the study of slang utterances in brick movie

e-ISSN 2549-7715 | Volume 4 | Nomor 2 | April 2020 | Hal: 238-249

Terakreditasi Sinta 4

238

THESTUDYOFSLANGUTTERANCESINBRICKMOVIE

DaynikitaMerisabel,M.BahriArifin,NitaMayaValiantien

EnglishLiteratureDepartment,FacultyofCulturalSciencesMulawarmanUniversity

E-mail:[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study discussed about slang utterances found in the movie entitled BrickdirectedbyRianJohnson.ItisinterestingtoconductslangresearchonBrickmoviesinceitisauniqueneo-noirmoviewhichportraysteenager’slifethatspeakinaninventedslanginthe‘20s,’30s,and‘40s.Byusingdescriptivequalitativemethod,the purpose of the study is to identify the types of slang appeared in theconversationandtoobservethecontextbehindtheslangusedinBrickmovie.Theslangdata isanalyzedbasedon the typesofAmericanSlang theorybyChapman(1988) and by Partridge (1933). To support the analysis of context, thewritersused the Ethnography of Speaking by Hymes (1974). Regarding to the researchfindings,thewritersidentifiedthattherearethreetypesofslangusedbythesevencharacters in Brick movie script, namely: student slang, primary slang andsecondaryslang.Themostfrequentlytypeofslangissecondaryslangwithtotalof12data.Furthermore, themeaningofeachslangutterances isnotonlybasedondictionariesbutalsobasedonthecontextofsituation,suchassetting,participants,ends, act, key, instrumentalities, norms, and genre. In conclusion, this studyshowedthattherearemanyaspectsofslangwhichcanbeanalyzedmoredeeplyinto several other branches of linguistics, such as sociolinguistic, pragmatic andsemantic.

Keywords: slang, types of slang, contextual meaning of slang, ethnography ofspeaking,Brickmovie

ABSTRAK

PenelitianinimembahastentangujaranslangyangditemukandalamfilmberjudulBrick, yang disutradai oleh Rian Johnson.Melakukan penelitian terhadap slang difilm Brick sangat menarik, sebab film tersebut adalah film neo-noir unik yangmenggambarkan kehidupan remaja yang berbicara dalam bahasa slang yangdiciptakan pada tahun 20-an, 30-an, dan 40-an. Dengan menggunakan metodedeskriptif kualitatif, tujuandari penelitian ini adalahuntukmengidentifikasi jenis-jenis slangyangmunculdalampercakapandanuntukmengamatikonteksdibalik



239

slang yang digunakan dalam film Brick. Data slang di analisis berdasarkan teorijenis-jenis slang Amerika oleh Chapman (1988) dan oleh Partridge (1933). Untukmendukunganalisiskonteks,penulismenggunakanteoriEtnografiKomunikasiolehHymes (1974).Mengenai temuan penelitian, penulis mengidentifikasi bahwa adatigajenisslangyangdigunakanolehtujuhkarakterdalamnaskahfilmBrick,yaitu:slang pelajar, slang primer dan slang sekunder. Jenis slang yang paling seringmunculadalahslangsekunderdenganjumlah12data.Lebihjauhlagi,maknadarisetiapujaranslangtidakhanyaberdasarkanpadakamus, tetapi jugaberdasarkanpada situasi konteks, seperti latar, partisipan, tujuan, tindak komunikatif, kaidahinteraksi, bentuk pesan, norma, dan tipe peristiwa komunikasi. Kesimpulan,penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada banyak aspek slang yang dapat dianalisislebihdalamkebeberapacabanglinguistiklainnya,sepertisosiolinguistik,pragmatikdansemantik.

Katakunci:slang,jenis-jenisslang,maknakontekstualslang,etnografikomunikasi,filmBrick

A. INTRODUCTION

Language is a tool of communication that is used to interact with otherpeople.Itisusedtoconveyorexchangeamessagetootherpeopleinoraloreveninwrittenway.Crimmoncited inAbadi (2009)states that “StandardEnglishhastwovariants; formaland informalEnglish” (p.2).FormalEnglish isusuallyusedfor serious texts and situations, such as research, business, application letter,papers,andsoon.Ontheotherhand,informalEnglishiscalledcolloquialismthatis used in daily communication.When colloquial becomes extremely informal, itshadesoverslang.

