the study of human relationships sociology chapter 3 social structure section 1: building blocks of...

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSTHE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGYSOCIOLOGY

CHAPTER 3

Social Structure

Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Section 1: Building Blocks of Social StructureStructure

Section 2: Types of Social InteractionSection 2: Types of Social Interaction

Section 3: Types of SocietiesSection 3: Types of Societies

Section 4: Groups Within SocietySection 4: Groups Within SocietySection 5: The Structure of Formal Section 5: The Structure of Formal OrganizationsOrganizations


Objectives:

Identify and describe the two Identify and describe the two major components of social major components of social structure.structure.

Analyze how these two Analyze how these two components of social structure components of social structure affect human interaction.affect human interaction.

Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure


Major Components of Social Structure Social StructureSocial Structure -the network of interrelated -the network of interrelated

statuses and roles that guide human interaction, statuses and roles that guide human interaction, give society its enduring characteristics and give society its enduring characteristics and make patterns of human interaction predictablemake patterns of human interaction predictable

StatusStatus – a socially defined position in a group or – a socially defined position in a group or in a society and has attached to it one or more in a society and has attached to it one or more rolesroles

RoleRole – the behavior expected of someone – the behavior expected of someone occupying a particular statusoccupying a particular status



Roles, Status, and Human Interaction People’s particular roles and statuses affect how People’s particular roles and statuses affect how

they relate to one another.they relate to one another. Statuses are ways of defining where individuals fit in Statuses are ways of defining where individuals fit in

society and how they relate to otherssociety and how they relate to others ascribed status ascribed status – assigned according to qualities – assigned according to qualities

beyond a person’s controlbeyond a person’s control achieved statusachieved status – acquired through individuals own – acquired through individuals own

direct effortsdirect efforts master status master status – – one status tends to out-rank others, one status tends to out-rank others,

plays the greatest role in one’s life and determining plays the greatest role in one’s life and determining social identitysocial identity



Roles, Status, and Human Interaction Roles are the components of social Roles are the components of social

structure that bring statuses to life.structure that bring statuses to life. reciprocal roles reciprocal roles – corresponding roles – corresponding roles

that define the patterns of interaction that define the patterns of interaction between related statusesbetween related statuses

role expectations role expectations – socially determined – socially determined behaviors expected of a person behaviors expected of a person performing a roleperforming a role



Roles, Status, and Human Interaction role performance role performance – actual role behavior, does – actual role behavior, does

not always match expectationsnot always match expectations role setrole set – the different roles attached to a – the different roles attached to a

single statussingle status role strain role strain – occurs when a person has – occurs when a person has

difficulty meeting the role expectations of a difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single statussingle status

role conflictrole conflict – occurs between two statuses – occurs between two statuses when trying to fulfill expectationswhen trying to fulfill expectations


THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSTHE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGYSOCIOLOGYRoles, Status, and Human InteractionRole exitRole exit::Statuses and their related roles Statuses and their related roles

determine the structure of groups in determine the structure of groups in society.society.

social institution social institution – statuses and – statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of societymore of the basic needs of society



Objectives:

Identify the most common types Identify the most common types of social interaction.of social interaction.

Distinguish between types of Distinguish between types of interactions that stabilize social interactions that stabilize social structure and those that can structure and those that can disrupt it.disrupt it.

