the stone rings of glozel

7/30/2019 The Stone Rings of Glozel

1/171

Th e St o n e Rin gs f r o m Gl o zel

Figure 1. Grave goods from the tumulus of Vix

Bracelets

of lignite

8.7 cm.diam.

Three found

on each

wrist.

One of the most famous Iron Age burials isthe tomb of Vix, where a Celtic woman,perhaps a princess, was buried about 500B.C. with elaborate grave goods. She worethree bracelets made of lignite on eachwrist. Rings or bracelets made of differentvarieties of this same dark rock have beenfound in a number of European tombs andsettlements dating as far back as the fifthmillennium B.C., the end of the Neolithicperiod. The bracelets continue to appearin French graves during the Chalcolithicperiod, then disappear until the end of theBronze Age. The Iron Age was the highpoint of their popularity. The braceletswere traded over a large area; they havebeen found in Germany, in Austria, in Swit-zerland, in France, in Spain, in Italy, andin England.

The rings are of varying sizes; some toosmall to fit over the wrist, some braceletsize, and some big enough to be worn onthe upper arm (Fig. 2). Some are true rings,completely round; others are more flat-tened, and one can see one of the differentshapes in Figure 3. They have been foundon both male and female skeletons in IronAge graves, and often show signs of longwear. In some cases broken bracelets havebeen drilled and joined together by cords,or worn as pendants (Fig. 4). The braceletswere widely traded and appear in richgraves as well as more humble ones, in as-sociation with typical Iron Age gravegoods. These decorative objects must havepossessed special qualities, perhaps magi-cal ones, in the eyes of prehistoric people.


2/172

Figure 2. Replication of a Neolithic burialfound at Passy, Muse de Sens

Figure 3: Variation of shape in a braceletof lignite from the Iron Age found in the

Seine. Muse Carnavalet

Figure 4: A fragment of a Neolithic braceletworn as a pendant. Muse Carnavelet

Rings made of the same kind of stone, butinscribed with alphabetic symbols and

decorative motifs, are found in the smallmuseum at Glozel. Although Dr. Morletrefers to them as anneaux de schiste, thestone they are made from is not schist inthe geologic sense but a kind of bitumi-nous shale, with a large organic component.Christian Chevillot, who excavated the siteof Chalucet, wrote about this material:

Different names have been used for thisblack to grey-black rock, light and flaky:schist, bituminous schist, sapropelite, jet,and finally lignite [it is a] flaky fossil-ized carbon, not composed of one single

piece of wood, but made up of an infinitemultitude of organic particles where themineral elements dominate. (Chevillot,1976, p. 422.)

The National Museum of Antiquities at St.-Germain-en-Laye displays a schist brace-let dating to the Neolithic. The Bronze Agetumulus of St. Menoux, in Allier, containedthree of these bracelets. The internal di-ameter of the two most complete ones issix cm. The Abb J. J. Moret wrote in 1898in reference to these bracelets: What dis-tinguishes the schist bracelets of thetumulus of St. Menoux is their finish. Theyare completely round. The worker tracedthem with a compass, because the circum-

ference is perfect. As for their polish, it isso even that it could only have been ob-tained with the help of a potters wheel.(Moret, 1900, p.24.)

One finds these bracelets of lignite at mostIron Age sites in France. Sixty-six frag-ments of lignite bracelets have been recov-ered from tombs found in the region ofPontarlier, Franche-Compt (Vuaillat,1989). The bracelets date to the Bronze Age


3/173

Figure 5: The tumulus of St. Menoux and two bracelets found inside it


4/174

Figure 6: A decorated bracelet from the Chalucet workshop

and to the first Iron Age. Some were stillon the wrists of the male and female buri-als. Two lignite bracelets dating to the lateHallstatt or early La Tne period werefound in the tumuli of Chaux dArlier,Doubs (Millotte, 1992). They were small insize: one had an internal diameter of sixcm, one of five cm. Sixty-five fragments oflignite bracelets, some with a narrow deepincision on the outside, were recoveredfrom the late second century B.C. villageof Arnes, Indre (Bouyer, 1992). Shalebracelets with an internal diameter ofabout seven cm. were found at the farmLa Boisanne at Plouher-sur-Rance, inArmorique (Menez, 1998). The farm hasbeen dated to between 250 B.C. and 50 B.C.