Slang is expressions that do not belong to Standard English (Mencken,1984). It is considered as non-standard because it does not follow the regularsyntax,grammar,phonetic,andpragmaticofaStandardEnglish.Theuseofslangin themovie industry also has become a common thing in order to express thecharacterization of the actors. Brick is a 2005 American crime mystery moviedirectedbyRianJohnsonandstarringJosephGordon-Levittasthemainactor.

It is interesting to analyze Brick movie because it is a unique neo-noirmovie;aFrenchtermmeaning“newblackfilm”anditisatermtodescribetheoldHollywood crime movies which are not black and white. Brick movie portraysteenager’s lifewhich the setting and characters are about high school teenagersand it makes thismovie different from other neo-noirmovies. Moreover, it hasreceived numerous awards such aswon the Special Jury Prize for Originality ofVisionattheSundanceFilmFestivalandmostoftheconversationsbetweensevencharacters in themovieall speak in an invented slang in the '20s, '30s, and '40sthatcanbeanalyzedbythewriters.



240

Therearetwoobjectivesofthisresearch.Thefirstistoidentifyingthetypesof slang that appeared in the conversation in Brick movie and the second is toobservethecontextbehindtheslangusedinBrickmovie.

B. REVIEWOFRELATEDLITERATURE

1. TheDefinitionofSlang

According toChapman(1987), “slang is language that little todowith themain aim of the language, the connection of sounds with ideas in order tocommunicate each idea, but is rather an attitude, a feeling and an act” (p. 15).BasedonEble(1996),asanever-changingsetofinformalwordsandphrases,mostof the speakers use slang to emphasize social identity or cohesiveness within asubgrouporwithatrendinsocietyatlarge.Swan(1996)suggestsslangasapartof the utterance and special expression of language founded mainly in oureverydayconversation,especiallyintheparticulargroupsofpeople.Forthemostofit,slangisusuallyusedinyoungergroupsofpeople.

From the definitions above, every linguist has different perspective aboutthedefinitionofslang.However,allofthedefinitionsagreethatslangis“in-group”utterances (a groupwithwhich one feels a sense of solidarity or community ofinterests)becausethespeakerhastobeapartoftheacceptedgrouptouseslangutterances.Hence,thewritersconcludethatslangisveryinformalutterancesthatbelong to a particular group of people and used in certain context to expresssomething in a newway. In addition, slang reflects the social backgroundof thespeaker.

2. Partridge’stheoryofSlangTypes

AccordingtoPartridge(1933)inhisbookSlangTodayandYesterday,therearesometypesofslangasfollows

a. CockneySlang

The term of cockney slang refers to working-class people in England,especially foreastLondon. It isoftenuse in reference to thecockneyaccentandcockney slang is thebrightest spot inEnglandbecause ithas a verypronouncedaccent,forexample;thereisachangeinconsonantalvariationofthtoforvsound,as in fank you for thank you. Cockney slang often rhyming and includes humor.Manyphrasesmakesarcasticorironicreferencestotheirsubjects,suchasfatboyslimforgym.

b. PublicHouseSlang



241

The definition of public house slang is considered as public house groupwords and phrases make up for the smallness of the recorded vocabulary bynaturethesubject.Itisgenial,cheery,materialistic,butnotgrossnorcynical.

c. Workmen’sSlang

Thisslanghasalinkwithpublichouseslang.Thistypealsoveryclosedtotradesman slang, but the difference is the characteristic of the slang usuallyconsideredtopeople‘sactivityandrelatedwithmoney.Forexample,brassmeansmoney.

d. Tradesmen’sSlang

In tradesmen’s slang as in workmen’s slang, some words are related toorigin slang and the users are theworkmen too. But, the difference is there arefour typical users of tradesmen’s slang: tailors, butchers, chemist, and builders.Thetailorshavethelargestnumberofslang.

e. SlanginPublicity

This type of slang is often used for commerce, becausemuch of moderncommercedependsonpublicity,afirmneedsthecatchyphraseorrhymesthatcanimpressthepublic.Forexample,sunlightmeanssoap.

f. SlanginArt

Theutterancesofartisticslangarequicklyadoptedbythesociety,althoughthere are only a fewwords known as artistic slang. Slang in art is considerablemoredifficultthanotherslangterms,themeaningissodifficulttoguessinpresentday.Forexample,Gamutmeansapicture,adetail,etc.

