the stock market crash
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The Stock Market Crash. 15.1. Background. 1920s appeared to be a decade of prosperity = “The Roaring 20s” Some believed economic problems existed below the surface Most ignored these warnings. Credit. Confidence in nation’s prosperity led many to purchase goods on credit - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Stock Market Crash15.1
Background1920s appeared to be a decade of
prosperity = “The Roaring 20s”Some believed economic problems
existed below the surface Most ignored these warnings
Credit Confidence in nation’s prosperity led
many to purchase goods on credit1929: Credit purchases =$7 billion
Government encouraged credit spending by keeping interest rates low
Problems With Easy CreditEasy access to credit enabled
people to buy things they couldn’t affordEconomic experts worried about debt
High consumer debt could cripple people in an economic downturn
Bull Market A market with an
upward trend in prices
Seemed no end to 1920s Bull Market
Bear Market A market with a
downward trend in prices
Stock Speculation = Playing the market by buying and
selling stocks to make a quick profit – becomes popular
This stimulated economic growth Rapid buying and selling inflated
stock prices Could be a problem if demand
decreased.
Margin Buying = The practice of purchasing stocks
with borrowed money Speculators often buying stock with
10% down – borrowing 90% Margin buying was great with a bull
market But…. Bear market would be investors deep
in debt.
The CrashOctober 24, 1929: Black Thursday
= The beginning of the crashRising interest rates made large
numbers of investors nervous - they began selling large # of
sharesLeads confidence to drop and prices pushed lower and lower
Black TuesdayOctober 29, 1929Stock prices sank to shocking
lows16 million shares of stock were
sold in one day= huge amount of debt
Stock Brokers & Debt Brokers began to contact investors
who had purchased theirs on margin(by borrowing)
They demanded cash to cover their loans
Investors were unable to pay = had to sell stocks at huge losses By mid- Nov – leading stocks values
were cut in half!!
Part 2
The Beginning of The Great Depression
The Great Depression Public officials & Business leaders
insisted the stock market crash was a temporary and minor setback
Coming events would prove them wrong
Causes of the Great Depression
1. Banking Crisis 2. Business Failures 3. Rising Unemployment 4. Global Depression 5. Income Gap / Consumer Debt 6. Business Cycle
1. The Banking Crisis Cause: Stock Market Crash –
Directly affected only a few Americans
Indirectly – affected millions Effect: Bank failures led to complete
loss of all money in that bank
Banking CrisisBanks make money by investing
their customer’s moneyResult: When the market crashed
banks suffered severe losses like all investors
Defaults On Loans Cause: Many investors had lost most
of their money in the crash Effect: Most could not repay their
bank loans Result: This left many banks with little
income = Many banks had to close
Fear of Additional Failures Cause: Depositors fear losing their
money if a bank closed Effect: Depositors panic and began
trying to withdraw their savings Result: Catastrophe for banks that
were already low on moneyLed to more bank failures
2. Business Failures Over 26,000 businesses went
bankrupt in 1930 alone GNP = total value of goods &
services produced per year. Gross National Product (GNP):
1929 - $103 Billion 1933 - $56 Billion
Decreased ConsumerSpending
Cause: Consumers became unwilling or unable to buy new products
Effect: Debt & fear of bank failures brought an end to purchasing on credit
Result: people not buying stuff
3. Rising Unemployment Cause: massive amounts of business
failures Effect: People lost their jobs as their
companies simply ceased to exist Result: 1932 –
Unemployment reached 23.6%Up 20% over 3 years
Underemployment – over 50%
4. Global Depression Economic troubles in Europe
contributed to the depression Global economy was struggling due to
massive war debts World trade declined in the 1920s &
1930s
Global Depression’s Impact on America Cause: Foreign customers unable to
purchase American goods – too expensive Effect: American industries were left with
large surpluses America placed high tariffs on foreign
goods to help business Smoot-Hawley Tariff:- highest in US
History Accelerated the global depression by
eliminating the American market for foreign industry
Income Gap / Consumer Debt Disposable income - $ left after buying
necessities 1923 – 1929: Cause: Disposable income of the wealthiest 1%
of Americans increased by 63% Disposable income for the poorest 93%
declined by 4% Effect: poor Americans lacked the $ to
boost the economy
6. The Business Cycle = The regular ups and downs of
business in the free enterprise economy
The United States Business Cycle, 1890-1940
Business Cycle Theory Prosperous Times: -Industry increases production & hires
more workers =Production develops surplus During Surpluses: - industry scales back production =Workers are laid off and lose purchasing
power
Recession / DepressionLasts until surpluses are
depletedOnce surpluses are depleted
industry increases and we start over