In the nineteenth century schist braceletswere found in tombs in Sane-et-Loire.Others were found in the cave sepulchresof the Glie in Charente-Infrieure. Brace-lets and fragments have been recoveredfrom many other sites.

Four workshops producing these decora-tive objects have been identified in France.In 1878 more than twenty half-finishedrings of bituminous schist were found atNacqueville in Normandy (Rouxel, 1912).

Other finds from the same site were datedto the Neolithic period. Cut-marks on thebracelets appeared to have been made byflint tools, rather than by metal tools.

More than one hundred bracelet fragmentsof lignite have been found at Chalucet,another workshop twenty kilometers southof Limoges (Chevillot, 1976, 1978). The sitehas been dated to the end of the sixth cen-tury-beginning of the fifth century B.C. Acompass was probably used to outline theshapes, which were then cut, perhaps witha metal chisel, filed, polished, and deco-rated with geometric hatching motifs.Some of the bracelets would have been toosmall to fit over the human wrist. Brace-

lets from Chalucet appear at a number ofnearby sites.

Montcombroux-les-Mines and Buxires-les-Mines near Vichy both had veins of lig-nite and were sites of bracelets workshops(Bertrand, 1909). Madame Anne MarieDecluset in Montcombroux-les-Mines hasa fine collection of bracelets fragments,flint tools and sandstone polishers foundin association with the fragments. PierreFradin of Varennes -sur-Teche, not far from


5/175

Figure 7: Steps inthe fabricationof schist bracelets.

Photograph takenat Varenne-sur-Tche

by Patrick Ferryn

Figure 8: Flint tools

found by Madame Declusetat Montcombroux-les-Mines.

Photograph takenby Patrick Ferryn

Montcombroux-les-Mines, found anotherworkshop site in a field plowed for the firsttime eight years ago, along with flint toolsand rough pottery fragments. Photographstaken by Patrick Ferryn illustrate the dif-ferent stages of bracelet manufacture. In-ternal dimensions of the photographedbracelet fragments seem to be between sixand eight centimeters. The discardedbracelet centers found in association withsome workshops were considered talismansin the past and were actually used as cur-rency in Brittany during the 19th century.

One found in Sorbiers long ago was en-graved with four alphabetic symbols.

Figure 9: Schist nodule with

symbols found at Sorbiers,near Montcombroux


6/176

Another workshop has been excavated atMseck Zerovice in Bohemia, where Celticpeople were engaged in the manufactureof bracelets on a very large scale duringthe La Tne period (Venclova, 1992). Thefinished products were exported to a large

area of central Europe. These black brace-lets were made of bituminous argilite, orsapropelite. Several hundred unfinishedbracelets and twenty-nine finished oneswere found on the floor of a half-buriedrectangular hut at Mseck Zerovice. Brace-let centers have been found at other Bohe-mian sites, suggesting that sometimes theraw material was traded as well as thecompleted bracelets. P. Sankot wrote aboutthese bracelets: the rings are found for the

most part in rich tombs, especially duringthe first phase of their appearance; later,they appear also in tombs belonging topeople of lower social categories.(Venclova, 1992, p. 114)

On the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset Englandthe oily shale known as Kimmeridge shalewas mined between the sixth century B.C.and the Roman period and made intobracelets that were traded across the En-glish Channel to a number of Europeansites. Kimmeridge shale bracelets havebeen found in Iron Age graves in Switzer-land, Germany and France. Barry Cunliffesays about the Kimmeridge shale industry:Excavations at Eldons Seat (Encombe),Dorset, have allowed the various stages inthe manufacturing process to be workedout First, it seems that large slabs of shalewere brought to the site, possibly threaded

on poles for ease of carrying. Then, withthe aid of simply struck knives of flint, flatdiscs some five inches (thirteen cm) acrosswere carved out. The next stage involvedeither boring a central hole or cutting outa core, creating a ring which could gradu-ally be whittled down and finally ground

to form finished bracelets, armlets, ankletsor, occasionally, pendants. (Cuniffe, 1991,p. 276.) Techniques of manufacture appearto be similar in the different workshops.The slabs of schist were usually soaked inwater to soften them before they were cutinto discs.

