TRAVEL A

ND TOURISM

THE S

TRUCTU

RE OF THE IN

DUSTRY

The structure of the industry is complex for the following reasons:It consists of a wide range of interrelated commercial and non- commercial organisations.Most of these organizations are in the private sector and are small and medium sized.

COMMERCIAL ORGANISATIONSThese include private sector organisations such as:1)Mystic Mountain2)Outameni3)Sandals group of hotels4)Iberostars

VALUES AND ATTITUDES OF COMMERCIAL ORGANISATIONS

A good way to determine their values and attitudes would be to look in detail at the organisations previously listed as examples and then:1)define their objectives2)define their source of funding and methods of income

3) define how they meet stakeholder or shareholder expectations.

NON-COMMERCIAL ORGANISATIONSThese include public and voluntary sectors such as: 1)The Tourism Product Development Company (TPDCO)2)Jamaica Environmental Trust3)The Jamaica Tourist Board (JTB)

VALUES AND ATTITUDES OF NON-COMMERCIAL ORGANISATIONS

It is possible to determine the values and attitudes of these organizations by observing:1) their objectives2) their source of funding and methods of income 3) their stakeholder or shareholder expectations

AGENCIES DELIVERING TRAVEL AND TOURISM PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

For this section of the syllabus the countries to be investigated are:JamaicaPanama ParisThe agencies are as follow:1) tourist attractions- built; natural

tourist attractions- events as attractions and the facilities which these take place in2) accommodation and catering- to include accommodation grading scheme3) tourism development promotion- locally, regionally, and internationally4) transportation by air; by land; by water

5) travel agencies6) Tour operators and the components of a package holidayNote that all of these individual component depend on each other, and that no single component exists on its own.

THE STR

UCTURE OF T

HE

TRAVEL A

ND TOURISM

INDUSTRY

THE MANAGEM

ENT AND DEVELO

PMEN

T OF T

OURIST DESTI

NATIONS

Destinations are places where there is tourism. Social, cultural, environmental and political conditions influence tourist destinations. The people who are responsible for destination management must try and ensure that tourism integrate with other social and economic activities of the particular area so that it can sustain future development.

OBJECTIVES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Tourism occurs in the more economically-developed countries (MEDCs) and less economically- developed countries (LEDCs). “Many developing countries of the world are engaged in tourism as a means of earning foreign exchange and to redress balance of payment ills” . Mathews, (1997) : Nettekoven (1976) , cited in Daye (p.24,1997)

OBJECTIVES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENTOrganisations may get involved in tourism development for the following reasons:Economic- examples include:•employment creation both direct and indirect• increasing foreign currency earnings to contribute to the balance of payment and GDP

• brining in tourists who spend locally and contribute to the multiplier effect

• increasing income for the commercial operators

• economic development and regeneration to develop the infrastructure and improve the local area and conditions for people.

OBJECTIVES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENTEnvironmental examples include: • habitat preservation for wild life in an area•regeneration and conservation of the built and natural environment• environmental education of the local people and or tourists visiting the area•stimulating environmental improvements of benefit to local people and wildlife as well as tourists

OBJECTIVES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Socio-cultural- examples include:• promoting understanding •improving quality of life for the local population•providing community facilities, as well as facilities for tourists

• revival of traditional activities, festivals and ceremonies to celebrate culture and develop a sense of pride in one’s own identity

OBJECTIVES OF TOURISM Political –examples include: •enhancing the image of an area is particular important to LEDCs or for countries that may be perceived in a negative way due to war or natural disasters• creating a regional or national identity to boost domestic morale and encourage visitor numbers

THE STR

UCTURE O

F

TRAVEL A

ND TOURISM

IMPACTS OF TOURISM DEVELO

PMENT

TYPES OF IMPACTEconomic- positive effects:• increased incomes•increase foreign exchange•Increase employment•improved infrastructure•multiplier effect

TYPES OF IMPACTEconomic- negative effects:•decline of traditional employment opportunities•seasonality of employment•increased living costs•increased taxes

TYPES OF IMPACTSocio-cultural – positive effects:•preservation of customs and crafts•provision of community facilities and public services•aiding of international understanding•encouraging travel, mobility and social integration

TYPES OF IMPACTSocio-cultural –negative effects:•conflicts with the host community•crime•loss of cultural identity•the demonstration effect

TYPES OF IMPACTSocio-cultural – negative effects:•changes to family structure•social problems such as begging and prostitution

TYPES OF IMPACT Environmental – positive effects:•improved assets•landscaping•conservation•regeneration•building regulations

TYPES OF IMPACTEnvironmental – negative effects:•traffic congestion•erosion of natural resources •pollution of air and water•litter•increase in noise levels

TYPES OF IMPACTEnvironmental –negative effects:•panoramic view damage•destruction of different wild life systems and breeding patterns

OBJECTIVES OF T

OURISM

DEVELOPM

ENT

PRINCIPL

ES OF DESTIN

ATION MANAGEM

ENT

The principles of successful tourism management include:1)maximising the retention of visitor spending at the destination2)investing tourism income in public and social projects for local communities

3) widening access to facilities and assets4) staff training and development5) training and employment of local people in tourism and related activities6) tourism education

OBJECTIVES OF

DESTINATI

ON

MANAGEMENT

THE ROLE

OF DESTI

NATION MANAGEMEN

T IN MINIMISING NEGATI

VE IMPACTS

Note that current issues and consumer trends such as those mentioned above can impact on tourism development.Destination management can minimise tourism’s negative impacts through:•planning and control

• using the principle of sustainable development

• visitor and traffic management• assessing environmental impact

CHANGES IN TH

E

EVOLUTIO

N OF TOURISM

DEVELOPM

ENT

THE B

UTLER MODEL

According to Butler (1980), all destinations follow a cycle of evolution and pass through stages similar to youth, maturity and old age.The consequence of which a particular destination will decline unless it can re-invent itself through a process called “rejuvenation”.

This cycle of evolution compared to the product life cycle (theory) by Butler reflects the following stages:•exploration•involvement•development•consolidation

• stagnation• decline or rejuvenation

CHANGES IN TH

E

EVOLUTIO

N OF

DESTINATI

ONS

CHARACTERISTICS OF D

ESTINATI

ONS THAT

INFLUENCE T

HEIR EV

OLUTION

These factors include - key features of the destination:1) weather and climate2) scenery and landscape3) vegetation and wild life4) historical and cultural attractions5) modern built attractions

6) indoor/outdoor activities7) accommodation options8) events and festivals9) food /drink and entertainment10) accessibility and gateways

CHARACTERISTICS OF DESTINATIONS THAT INFLUENCE THEIR EVOLUTION

Tourist appeal by visitor type:1)young people2)singles3)families4)DINKY5)grey market

6) special needs 7) business tourists

CHARACTERISTICS OF DESTINATIONS THAT INFLUENCE THEIR EVOLUTION

Visitor statistics:1)recent trend2)projection for future3)stage in evolution using life cycle model

CHARACTERISTICS OF DESTINATIONS THAT INFLUENCE THEIR EVOLUTION

Factors influencing popularity:1)cost of accommodation2)cost of transport3)costs at destination4)tour operator promotional activity5)over commercialization

6) crime and social problems7) political instability and unrest8) terrorism9) positive / negative media coverage10) positive / negative tourism management11) growth in independent travel12) growth in short breaks

13) exclusivity14) increased accessibility15) water / air/ noise hazard16) natural disasters