g. SlanginTheatreorTheatricalSlang

Slang in theatre is relatedwith slang in art because theatre is one of artterm.TheatreslangitselfbeginstodevelopinnineteenthcenturiesandexpanditsinfluenceonordinaryandinformalspokenEnglish.Shakespeareusedthisslanginhisplaysforstylisticpurposes,forexample;michingfromHamletmeanssneakingorhidingintheshadow.

h. SlanginSchoolsandUniversitiesorStudentSlang



242

The user of this slang is student, because their slang is fresh and full ofcreativity. The slang utterances are usually produced in a shortened, easier andmorerelaxway.Forexample,what’sthemat?Meanswhatisthematter.

i. MilitaryorSoldier’sSlang

Militaryslangisslangthatcomesaroundfromthearmycommunitythatisgenerally used by soldiers. Military slang is often used to reinforce or reflect(usuallyfriendlyandhumorous)intergroupcompetition.Militaryslangshowstheslangutterances connect to thewarandattributes.Forexample,come to theoldsoldiermeanstoattempt.

3. Chapman’stheoryofSlangTypes

According to Chapman (1988), types of American slang are basicallysubdividedintotwotypes;theyarePrimarySlangandSecondarySlang.

a. PrimarySlang

Primary slang is general slang expressions that often hear or used byspeakersintheirdailycommunication.Itisnotconnectedwithacertaingroupinthe society because the speakers are not just some people in a group but everypersoninordertoavoidconventionsandseriousness.Itisusedinsteadofclichésandstandardlanguagetochangethelevelofformality.Forinstance,publicslang:footymeansfootball.

b. SecondarySlang

Secondaryslang isanutterances thatused toexpresssomething insecretwaywherejustrestrictedpeoplewhounderstandthemeaningofthatutterances.Therefore, it ismainly spokenbymembersof similargroup.Somegroupswhichproduce theirownslangareevenengaged in illegalactivities.For instance,druguserslang:smackmeansheroine.

4. Context

Hymes (1974) found that there are several components of speech eventsthatabbreviatedasSPEAKING.Theyare(S)setting,(P)participants,(E)ends,(A)act characteristics, (K) keys, (I) instrumentalities, (N) norms of interaction andinterpretation,and(G)genresthatwillbeexplainedasfollows

(S)SettingorScene

Setting is associated with the physical circumstance of a communicativeeventorreferswiththetimeofconversationoccurs.Meanwhile,scene iskindofpsychologicalsettingviewedfromtheculturaldefinition.



243

(P)Participants

Participants are persons or individuals involving in a speech event.Participantsconsistofaddresser,addressee,andaudience.Addresserisaspeakeror awriterwhopronounces theutterance.Addressee is a hearer or readerwhoreceivestheutterance.Meanwhile,audienceisthelargeamountofthehearerwhomaycontributethespecificationofspeechevents.

(E)Ends

Endsaredividedintotwopartsnamelyoutcomeandgoal.Outcomeisthepurposeoftheeventfromculturalpointofview,whilethegoal isthepurposeofthe individual participants. Ends deliver the purpose that uttered by a speakersuchastoinform,todiscuss,topersuade,andeventjusttochitchat.

(A)Act

Actsequencedefineshowsomethingissaid(theformofthemessage)andwhat is said by the speaker (the content of message). Act sequence can becorrelatedwiththeaestheticandstylisticmannerofthespeakerinconversation.

(K)Key

Key indicatesthemannerofaspeakerthat leadsthehearertothehiddenmessageof speakers.Thehiddenmessage indicatesby the tone,manner, feeling,atmosphereandattitudethatoccurinconversation.

(I)Instrumentalities

Instrumentalities construct channel and the form of speech. How thespeaker sends information to the hearer is defined as channel. Meanwhile, theformofthespeechisrelatedtothecodeandsubcodevariants.

(N)Norms

Normsrefertotherulesusedwithinconversationandinteraction.Normsofinteraction is set of linguistic features controlling when and how often speechoccurs.Meanwhile,normsof interpretationhaveapurpose to figureoutwhat isbeingconveyedbeyondthechoiceofword.

(G)Genre

Genre is kind of categories of speech. It can be daily language, oration,editorial, course, teaching,prayer,etc.Generally, genre isassociatedwithspeechevent.Itcanbeculturalortraditionalspeechgenres.