In 2000, Patrick Ferryn took pictures ofthirteen of these objects at the Glozel mu-seum.: eleven rings, one partial ring, and acentral disk from a ring. Altogether, includ-ing Morlets pictures from the Corpus ofInscriptions, we can identify sixteen rings.How do they compare with rings andbracelets from other sites? Most of theGlozel rings are smaller than those from

other sites, and many of them are inscribedwith alphabetic symbols and decorativeelements. They are not completely roundand are also more roughly finished than thecompleted bracelets found at St. Menoux,at Vix, and at other sites. The crudity ofthe Glozel rings may relate to the fact that,like the urns and other artifacts fromGlozel, they appear to have been hastilymade, perhaps to be used in some kind ofdedicatory rite.

The internal diameter of the Glozel ringsvaries from 2.4 to eight centimeters. Elevenof the rings shown in Patricks pictureshave an internal diameter of less than 4centimeters, larger than rings for the fin-ger but too small to fit over a human wrist,and were therefore not designed to be usedas actual bracelets. One ring was un-adorned. Three rings were decorated on

both sides with alphabetic symbols, tworings have symbols on one side and a deco-rative hatching on the other side, and sixrings have alphabetic symbols on only oneside. One has animal heads engraved onboth sides along with letters.


7/177

Figure 10: Steps in the fabrication of a bracelet made from Kimmeridge shale

Dr. Morlet wrote about these rings inGlozel, his comprehensive description ofthe site (Morlet, 1929, pp. 36-39):

Considered from a technical pointof view, the rings from the site of Glozel

reveal an interior surface that is uniformlypolished, while on the exterior one can of-ten see the depression where small flakeswere detached by percussion before thepolishing.

These are rings into which it is im-possible to introduce a hand. Therefore itis not a question of bracelets.

Nevertheless, we found two piecesof much bigger rings, covered with char-acters. One of them also is decorated on its

interior edge with small incisions close to-gether. These big rings could be used asbracelets. They must have been more frag-ile, because of their size, which explainswhy we found only fragments. Perhapsthese half-circles of rings were joined to-gether with the help of ties to form a com-plete bracelet.

Most of these rings have one sidecovered with alphabetic signs like those onthe tablet; the other is plain or sometimesengraved with little parallel lines as a kindof decoration.

Some of them have linear characterson both sides, and on one of them you cansee three animal heads as well (caprids andcervids).

Other rings without signs but ex-actly like the preceding ones may have beenunfinished pieces, or, to be more precise,those where the engraver had not yet cometo complete the work of the polisher. Wehave also found small rings in the form offinger rings. It is easy to put a finger in-

side and they could, it seems, have beenused for this purpose. One of them has littlelines of ornamentation on one side. Thesesame lines exist on some schist rings of alarger size.

Finally, we have found three insidesof rings, detached by multiple blows; thisseems to indicate that the schist rings weremade at the site.


8/178

Figure 11: 984.2.181

Figure 12: GF67

Table 1. Idionyms and Celtic words in Fig.11

Translations(The work of Dr. Hans-Rudolph Hitz)

1. Inscription on a schist ring (Fig. 11,

984.2.181, not shown by Morlet) contain-ing a dedication.One observes the idionym Tote. Cuve

must be the name of the tribe of Cubes(Cubi, see Remarks), because the Glozelicalphabet doesnt have the letter /b/.

As verb, there is avot, in Gaulish hasmade, and one finds Tovanui - for Tovanos(in the dative in -ui).

One finds the ligatures in Tote and in Tovanui.

2. Inscription on a schist ring (Fig.12, GF 67, GLO-49.5) containing a dedica-tion. For a name, there is again Tot(e) - withthe omission of the sign of the vowel (Hitz, 2001) - and Kuva shown as Cuve, thetribe of the Cubes (Cubi) - but the verb hasmade is lacking here. The nameAntiautcnoi (in the dative in-oi) contains

toteavotcuvetovanuiTote avot Cuve Tovanui

Tote a fait (has made) Cube TovanuiTote, the Cube, made it (for) Tovanos


9/179


Figure 13: GF84


Antiautos with the Gallic patronym -cnosson of .In this text, there are the ligatures inTot(e) and inAntiautcnoi.

kuvatotantiautcnoiKuva Tot Antiautcnoi

Kuva Tot(e) Antiaut cnoiCube Tote Antiaut son of

Kuva Tot Antiautcnoi, or the Cube Tote -made it - (for) the son of Antiautos

The use of the Gaulish patronym -cnos -son of - shows that the lexicon of Glozelrepresents a local form of the Gaulish lan-guage.