Section 2: Types of Social Interaction


Common Types of Social Interaction When playing a role, must interact with othersWhen playing a role, must interact with others Interactions either change or stabilize societyInteractions either change or stabilize society 1. 1. exchangeexchange – interacting in an effort to – interacting in an effort to

receive a reward or a return for one’s actionsreceive a reward or a return for one’s actions reciprocity reciprocity – you do something for someone – you do something for someone

else, they owe you something in returnelse, they owe you something in returnexchange theoryexchange theory – people are motivated by – people are motivated by

self-interest in their interactionsself-interest in their interactions



Common Types of Social Interaction 2.2.CompetitionCompetition – two or more people or groups in opposition to – two or more people or groups in opposition to

achieve a goal that only one can attainachieve a goal that only one can attain positive means of motivating people to perform roles society positive means of motivating people to perform roles society

asksasks can also lead to psychological stress, lack of cooperation in can also lead to psychological stress, lack of cooperation in

social relationships, inequality, and conflictsocial relationships, inequality, and conflict 3. 3. ConflictConflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person by – the deliberate attempt to control a person by

force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another personforce, to oppose someone else, or to harm another person sources of conflict: war, within group, legal disputes, clashes sources of conflict: war, within group, legal disputes, clashes

over ideologyover ideology positive effects: reinforces group boundaries, strengthens positive effects: reinforces group boundaries, strengthens

group loyalty, draw attention away from internal problems, group loyalty, draw attention away from internal problems, lead to social changelead to social change



Common Types of Social Interaction4. Cooperation4. Cooperation – two or more people – two or more people

or groups working together to achieve or groups working together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one a goal that will benefit more than one of themof them

5. Accommodation5. Accommodation – a state of – a state of balance between cooperation and balance between cooperation and conflict, a compromise, truceconflict, a compromise, truce



Interactions That Stabilize and DisruptCompetitionCompetition and and ConflictConflict – disrupt – disrupt

social stabilitysocial stabilityAccommodationAccommodation, , ExchangeExchange, and , and

CooperationCooperation stabilize social stability stabilize social stability



Objectives:

Identify and describe the types of Identify and describe the types of societies that exist in the world societies that exist in the world today.today.

Explain the roles individuals play in Explain the roles individuals play in these models of group systems.these models of group systems.

Section 3: Types of Societies


Types of Societies role behavior takes place in groupsrole behavior takes place in groups group group – set of people who interact on the basis – set of people who interact on the basis

of shared expectations and who possess some of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identitydegree of common identity largest and most complex groups are societieslargest and most complex groups are societies

Sociologists classify societies according to Sociologists classify societies according to subsistence strategies.subsistence strategies.subsistence strategies subsistence strategies – way a society uses – way a society uses

technology to provide for the needs of technology to provide for the needs of membersmembers



Types of Societies PreindustrialPreindustrial – food production is the main – food production is the main

economic activity and can be subdivided according economic activity and can be subdivided according to the level of technology and the method of to the level of technology and the method of producing foodproducing food hunting and gathering, pastoral societies, horticultural hunting and gathering, pastoral societies, horticultural

society, agricultural societysociety, agricultural society IndustrialIndustrial – emphasis shifts from the production of – emphasis shifts from the production of

food to the production of manufactured goods food to the production of manufactured goods made possible by changes in production methodsmade possible by changes in production methods leads to urbanizationleads to urbanization

PostindustrialPostindustrial – much of the economy is involved in – much of the economy is involved in providing information and servicesproviding information and services 73% of Americans73% of Americans

SmartNotebook ActivitySmartNotebook Activity



Objectives:

Summarize the major features of Summarize the major features of primary and secondary groups.primary and secondary groups.

Identify the purposes that groups Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.fulfill.

Section 4: Groups Within Society


What is a group? A group has 4 major features: A group has 4 major features:

two or more people, interaction among members, two or more people, interaction among members, shared expectations, common identityshared expectations, common identity

These distinguish a group from an aggregate or These distinguish a group from an aggregate or social categorysocial category aggregate aggregate – people gathered in the same place at – people gathered in the same place at

the same time, but lack organization or patternsthe same time, but lack organization or patterns social category social category – classifying people according to a – classifying people according to a

shared trait or common statusshared trait or common status



Types of GroupsFeatures of Primary Groups:Features of Primary Groups:

Interact over a long period of time Interact over a long period of time on a direct and personal basison a direct and personal basis