244

C. RESEARCHMETHOD

This research conducted as adescriptivequalitative researchbecause theresearchusesdata in the formofwords;writtenor spokenwordsof thepeopleandbehaviorsthatcanbeobserved,notcontrolledbylaboratoryandnumbersorstatisticsasthetoolsinanalyzingthedata.

Thedataofthisresearchisallutterancesthatcontainslang.Meanwhile,thedata source of this research is taken fromBrick (2005)movie script. From thismovie, thewritersanalyzed theslangutterancesof thesevencharactersand thecontextsituationofthemovie.

Asqualitativeresearch,thewritersthemselfbecametheinstrumentoftheresearch.Therearethreestepsthewritersusedinthisresearch.ThefirststepiswatchingBrickmovieforseveraltimestohaveaverygoodunderstandingoutofit.The second step, the writers marked and made a list of every utterance thatincluded into slang from thedialog,monolog, and thenarrationcontained in themoviescript.Thethirdstepissortedandorganizedthescreenshotordialoguesasthesampleofthedatathatrelatedtoslangutterancesanditscontext.

Theresearchusedlibrarytechniquewhichmeansitneedsliterarysourcesthat are already collected relevantwith the research (George, 2008). Tomake arightdiscussionoftheslang,itstartedbyclassifyingthetypesofslangandlookingforthescenestodescribethecontext ineverydataofslangutterances.Afterthetechniquehasdone,thentheconclusionisdrawn.

In addition, the writers used data triangulation in this research bycomparingthemoviescriptdataandthescreendatatakenfromthescreenshotinordertomakesurethedatapresentedisvalid.

D. FINDINGSANDDISCUSSIONS

1. Findings

a. TypesofSlang

The writers found about twenty four utterances containing slang insideeighteendialoguesinBrickmoviescript.Inreferringtothefirstresearchquestion,there are three types of slang found. They are Student slang, Primary slang andSecondary slang.Themeaningof some slangare fromslangdictionaries suchasNTC’s Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expression 3rd Edition,Partridge’s Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, Shorter SlangDictionaryandCriminalSlangDictionaryof1890to1919tointensifytheanalysis.ThecompleteresultoftheslanginBrickmoviecanbeseenasfollows



245

Table1.FindingsoftheData

No. SlangData TheMeaningintheMovie TypesofSlang1 Specs Spectacles 2 Takeapowder Runaway 3 Sap Anidiotorfoolish StudentSlang4 Shines Towield 5 Ace Highquality 6 Lapdog Asubmissiveman 7 Cops Policeofficer 8 Cell Mobilephone 9 Nodice Nochance PrimarySlang10 Burgh TownorCity 11 Blow Toleave 12 Ducksoup Veryeasy 13 Brick Heroin 14 Raise Getintouch 15 Clam RemainSilent 16 Hashhead Afrequentuserofhashish 17 Shamus PrivateDetective 18 Squawk Toexpose SecondarySlang19 Bull Policeofficer 20 Cashonthenail Getmoneyimmediately 21 Reefworm Adrugaddict 22 Hop Drug 23 Pow-wow Ameeting 24 C’s 100(Onehundred)

b. StudentSlang

TheBrain :LastIsaw,shewaswithwhat’shername,thatdramavamp.Smalltimedealer,theevilone,theoneyoudated.

Brendan :Kara.Youknowherlockernumber?TheBrain :Kara's?Brendan :Em's.TheBrain :239.Brendan :ThanksBrain.Keepyourspecson,findmeifsheshows.TheBrain :Sure.Specsareconsideredasslangbecauseitcomesfromwordwithpreviously

differentmeaning.Inthemid-twentiethcenturyitwasusedtobetheshorterformofspecifications,asinjobspecs.Nowinthismovie,specsaretheshorterformof



246

spectacles. Besides, the meaning of the word is found in the Shorter SlangDictionarybyPaulBeale.ThisslangiscategorizedintostudentslangbecauseitisproducedinshortenedwaybyBrendanthehighschoolstudentwhichbelongstothecharacteristicofstudentslang.

Inthefollowingconversation,theparticipantsareBrendanandTheBrain.Brendanisalonerhighschoolstudentwhoislookingforhisex-girlfriendnamedEmily.TheBrainisasmartstudentwhowearsbigroundglasses.Theyaretalkingaboutthe informationofKaraandEmilyasthetopic.Thesetting isattheschoolacrosstheparkinglot.Thediscussiontakesplaceintheafternoonafterschool.