3. Inscription on a schist ring (Fig. 13, GF84, GLO-51.4) containing a dedication.One observes the idionyms Veda andOctu,and there is the word sinte , probably withthe meaning in Gaulish sinde this. For averb, one finds av, in Gaulish avot hasmade.In this text, there is a ligature in avand perhaps another in sinte.

vedasinteavoctu

Veda sinte av OctuVeda sinte av Octu

Veda this made OctuVeda made this (for) Octu


10/1710

Figure 14: GF82


Figure 15: GF 66


4. Inscription on a schist ring (Fig. 14, GF82, GLO-50.2) containing a dedication.The first symbol is problematical. Onefinds the idionym Eoch related to thename in Gaulish Eochaid .As verb, there is avut to compare to theGaulish avot has made.

? avuteoch ? avuteoch

avut Eoch

has made EochEoch has made

5. Inscription on a schist ring (Fig. 15, GF66, GLO-51.3) containing a dedication.One observes the idionym Aphu Divanawhich is not clear, but the letter in

Aphu must have been borrowed from the

Greek alphabet. As for Divana, the wordis probably related to the root deva /*deiva which means in Gaulish divine.And there is perhaps a name T(e)ce whichis difficult to read.


11/1711

Figure 16: GF91


As the verb, one encounters eu, which canbe compared to the Gaulish eu has given(Hitz, 2001).There is a ligature in Divana and per-haps another in Tece (?)

teceeuaphudivanaTece eu Aphu Divana

Tece eu Aphu Divana

Tece eu Aphu DivanaTece ddi (has given)

(to) Aphu Divana (?)

6. Inscription on a schist ring (Fig. 16, GF91, GLO-50.1) containing a dedication.One observes the idionyms Titiu et Vinno .

The text is mutilated, and one encountersa letter which must belong to a verb,perhaps to the Gaulish dede has given(?).There is a ligature in Vinno.

e titiuvinnoe Titiu Vinno(ded)e Titiu Vinno

has given Titiu VinnoTitiu gave it (to) Vinno

7. Inscription on a schist ring Fig. 17, GF70, GLO-49.1) containing a dedication. Thesigns on the back are problematical. I readti.On the front, there is Anu, with a doubleligature in the name , combined withthe name -etio . In dt one finds probablyagain the verb d(e)t(e) has given:

anuetiodtAnuetio dt

Figure 17: GF70, found by Bosch-Gimpera on the

third day of the excavations of the InternationalCommission


12/1712

Anuetio d(e)t(e)

Anuetio has givenEtio gave it to Anu

Remarks

Historical narrationConcerning the name of the tribe of

Cubes

As part of the content of the text on thefirst two schist rings, one can read thenames Cuve Tote and KuvaTote. (Fig. 11,Fig. 12). We can conclude that this man Totewas a Cube and lived at Glozel where heworked as an engraver of the textual in-scriptions. And the Bituriges who lived inthe center of Gaul, northwest of Glozel inwhat is today Berry, had the surname Cubi,thus Bituriges Cubi.

The Bituriges are a tribe divided into twogroups:Bituriges Cubi in the country of Berry inthe center of Gaul with Avaricum (todayBourges), as their capital andBituriges Vivisci in the Bordelais to the

southwest of Gaul with Burdigala (todayBordeaux) as their capital (Holder, 1896,I, p. 434).

Livy mentions that the first Celts whopenetrated the plain of the Po in Italy werethe Bituriges. During centuries this tribelived in the center of Gaul. The expansionacross the Alps began about 400 B.C. (?)when the plain of the Po was alreadydensely populated (Cunliffe, 1980, p. 133).

