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50

technology

and fixed volume of a gas is di-rectly proportional to the gas's temperature. Which means that as the pressure increases, the temperature also increases.

2. Fill the bottom with scrap paper, old newspaper or fiberglass

wool. 3. Place the smaller box inside it

and fill the edges with the same

insulating material that you chose from step 2 )Fig. 1(. The

idea is to insulate the inner box from the outer box.

4. Using duct tape or glue, make a layer of Aluminum foil all over the larger box )Fig. 2(.

5. Paint the inside of the small box with black paint. You can also do this step before inserting the small box into the large one. Using the black color aides in absorption of the radiation from the sun which can cook the food

quicker )Fig. 3(.

6. Assuming the glass panel is already measured and cut to fit the size of the small internal

box, place it on top of the box and put some weight on it to prevent air leaks )Fig. 4(.

Youre done! Now you have an oven that uses free energy source.

Several other designs can use the same concept. You can make a big-

ger size oven using materials other than cardboard that are more effi-cient in heat insulation, like wood or fiberglass.

A good idea is to make a stationary solar oven in your yard. Choose a spot where the sun shines most of the day and use it to cook or warm food, dehydrate leaves like parsley, mint, Mulukhieh leaves )Fig. 5(, etc.

Just keep in mind two important rules; First, extra good insulation, Second, Airtight compartment. Us-ing a black pot for cooking food in this kind of oven is preferable.Lebanon has more sunny days than cloudy days during the year and in the summer it can get very hot, so, taking advantage of this free source of heat is a good thing

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 4

Studentguidemag.com

51

technology

The KYOTO Box is made from insulating two cardboard box-es, one stacked inside the other, with straw or newspaper stuck in between, placing foil inside the first

box and then painting the inside of the second box black. An acrylic cover tops off the design. The very simple and cheap design is already being produced in Nairobi and the maker Jon Bhner hopes

that it will cut down on the use of firewood for cooking, which would

slow deforestation and reduce car-bon emissions and indoor pollution throughout Africa. Temperatures inside the box can reach 80C or more.Although the idea was born in Af-rica, it can be utilized on an interna-tional level, harnessing the power of the sun to save on resources.How to do it yourself;

You need: Two cardboard boxes with one

that can fit inside the other.

Aluminum Foil Scrap Paper )You can use old

news paper or go pro with fiber-glass wool(

Black Spray Paint Glass Panel )Plexi-glass or

Acrylic can do fine(

Duct Tape or heat resistant glue

Building Procedure:1. Make sure the boxes have no

holes in them, especially the inner one, because holes leak heat and we want the inside to be as air-tight as possible. Gay-Lussac's law, states that the pressure of a fixed mass

THE KYOTO BOX A cheap way to heat food and water using thesun

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SGmag

52

Stopping to smell the roses is a good mantra to encourage you to take the time to appreci-ate whats around you. Stopping to smell the lemons might not have the same ring to it, but scientists in Ja-pan have shown how doing just that

can actually alter gene activity and blood chemistry in ways that mea-surably reduce stress.

The use of fragrant plant oils to im-prove mood and health has been around since ancient times and more recently aromatherapy has be-come a popular form of alternative

medicine. One of the most widely used substances used in aroma-therapy to soothe away emotional stress is linalool, a chemical found in citrus fruits, lavender, sweet ba-sil, birch trees and other plants. And now science has shown why.

The scientists exposed lab rats to stressful conditions )presum-ably getting them to do some pub-lic speaking( while inhaling and not inhaling linalool. Those exposed to linalool saw stress-elevated lev-els of neutrophils and lymphocytes - key parts of the immune system

return to near-normal levels and a reduction in the activity of more than 100 genes that go into overdrive in stressful situations.

The researchers say their findings

could form the basis of new blood tests for identifying fragrances that can soothe stress.

The teams findings can be found

in the American Chemical Societys Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

Stopping to smell the lemons can help reduce stress

technology

Studentguidemag.com

53

One doesnt have to look very far these days to see the ever increasing prevalence and popular-ity of multi-touch technology and the additional interaction it offers the consumer. Opening up an even bigger world of potential interactive possibilities is Portuguese company Displax, which has announced the development of a skin that can turn

virtually any surface into a multi-touch display.