Entire self of the individual is taken Entire self of the individual is taken into accountinto account

Relationships are intimate and face-Relationships are intimate and face-to-faceto-face



Types of Groups

Features of Secondary Groups:Features of Secondary Groups:Interaction is impersonal and Interaction is impersonal and

temporary in naturetemporary in natureInvolve a reaction to only a part of Involve a reaction to only a part of

the individual’s selfthe individual’s selfCasual and limited in personal Casual and limited in personal

involvementinvolvement



Types of Groups Features of Reference Groups:Features of Reference Groups:

group with whom individuals identify and group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they adoptwhose attitudes and values they adopt

Features of In-Groups and Out-GroupsFeatures of In-Groups and Out-Groups in-group in-group – group that a person belongs to and – group that a person belongs to and

identifies withidentifies with out-group out-group – any group that the person does – any group that the person does

not belong to or identify with not belong to or identify with



Types of Groups Features of E-communitiesFeatures of E-communities

e-community e-community – people interact with – people interact with one another regularly on the Internetone another regularly on the Internet

Features of Social NetworksFeatures of Social Networkssocial network social network – web of relationships – web of relationships

that is formed by the sum total of a that is formed by the sum total of a person’s interactions with other peopleperson’s interactions with other people



Purposes of Groups Select leadersSelect leaders – people that influence the attitudes – people that influence the attitudes

and opinions of othersand opinions of others instrumental leaders instrumental leaders – task oriented– task oriented expressive leaders expressive leaders – emotion oriented– emotion oriented

Define their boundariesDefine their boundaries – so that members can tell – so that members can tell who belongs and who does notwho belongs and who does not

Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisionsSet goals, assign tasks, and make decisions Control their members’ behaviorControl their members’ behavior – if members – if members

violate groups norms, the group cannot survive longviolate groups norms, the group cannot survive long



Objectives:

Explain how bureaucracies are Explain how bureaucracies are structured.structured.

Evaluate the effectiveness of Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.bureaucracies.

Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations


What are Formal Organizations? Sociologists use the term Sociologists use the term formal organizationformal organization to to

describe a large, complex secondary group that describe a large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals.has been established to achieve specific goals.

Most organizations are structured in the form of Most organizations are structured in the form of a a bureaucracybureaucracy.. bureaucracybureaucracy – a ranked authority structure that – a ranked authority structure that

operates according to specific rules and proceduresoperates according to specific rules and procedures

Bureaucracies were created to rationally Bureaucracies were created to rationally organize groups to complete a set of goalsorganize groups to complete a set of goals



Weber’s Model Division of LaborDivision of Labor

work is divided among specialists in various work is divided among specialists in various positions, expected to complete specific taskpositions, expected to complete specific task

Ranking of AuthorityRanking of Authority clear-cut lines of authority, each is responsible to a clear-cut lines of authority, each is responsible to a

supervisor at a higher levelsupervisor at a higher level Employment based on formal qualificationsEmployment based on formal qualifications

individuals are hired based on tests, education, or individuals are hired based on tests, education, or previous experienceprevious experience

Rules and regulationsRules and regulations identify the responsibilities of each personidentify the responsibilities of each person

Specific lines of promotion and advancementSpecific lines of promotion and advancement job security and seniorityjob security and seniority



Effectiveness of BureaucraciesEfficient at coordinating large numbers Efficient at coordinating large numbers

of people, defining tasks and rewardsof people, defining tasks and rewardsProvides stabilityProvides stabilityCan lose sight of goals, create red tape, Can lose sight of goals, create red tape,

and result in oligarchiesand result in oligarchies In some instances, rewards In some instances, rewards

incompetence and expands incompetence and expands uncontrollablyuncontrollably


the study of human relationships sociology chapter 3 social structure section 1: building blocks of...

Documents

human interaction roles

roles role

role section

social identity section

human interaction role

social institution statuses

structure of groups

particular status section