According to Livy, it was probably the tribeof the BiturigesCubi who moved - accom-panied by a grand number of members ofother neighboring tribes, especially theInsubres (Insubri) separated from the

Eduens (Aedui) who settled in the area ofMilan - in the plain of the Po at about 400B.C. (?).There, these Gauls entered into contactwith the Lepontiens - who were Celts andspoke Lepontic - a Celtic language relatedto Gaulish - and became aware of theirwriting, the Lepontic alphabet - which hadits origin in a North Etruscan alphabet.And the Gauls borrowed the Lepontic al-phabet and created for their Gaulish lan-guage an alphabet Gaulish cisalpin.

General Discussion of the Inscriptions ofGlozel

The Writing of Glozel

An important indication of the going andcoming between the cisalpine Celtic areaand transalpine Gaul is shown by the im-

portation of the two Celtic alphabets(Lepontic and cisalpine Gaulish ) into Gauland then to Glozel. There, the engravers ofGlozel with other scribes from the area cre-ated the primaryalphabet (Hitz, 2001).

And the engravers of Glozel continued topractice the art of writing, and they main-tained an intensive exchange of ideas withthe neighboring scribes. This is how theprimary alphabet of Glozel developed into

a stricter version, le Glozlic (Hitz, 2001).


13/1713

Paleography

At Glozel, a Gallic population existed fromthe fourth century B.C. (?) which later useda form of the Lepontic and Gaulishcisalpine alphabets, imported fromcisalpine Gaul, to write its texts, especiallyon urns and vases. One observes in thesetexts from Glozel the appearance of thesign for the fricatives /f, v, w/,but it was abandoned in the Lepontic al-phabet after 300 B.C. (?) - and probably thesame at Glozel.

As for the inscriptions on the schist rings,the digamma doesnt exist, and they areprobably dated after 200 B.C. (?) accord-

ing to the character of the letters used. Af-ter the disappearance of the digamma forthe fricatives /f, v, w/, it seems that one usedthe letter in the texts, which musthave been borrowed from the Greek alpha-bet (Fig. 15).

Ligatures

One can observe another development inthe writing because of the usage of certain

ligatures in the inscriptions on the schistrings. But the ligatures appear in a greaterquantity on the tablets of fired clay whichdate to the epoch of Imperial Rome, begin-ning with the Ist century A.D. (?).

Grammar

The declension of stems in -o (i.e. Tovanos)possesses in Indo-European an unusual

form of dative *-(i. This ending has evolvedin two directions, in Gaulish either towards-oi, then -o, or towards -(i, later simplified-((Lambert, 1994, p. 51).In the name Tovanui (of Tovanos) one canobserve an old dative in -ui (Fig. 1), andin the name Antiautcnoi (of Antiautcnos)one finds the form of an old dative in -oi

(Fig. 2). These two ancient forms fromGlozel show an early Gaulish state of thegrammar.

Lexicon/Syntax

In the name Antiautcnoi , the use of theGallic patronym cnos - son of - a typi-cally Gaulish word appears. In his bookCeltes - images de leur culture (Birkhan,1999, p. 233) - where my decipherment ofa Glozel urn is published - avot Voie NikeTeda theBoen Nikos made (for) Teda -Professor Birkhan states that this text fromGlozel would be in Gaulish Boios Nikosavot Tedai - with the same translation.One can then conclude that the lexicon of

Glozel represents a local form of Gaulish.

Dating

The inscriptions of Glozel on urns, vasesand schist rings should be dated, accord-ing to the paleography, the grammar andthe lexicon/syntax to the La Tne epoch:the texts on urns and vases to about 300B.C. and the texts on schist rings to about200 B.C

The inscriptions of Glozel on the tablets offired clay - which are not mentioned in thispaper - should be dated, according to theappearance of a greater number of ligaturesand later character to the epoch of Impe-rial Rome, from the Ist century A.D.

Conclusions

The Glozel rings are the only schist ringsknown to be decorated with characters.Although in 1939 Jean Gattefoss, an en-gineer from Lyon, found a ring with thir-teen alphabetic symbols on one side andtwo on the other, it was near Moulin Piat,two and a half kilometers south of Glozel.