Based on capacitive technology, the skin is developed on a thinner-

than-paper polymer film that turns a

surface, be it glass, plastic or wood, curved or flat, into an interactive

touch screen display.The technology works by a grid of

nanowires placed throughout the film recognizing touch screen in-teractivity. These input signals are then passed to a microprocessor controller that analyzes the data and determines the exact location where the contact took place.

The hypersensitive lightweight skin features air movement detec-tion as well as touch sensitivity, so will, for what is thought to be the first

time, react to a user blowing on it, registering both the intensity and di-rection of the air flow.

So far the skin has a size dimen-sion ranging from anywhere be-tween 18 cm and 3 meters diago-nally, and with a transparency rate of 98%, you can still see the sur-face underneath. At present a 127-cm display is

able to detect up to sixteen fingers

simultaneously.

While Displax initially began devel-oping the multi-touch technology for use by manufacturers of LCD screens, the future potential uses are many and varied. Aside from audio visual integration through projection displays and enhanced

gaming possibilities, the ability to cover bigger areas could see the technology used in a host of com-mercial environments, both in and outdoors.

Displax is expected to start ship-ping the multi-touch skin towards

the middle of the year.

Displax 'skin' turns virtual-ly any surface into multi-touch display

technology

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SGmag

54

It's been a long time coming. While Arthur C. Clarke's satellites have taken to space, and James Bond's futuristic mobile technology has become common place, still the dream of sustained personal flight

has eluded us. But the future is here! Finally we can all take flight as Mar-tin Aircraft in New Zealand releases the first commercially-available jet

pack

The technologyThe Jetpack is constructed from carbon fiber composite, has a dry

weight of 113 kg )excluding safety

equipment( and measures 153 cm

high x 168 cm wide x 153 cm long. It's driven by a 2.0 L V4 2 stroke en-gine rated at 200 hp )150 kw(, can

reach 2500 m )estimated( and each

of the two 50 cm wide rotors is made from carbon / Kevlar composite.

There is always risk associated with flying so Martin Aircraft has been

careful to equip the pack with redun-dant systems that will take over in the event that the main system goes down. If a crash-landing is required,

a pilot-operated toggle will rapidly fire a small amount of propellant de-ploying a ballistic parachute )similar

to a car airbag( which will allow the pilot and jetpack to descend togeth-er. It also has an impact-absorbing carriage, patented fan jet technol-ogy and 1000 hours engine TBO )Time Between Overhaul(. Small

vertical take-off and landing aircraft )VTOL( are not subject to the same

limitations as other helicopters and fixed wing aircrafts but Martin Air-craft have built it to comply with ultralight regulations and therefore suggest it as at least as safe to op-erate, and claim it is the safest of all jetpacks yet built.

The Jetpack achieves with 30 min-utes of flight time and is fueled by

regular premium gasoline, though you will undoubtedly earn some dis-believing stares at the petrol station. Since it has been built according to ultralight regulations no FAA rec-ognized pilot's license is required

to fly one in the U.S., though this

will depend on a country's specific

requirements. However, despite be-ing significantly less complex than

a helicopter to fly as pitch and roll

are controlled by one hand, thrust and yaw by the other, Martin Air-craft won't let anyone take receipt of their jetpack before completing

their specially-developed Martin Aircraft Company approved training program. The pilot must also weigh between 63-108 kg.Tell what I really want to know: how can I get my hands on one?After nine prototypes Martin Aircraft have an accurate expectation for how much a jetpack will cost, and

suggest that at $86,000 it is pitched at the level of a high-end car. As sales and production volume in-crease they expect this to drop to the price of a mid-range car. A 10% deposit buys you a production slot for 12 months hence; progress pay-ments are made during manufacture with final payment due on delivery.

It's 2010 - finally my jet pack is here!technology

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Researchers at IBM have made important progress toward cre-ating silicon circuits that communi-cate using pulses of light rather than electrical signals. This is thanks to a device called nanophotonic ava-lanche photodetector )NAP(, which, as

detailed on the journal Nature, is the

fastest of its kind and is a major step

toward achieving energy-efficient

computing that will have significant

implications for the future of electron-ics.