Brendanisthespeakeroftheslangspecs.WhenBrendansaid,“keepyourspecson”he is referring toTheBrain’seyeglasses.This slangoccurs inorder tomaintain the close relationship between Brendan and The Brain. The facialexpressionbetweenBrendanandTheBrainiseye-to-eyecontactwhichindicatesthe intention to communicate. The way Brendan trusts every word of theinformationTheBraingivenindicatetheirrelationshipisclose, likeabestfriend.Since they know each other well, they tend to use slang to maintain theirfriendship.Besides,whenBrendan loseshiseyeglassesafteroneof thecriminalsnamedTugpuncheshimintheface,heasksTug“whereismyglasses?”insteadof“whereismyspecs?”becausehebarelyknowsTugandTugisnotastudent.

c. PrimarySlang

ThePin :Tughere'shadthemeanstoswipehalfandcutitbadforalongtime.Nowwe'resplitsmylossoftrust'sretroactive.

Brendan :Didyou,Tug?Tugger :No.Brendan :Alright,solet'sshakeandblow.ThePin :Notgoodenough.Blowisconsideredasslangbecauseitcomesonlyabrieftimeofpopularity

inthe20sandit fadeoutofuseindecades.AsEble(1996)saidthatslangis likethe ever-changing fashion or trend in society at large. The slang word blow iscategorized into primary slang since Brendan uses it to every character in themovieasgeneral informaldaily talk.Heuses thisslang toTheBrain,The lapdogpersonandeventothecriminalssuchasThePinandTuggerinthisscene.WhenBrendansaid“let’sshakeandblow”,itmeans“let’sshakehandandleave”.

Theparticipants inthisconversationconsistof threepeople; theyareThePin, Brendan and Tugger. The setting is at The Pin’s room. The topic is talkingabout the lastbrickofheroin.ThePin thinks thatTuggerswaps the lastbrickofheroinwiththestrongeroneandpoisonsittomakehisbuyeroverdoseoncetheydoseit.Tuggersaidhedidn’tdoit,andthenBrendanaskedhimtoleavewiththeslang blow. The atmosphere that occurs in this conversation is tense. The faceexpressionbetweenThePinandTuggerisscowling.Therefore,thepurposeofthis



247

slang utterance occurs in this conversation is to end the discussion by calmingdownthesituationoravoidingtheseriousnessintheconvention.

d. SecondarySlang

Emily :Look,Ididwhatshesaidwiththebrick,Ididn'tknowitwasbad, but the pin's on it now for poor Frisco and they'replayingitallonme.

Brendan :Slowdownnow,what?Emily :YougottahelpmeBrendan,please.Brick isconsideredasslangbecausethewritersfoundthemeaningofthe

wordintheDEA(DrugEnforcementAdministration)IntelligenceReportofSlangCodeWordsandCriminalSlangdictionaryof1890to1919asthegangstersslangtonameapoundorkilogramofadrug.Inthecaseofthemovie,itisasecretnameforheroinbecausetheshapeandthesizeof theheroin literally look likeabrick.Thus,theslangwordbrick iscategorizedintosecondaryslangsincethisslangissecretlyusedonlybycriminalsorgangsters.Besides,Brendanasthehearerdoesnot understand the meaning of the slang, because it is understood only bygangstersorcriminalsandBrendanisnotapartofcriminalsyet.

The participants of this conversation are Emily and Brendan. Emily isBrendan’s ex-girlfriend. The setting is on the payphone booth roadside the Picoand Alexander Street which Emily is on another payphone up the hill. Theconversationtakesplaceat12:43intheafternoon.ThetopicofthisconversationisaboutEmily thatasking forhelp, she isblubberingon thephone tellingBrendanthat she is in trouble. Emily is the speakerof thewordbrick. Brendandoesnotknowhowtoresponds,heasked“what?”whenEmilymentionaboutit.Brendan’sfaceexpressionlikefrowneduphisfacealsoindicatesthathedoesn’tknowwhatisEmilytalkingabout.Brendanisnotacriminalmemberyetinthissceneandthatiswhy he does not understand what brick refer to. This slang occurs in theconversationtoshowBrendanthatEmilybelongstoagroupwhichisinvolvedinthecommunityofdrugdealerandsheneedsahelpfromBrendan.