14/1714

Most of the Glozel stone rings bear deci-pherable dedicatory inscriptions dating tothe La Tne period. Although derived fromthe same tradition as stone rings foundelsewhere in France, they differ from themajority of these rings in three ways. Al-most all of them are too small to be wornas bracelets. They are crudely polished andnot completely round. Many of them areinscribed with alphabetic letters or deco-rative lines. This may be because they werenot made as personal ornaments, like therings found in Iron Age graves, but as dedi-catory objects created quickly for use insome kind of religious rite. The urns, vases,and tablets from Glozel also bear dedica-

tory inscriptions.

It is interesting that Dr. Hitz is unable tomake sense of the letters on six rings. These,like a number of the bone pieces with let-ters, may have been created in the medi-eval period by people who could not readthe Glozel writing. One of them bears twounique letters, not found in any of the in-scriptions that can be deciphered.

The stone from which the Glozel rings aremade probably came from the workshopat Montcombroux-les-Mines, where brace-lets were produced from the end of theBronze Age through the La Tne period.

Authors: Alice and Robert Gerard, Hans-Rudolph Hitz, and Roslyn Strong

Bibliography

BARTHELEMY, A., -Les Mottes et lesTertres de la Bresse delAge du Fer au Moyen Age, des

Annales de lAcadmiede Mcon, tome LXIV).

BOUYER, M., et BUSCHSENSCHUTZ,O., 1982. - La chronologie du village desArnes (Indre). In : COLLIS, J., d.,DUVAL, A., d., et PERICHON, R., d. -Le deuxime Age du Fer en Auvergne eten Forez et ses relations voisines :Colloque Age du fer en France nonmditerranenne, Clermond-Ferrand,

1980. Saint-tienne : Centre dtudesforziennes, p. 72-89.

CHEVILLOT, C., 1976. - Un atelier debracelets en lignite dcors Chalucet(Saint-Jean-Ligoure, Haute-Vienne).Bulletin de la Socit PrhistoriqueFranaise, tome 73, Etudes et Travaux, p.422-436.

CHEVILLOT, C., 1978. - Lhabitatprotohistorique de Chalucet, communede Saint-Jean-Ligoure (Haute-Vienne) ;Rsultats du sondage n3 (1975-77).Revue Archologique du Centre de laFrance, fasc. 67-68, p. 201-219.

CLEMENT, M., et GALLIOU, P., 1985. -Le dpt gaulois de Brech (Morbihan).Revue Archologique de lOuest, 2, p. 65-71.

COURTIN, J. and GUTHERZ, X., 1976. -Les bracelets de pierre du Nolithiquemridionale. Bulletin de la SocitPrhistorique Franaise, tome 73, Etudeset Travaux, pp. 352-369.


15/17

15


16/1716

CUNLIFFE, B., 1984b. - Relations be-tween Britain and Gaul in the First Cen-tury B.C. and Early First Century A.D.,in S. Macready and F.H. Thompson (Edi-tors), Cross-Channel Trade between Gauland Britain in the Pre-Roman Iron Age.Society Antiquaries London, OccasionalPaper (new series) IV, p.3-23.

CUNLIFFE, B., 1991b. - Iron Age com-munities in Britain. 3rd edition,Routledge, London, p. 463-661.

CUNLIFFE, B. et PHILLIPSON, D.-W.,1955 - Excavations at Eldons SeatDorset. Proceeding of the Prehistoric

Society, 34, p. 191-237.

DAVIES, H., 1936. - The Shale industriesat Kimmeridge, Dorset. ArchaeologicalJournal, 93, p.200-219.

DECHELETTE, D., 1927. - ManueldArchologie prhistorique, celtique etgallo-romaine, tome II, 2 et 3 , p. 724.

MENEZ, Y., 1998 - Une ferme delArmorique gauloise ; Le Boisanne Plouher-sur-Rance (Ctes dArmor).Document dArchologie Franaise n58,Editions de la Maison des Sciences delHomme, Paris, 272 p.

MILLOTTE, J.-P., 1992. - Les tumulus dela Chaux dArlier vers Pontarlier (Doubs): tat de la Question. In lAge du Fer dansle Jura, Actes du colloque de LA.F.E.A.F.

de Pontarlier et Yverdon 9-12 mai 1991.Cahiers dArchologie Romande, p. 25 -30.