Working on the so-called avalanche effect, which occurs when a photon starts a chain reaction that involves more and more electrons to build up a significant electrical current, the

device is part of an ongoing effort by IBM to develop photon-based com-puting and communication."This invention brings the vision of on-chip optical interconnections much closer to reality," T.C. Chen, vice president of science and tech-

nology at IBM Research, comment-ed. "With optical communications embedded into the processor chips, the prospect of building power-ef-ficient computer systems with per-formance at the exaflop [billions of

billions of floating point operations

per second] level might not be very distant."The component engineered by IBM is not only by far the fastest of its kind, but also the most efficient on

the energy front. It can receive op-tical information signals at 40 Gb/sec and multiply them tenfold using a mere 1.5V voltage supply which can be provided by a regular AA-size battery compared to the 20-30V supplies required by standard

photodetectors.This incredible improvement is the direct result of the transition from standard electronics to photon-ics. While electronics' performance cannot be pushed over a hard limit of about 100GHz without experienc-

ing unacceptable heating and loss in reliability, photonics can tolerate much higher frequencies and is, re-searchers suggest, the way to the future.The NAP is made of silicon and germanium, materials which are al-ready widely used in electronics for microchip production. The device is also fabricated using standard semiconductor manufacturing pro-cesses, which is of course essential to cut costs down."[Over the past few years] we have

developed what you might call a nanophotonic tool kit," Solomon As-sefa, who was part of the research group, explained. "We have made most of the devices that we need, such as modulators to modulate the light, waveguides, switches and all the other components to build on-chip interconnects. The NAP is the last piece of the puzzle, which we needed to have one chip send en-coded pulses of light, and the next chip receive it and distribute it.""Now the next step is to continue the development and production of these nanophotonic devices along thin-film transistors. If we put all of

this together, we believe that within 10-15 years we will be able to inte-grate onto the chips with the micro-processors, this photonic intercon-nect system for networks."

IBM develops speed of light chip to chip communication device

technology

IBM researchers have developed their latest building block in their effort to achieve photon-based communication and computing. )Photo: IBM(

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Wrinkly skin, breathlessness and a chesty cough are reg-ularly associated with heavy smok-ing. They can belie a person's age by making someone seem older than they actually are, but until now, scientists have known little about the biological mechanisms that ap-pear to accelerate the aging pro-cess.

Professor William MacNee from the University of Edinburgh has been investigating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease )COPD( that is

usually caused by smoking and oth-er environmental pollutants. COPD progressively and irreversibly dam-ages lungs and kills around 30,000 people a year in the UK.

Speaking at a meeting of the Bio-chemical Society held in Charnwood March 5, 2010, he told delegates about new evidence for accelerated aging linked to COPD. "We believe that there is a relationship between

inflammation seen in COPD and

ageing. Accelerated ageing could also be a process that links damage to the lungs with other diseases, such as heart disease," he said.

Natural ageing and the eventual death of cells are hastened and these processes are now thought to be central to the development of COPD. Professor MacNee contin-ued, "There is new evidence that cigarette smoke and other pollut-ants may accelerate the ageing pro-cess by making the inflammation in

the lungs worse and impairing the healing process."

The function of our lungs deterio-rates with age in the same way as our skin, bones and blood vessels. Throughout life, cells divide to main-tain and renew the cells that make up our whole body. Gene compo-nents, known as telomeres, protect chromosomes and play an impor-tant role in cell division. Telomeres

get shorter each time a cell divides and if it becomes too short, DNA may be damaged and this results in ageing.

Similar accelerated ageing process-es are now thought to be linked with heart and circulatory diseases that often occur in people with COPD. The disease continues even when people give up smoking. Professor MacNee presented the evidence that normal ageing processes are altered in patients with COPD.

Looking ahead, Professor MacNee said, "If we can discover how to in-tervene, we could find a way to help

prevent accelerated ageing."