2. Discussions

Asdescribedinthefindings,theyare24slangutterancesthatfoundfrom3typesofslanginBrickmovie;theyare5StudentSlangutterances,7PrimarySlangutterances,and12SecondarySlangutterances.ThemostdominantslangtypethatusedbyallcharactersinBrickmovieisSecondarySlangwithatotalof12data.Thedataslangutterancessuchasbrick,bullandpow-wowaredominantlyoccurredinthisslangtype.AccordingtoChapmantheory,thistypeofslangismainlyusedbymembersof a group to express something in a secretway, suchasmemberof astreet gang, or a criminal. Brick movie takes a lot of background places closelyconnectedwithcriminalsociety.Thesecondaryslangof thecriminalunderworld



248

helpedthecharactersinBrickmovietalkingaboutdrugswithoutmentioningtheworddrugs,especiallyforthemaincharacterthatmostlyusedthisslangtocreatea relationshipwith the drug dealer in order to communicatewith each other insecret. According to Anderson & Trudgill (1990), many drug dealers must useslangtobeabletohaveconversationsaboutdrugswithoutanyoutsidersknowingaboutit. On theotherhand, Student Slang is the fewest slang type inBrickmovie.The totaldataof this type isonly5data.According toPartridge theory, theuserandoriginatorsofthisslangisastudent,becausetheymakeslangfreshandfullofcreativity.IflookingfromthemoviecharactersinBrickmovie,thecharactersaremostlyyoungteenagerbutnotallofthemarestudentfromhighschool.ThehighschoolstudentsuchasBrendanandTheBrainaretheintrovertwhousuallyseenontheirownandnot talkingmuchwithotherstudents inschool.Therestof thecharacters are the young criminal who is never seen in school. In addition, themoviesetting ismostlybeingset inoutsiderather than inaschool.Therefore, itcanbeunderstoodthatStudentSlangbecomesthefewestslangtypeinthismovie.

E. CONCLUSION

In this research, the writers found that the meaning of the slang in themovie script is based on the context, such as background of the characters andsetting of the scene. Some of the slang meaning is also based on the slangdictionariesthatappropriatedwiththecontext.ThewritersconcludedthatslangsinBrickmoviescriptareclassifiedintostudentslang,theorybyPartridge(1933),primaryslangandsecondaryslangbyChapman(1988).Fromtheslangtypesthatthe writers mentioned, Secondary Slang is the most common uttered by thecharactersasthismovietakesbackgroundplacescloselyconnectedwithcriminalsociety.As themovie isaboutyoungcriminals,manyslangutterancesuttered tocreate relationship with other criminals. Whereas, Student Slang is rarely usedsince the charactersof themovie createa relationshipwith theoutsiderofdrugcommunity rather than student in school, especially for themain characterwhospontaneously use secondary slang to communicate with the drug dealer toapproachtheirrelationship.

REFERENCES

Abadi,M. (2009).Analysisontheuseof slangonEminem‟s lyrics.(Thesis,EnglishLetters and Language Department, Faculty of Humanities and Culture, theState Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang). Retrieved fromhttps://journal.stkipnurulhuda.ac.id/index.php/Channing/article/view/32/19



249

Anderson,L.&Trudgill,P.(1990).BadLanguage.London.Penguin

Chapman,R.L.(1988).AnewdictionaryofAmericanslang.Retrievedfromhttp://libgen.io/book/index.php?md5=560305DF0706072753520ED27D588B3D

Eble,C.C.(1996).Slang&sociability:In-grouplanguageamongcollegestudents.fromhttp://libgen.io/book/index.php?md5=C03F9E79304EB72E8ABD3373FB470195

George,M.W.(2008).TheElementsofLibraryResearch.Retrievedfromhttp://libgen.io/ads.php?md5=5D37AE487CE908FA239C846DCF54B26A

Hymes,D.(1974).Foundationsofsociolinguistics:Anethnographicapproach.From:http://libgen.io/ads.php?md5=EA14EB18AC32D8B64AA412D557CA14EC

Mencken,H.L.(1984).AmericanLanguage:AnInquiryintotheDevelopmentofEnglishintheUnitedStates.4thedition.Retrievedfromhttp://libgen.io/ads.php?md5=B5C01AAE3A68734356FAC11C2973BEBE

Partridge,E.(1933).SlangTodayandYesterday.London:Routledge&KeganPaulSwan,Michael.(1996).PracticalEnglishUsage.Retrievedfrom

http://libgen.io/ads.php?md5=8FD84C6BAF9D9F17419454A8B2EB5C55

the study of slang utterances in brick movie

Documents