square error, SQRT{1/N*Σ(mean error)2} ME; Mean error, 1/N*Σ(Measured values – estimated values)

Categorical Hybrid kriging

SCS and TN Map (1989-1993)

SCS TN 468 Tg 34 TgSCS map TN map

Temporal variation of SCS (tC/ha) and TN (tN/ha) in each land use typeTN (tN/ha) in each land use type

160

ha)

80

120

CS

(tC

/h

0

40 SC

0

15.0

a)

10.0

N (

tN/h

a

0.0

5.0 TN

Paddy fields Upland fields Grassland Orchard0.0

ContentsContentsHistory of national soil survey program and status of soil inventories and status of soil inventories


Application of soil inventory 2Application of soil inventory 2- Status of utilization and demands of soil information in Japan -

Application of soil inventory in Japan 2Soil Information WEB Viewerhttp://agrimesh dc affrc go jp/soil db/http://agrimesh.dc.affrc.go.jp/soil_db/

Soil series groups (code)Soil series groups (code)

Explanation of soil pseries groups

Soil surface DB

1979-1983 1984-1988 1989-1993

Who are the users of soil information?

Municipalities (3 6%)

National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Association (2.5%)

Hydrologist (0.7%) From Apr. 2010 to Jan. 2012・Total visits：900,0000

Government ministries (5.0%)

Municipalities (3.6%)・Main users have accessed in their office hours.

Prefectural offices National

・Prefectural offices contains agricultural

Key demands of soil information in Japanese agricultural landoffices

(30.4%)National institutes (16.1%)

institutes and consultantsAgronomic consulting

p g

Private Universities・Private companies

Environmental assessmentEducational materials

companies(21.8%)

(19.9%) ・Private companies,(1) IT(2) Construction(3) B d ti

Food safety

(3) Broadcasting (4) Chemicals(5) Foodstuffs

Development phase for iPhone applicationsTo link soil knowledge with sustainable soil management

Soil DBCloud Computing

C sequestration potentialClimate DB

Models

C sequestration potential Irrigation timing Improving fertilization Etc.

・Location dataA ti it d t

・Effective outputs

・Activity data・Soil test ID

Agronomic consultingEnvironmental assessment

Key demands of soil informationSoil is

Environmental assessment

Food safetyEducational materials

Soil inventory Spatial analyze SCS Map TN map

Thank you very much for your attention.

I have been received a message from the administrative board of Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutritionof Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

社団日本土壌肥料学会日本土壌肥料学会Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

26‐10‐202, Hongo 6‐chome, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo, 113‐0033 Japan

社団法人日本土壌肥料学会日本土壌肥料学会

TEL +81‐3‐3815‐2085 FAX +81‐3‐3815‐6018 [email protected]

February 6th, 2012

Dear Prof. Renfang SHEN and All the Participants to International Conference g p“Advancing the Science and Technology of Soil Information in Asia —Launch of the Global Soil Partnership’s Asia Soil Science Network and GlobalSoilMap.net East Asia Node”:GlobalSoilMap.net East Asia Node :

The Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition is willing to join the Asia Soil Science Network of the Global Soil Partnership CongratulationsAsia Soil Science Network of the Global Soil Partnership. Congratulations on the successful and fruitful conference !

V b t i hVery best wishesM. Nanzyo, Chair of the Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

Cultivated Soil Map (2001 version)We are using it.

AndosolsWet AndosolsBrown Forest soilsGray Lowland soilsGray Lowland soilsGley soilsOther Soil Groups

Temporal Variation of soil carbon and Nitrogen content (Tg) in Agricultural landNitrogen content (Tg) in Agricultural land

480 240 (T

g)

240

360 160

240

Car

bon

0

120

240

0

60

Soi

l C

0 0

24 48

n (T

g)

8

16

16

32

Nit

roge

n

0

8

0

16

Soi

l N