How smoking acceler-ates the aging process

Current Aged Non-Smoker Aged Smoker

technology

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The humble contact lens has long been used to improve peoples vision, but now researchers have re-stored sight in patients suffering cor-neal damage using a groundbreaking technique where contact lenses are

cultured with stem cells.

The idea stemmed from the obser-vation that stem cells from the cor-nea )the thin, transparent barrier at

the front of the eye( stick to contact lenses. Employing three patients who were blind in one eye, the research-ers obtained stem cells from their healthy eyes and cultured them in extended wear contact lenses for ten days. The surfaces of the patients corneas were cleaned and the con-tact lenses inserted. Within 10 to 14 days the stem cells began to recolo-nize and repair the cornea.

The procedure is totally simple and

cheap, said lead author of the study, UNSWs Dr Nick Di Girolamo. Un-like other techniques, it requires no

foreign human or animal products,

only the patients own serum, and is completely non-invasive.

Of the three patients, two were le-gally blind but can now read the big letters on an eye chart, while the third, who could previously read the top few rows of the chart, is now able to pass the vision test for a drivers license. The research team isnt getting over excited, still remaining unsure as to whether the correction will remain stable, but the fact that the three test patients have been enjoying restored sight for the

last 18 months is definitely encour-aging. The simplicity and low cost of the technique also means that it

could be carried out in poorer coun-tries.

The procedure also works in patients who have had both eyes damaged. One of our patients had aniridia, a

congenital condition affecting both eyes," said Dr Di Girolamo. "In that case, instead of taking the stem cells from the other cornea, we took

them from another part of the eye altogether the conjunctiva which

also harbors stem cells."

Diseases affecting the cornea are one of the main causes of blindness around the world. The World Health Organization estimates that corneal disease could be responsible for 1.5 million people losing sight in one of their eyes every year.

Although at the moment the treat-ment can only help people with damage to the edge of the cornea, the researchers say that in the future the technique could be used to help

people blinded by other causes. As well other parts of the eye such as the retina, major organs such as the

skin could also be regrown using the technique.

The research team has applied for funds to continue the project. Given

their results to date, wed like to see them get it.

Sight restored in less than a month using stem cell contact lenses

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event, however.The Eco-Marathon featured 42 teams representing 9 high schools and 28 universities from across the Americas, plus one team from Italy. Vehicles could be powered by any conventionally available energy source - the 47 vehicles compet-ing in this years event incorporated engines powered by combustion, hydrogen/fuel cell technology, so-lar power and diesel. The object of

the contest was simply to see which vehicles could travel the farthest distance using the least amount of energy, on a downtown Houston course.The Laval team won in the Proto-type category for the second year in a row - last year, they achieved an even more amazing 23,440.2

KM/20 liters of Fuel. The event also included an UrbanConcept catego-ry, in which the vehicles had to be designed with practicality and real-world use in mind. The team from In-dianas Mater Dei High School took the $5,000 grand prize in that cate-gory, for their 3,717.0 KM/20 liters of Fuel combustion-engine car named George. This was also their second win in as many years.Prizes were also awarded in areas such as ecologically-friendly con-struction, safety, and technical in-novation.It is a clear demonstration that

we're never too young to start mak-ing energy innovations and effi-ciency a priority, said Mark Singer, global project manager for the Shell

Eco-Marathon Americas. It was in-

spiring to see these vehicles of the future on the streets of downtown Houston this year.As a point of reference, the current title-holder for World's Most Fuel-Efficient Vehicle is the hydrogen-

powered ETH Zurich PAC-Car II, which in 2005 achieved 107,680 KM/20 liters of Fuel.

technology

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The NTF 4.0, a car built by a team of students from Laval Univer-sity in Quebec, Canada, achieved an astonishing 22,222.2 km/20 liters of Fuel a week ago at the 2010 Shell Eco-Marathon Americas in Huoston, Texas. The feat earned the team the $US 5,000 grand prize in the Proto-type category, in which fuel-efficien-

cy can be achieved through designs that are... well, that are as radically stream-lined and lightweight as possible, really. The com-bustion-engine NTF )any

ideas what that stands for?( was by no means the only impressive vehicle at the

technology

Student-built car achieves 22,223.1 KM/20 liters of Fuel

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