POLLARD A.-M., BUSSEL G.-D.,BAIRD D.-C., 1981. - The analyticalinvestigation of the Early Bronze Age jetand jet-like material from the DevizesMuseum. Archaeometry, 23, 2, p. 139-167.

ROUXEL, E., 1912. - Un atelier de fabri-cation danneaux en lignite NacquevilleBas. Bull. Soc. Prhistorique Franaise.T. VIII, p. 246

TEICHMLLER, M., 1992 - Organicpetrology in the service of archaeology.Elsevier Science Publishers InternationalJournal of Coal Geology, Amsterdam, 20,p. 1-21.

VENCLOVA, N., 1992. Un atelier detravail du saproplite MsechZehrovice en Bohme. In actes ducolloque de lA.F.E.A.F., le Berry et leLimousin lAge du Fer, Artisanat dubois et des matires organiques. Associa-

tion pour la Recherche Archologique enLimousin, Guret, mai 1989, p. 109-116.

VUAILLAT, D., 1989. - Parures en ligniteau premier Age du Fer en Franche-Comt. In actes du colloque delA.F.E.A.F., le Berry et le Limousin lAge du Fer, Artisanat du bois et desmatires organiques. Association pour laRecherche Archologique en Limousin,Gueret, mai 1989, p. 117-119.

Bibliography for the Writing

Birkhan, H. (1997): Kelten. Wien.

Birkhan, H. (1999): Kelten - Bilder ihrerKultur. Wien.

Cunliffe, B. (1980): Die Kelten und ihreGeschichte. Bergisch Gladbach.

Delamarre, X. (2001): Dictionnaire de lalangue gauloise. Paris.

de Marinis, R.C. et S.Biaggio Simona(2000): I Leponti tra mito e realt.Katalog, Vol. 1 et 2. Locarno.


17/17

Heinz, S. (1999): The owl A symbolicfigure from thedawn of Celtic Culture tomodern days Wales. A Welsh traditionand its cultural context. EAZ, Heft 3, p.337. Berlin.

Hitz, H.-R. (1997): Les inscriptions deGlozel - Essai de dchiffrement delcriture. I. Tablettes de terre cuite.

Ettingen.

Hitz, H.-R. (1998): Les inscriptions deGlozel - Essai de dchiffrement delcriture. II. Grands galets (pierres),Pots--masques en argile et Os. Ettingen.

Hitz, H.-R. (1999): Eine Analyse derGlozel-Schrift und deren Lexik. Ettingen.

Hitz, H.-R. (1999): Une analyse delcriture et du lexique de Glozel. -Nouveaux rsultats des analysesscientifiques de Glozel. Dans: Actes duIIe colloque international, Octobre 1999.Vichy.

Hitz, H.-R. (2000): Urnes et vasesfunraires de Glozel. Dchiffremerntdes inscriptions. Dans: Actes du IIIecolloque international, Octobre 2000.Vichy.

Hitz, H.-R. (2002): Sind die Inschriften vonGlozel altkeltisch ? Vorgetragen an derUniversitt Wien, Fach Keltologie (Prof. H.

Birkhan). Mnchen. (en prparation).

Holder, A. (1896/1961):Alt-KeltischerSprachschatz. I-III. Leipzig. Neudruck:Graz.

Jensen, H. (1958): Die Schrift. Berlin.

Kruta, V. (1976): Les Celtes. Paris

Lambert, P.-Y. (1994): La LangueGauloise. Paris.

Lejeune, M. (1971): Lepontica. Paris.

Lejeune, M. (1974): Manuel de la langueVnte. Heidelberg.

Lejeune, M. (1985): Recueil des Inscrip-tions gauloises (R.I.G): I. Textes Gallo-grecs. Vol. I. Paris.

Lejeune, M. (1988): Recueil des Inscrip-tions gauloises (R.I.G): II. 1. Textes Gallo-trusques - Textes Gallo-latins sur pierre.

Vol. II. Paris.

I have identified each figure with thenumber of the page (i.e. 52) as well as thenumber of the figure (i.e. 8), correspond-ing to the publication Glozel - Corpus desinscriptions (Morlet, 1978) - as for exampleGLO-52.8. As for the term GF, it meansGlozel Fradin.

the stone rings of glozel

Documents