the syntax of english predications -domnica serban[1]

Upload: dienus2004

Post on 06-Apr-2018

238 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    1/208

    '201,&$(5%$1

    7+(6

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    2/208

    'HVFULHUHD&,3D%LEOLRWHFLL1D LRQDOHD5RPkQLHL

    (5%$1'201,&$

    7KH6\QWD[RI(QJOLVK3UHGLFDWLRQV 'RPQLFDHUEDQ

    %XFXUHWL(GLWXUD)XQGD LHL5RPkQLDGH0kLQHSFP

    %LEOLRJU

    ,6%1

    &RSHUWD5HSURGXFHUHGXS WDEORXO7DEO GHDKGH9LHLUDGD6LOYD

    (GLWXUD)XQGD LHL5RPkQLDGH0kLQH

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    3/208

    81,9(56,7$7($63,58+$5(7)$&8/7$7($'(/,0%,,/,7(5$785,675 ,1(

    '201,&$(5%$1

    (',785$)81'$ ,(,5201,$'(0,1(

    %XFXUHWL

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    4/208

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    5/208

    &217(176

    3UHIDFH

    ,7+(*(1(5$/3,&785(

    7KH7DUJHWHG,VVXH

    8QLYHUVDO*UDPPDU8*DV7KHRUHWLFDO)UDPH

    &URVVOLQJXLVWLF3ULQFLSOHVDV,QYDULDQWV

    3DUDPHWHUVDV9DULDEOHV

    *UDPPDUDVD0RGHORI&RPSHWHQFH

    7KH3URSHUW\RI*UDPPDWLFDOLW\

    7KH2UJDQL]DWLRQRI*UDPPDU

    7KH'HULYDWLRQRI6\QWDFWLF6WUXFWXUHV

    7KH&RQVWLWXHQW3KUDVH6WUXFWXUHRIWKH6HQWHQFH&ODXVH &RQVWLWXHQW,GHQWLILFDWLRQ

    6\QWDFWLF&DWHJRULHV3KUDVHVDV6HQWHQFH&RQVWLWXHQWV

    7KH6WUXFWXUHDQG'LVWULEXWLRQRI1RXQ3KUDVHV13V

    7KH6WUXFWXUHDQG'LVWULEXWLRQRI9HUE3KUDVHV93V

    7KH6WUXFWXUHDQG'LVWULEXWLRQRI$GMHFWLYDO3KUDVHV

    DQG$GYHUELDO3KUDVHV

    7KH6WUXFWXUHDQG'LVWULEXWLRQRI3UHSRVLWLRQDO3KUDVHV

    )XQFWLRQDO&DWHJRULHVDV3KUDVHV+HDGV

    7KH6HQWHQFHDVDQ,QIOHFWLRQ3KUDVHZLWK,QIOHFWLRQDV)XQFWLRQDO+HDG

    7KH5ROHRIWKH,QIOHFWLRQ+HDGRIWKH6HQWHQFH

    &ODXVDO&RQVWLWXHQWVDV&RPSOHPHQWL]HU3KUDVHV&3V

    6\QWDFWLF&DWHJRULHVRID*UHDWHU&RPSOH[LW\7KH&RPSRXQG

    DQG&RPSOH[6HQWHQFH7\SHV

    &RPSRXQG6HQWHQFHV

    &RPSOH[6HQWHQFHV

    $6SHFLDO7\SHRI&3WKH6PDOO&ODXVH

    &RPSRXQG&RPSOH[6HQWHQFHV

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    6/208

    7KH;EDU&RQYHQWLRQIRU3KUDVH6WUXFWXUH5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ

    +HDG&RPSOHPHQW'HSHQGHQFLHV

    'RPLQDQFH5HODWLRQVZLWKLQ3KUDVHVFFRPPDQG

    DQGPFRPPDQG

    7KH5HODWLRQRI*RYHUQPHQWDQGWKH0HFKDQLVP

    RI&DVH$VVLJQPHQW

    0RUHRQ&DVH$VVLJQPHQW7KH&DVH)LOWHU

    1RPLQDWLYH&DVH$VVLJQPHQWWRWKH66WUXFWXUH6XEMHFW

    7\SHVRI&DVH$VVLJQPHQW

    7KH/LQNEHWZHHQWKH/H[LFRQDQGWKH6\QWD[

    7KH3URMHFWLRQ3ULQFLSOH

    0RUHRQ7KHPDWLF7KHWD5ROHV

    7KHPDWLF5ROHV8QLYHUVDOO\$VVLJQHGE\9HUEV 7KH7KHWDFULWHULRQ

    7\SHVRI$UJXPHQWV,QKHUHQWYHUVXV1RQLQKHUHQW

    ([WHUQDOYHUVXV,QWHUQDO$UJXPHQWV

    6XEW\SHVRI,QWHUQDO$UJXPHQWV

    7ZR/HYHOVRI2FFXUUHQFHRI3UHSRVLWLRQDO3KUDVHV

    %DFNWRWKH/H[LFRQ6XPPLQJXS7\SHVRI,QIRUPDWLRQ

    LQWKH/H[LFDO(QWU\RI9HUEV

    6HOHFWLRQDO)HDWXUHV&VHOHFWLRQDQG6VHOHFWLRQ

    &URVVFDWHJRULDO&ODVVLILFDWLRQV 2WKHU6HPDQWLF&URVVFODVVLILFDWLRQV

    6XEFDWHJRULHVZLWKD7ZRIROG5HJLPHDQGWKH)ORDWLQJ

    3KHQRPHQRQ

    ,,6,03/(,175$16,7,9(35(',&$7,216

    6\QWDFWLFDOO\6LPSOHYHUVXV6\QWDFWLFDOO\&RPSOH[,QWUDQVLWLYHV

    6SOLW,QWUDQVLWLYLW\8QHUJDWLYHVDQG8QDFFXVDWLYHV

    7KH5HSUHVHQWDWLRQRI8QHUJDWLYHVDQG8QDFFXVDWLYHV

    6HPDQWLF6XEFODVVLILFDWLRQRI8QHUJDWLYHV

    6\QWDFWLF3URSHUWLHVRI8QHUJDWLYHV

    )XUWKHU6HPDQWLFDQG6\QWDFWLF3URSHUWLHVRI8QHUJDWLYHV

    6HPDQWLF&ODVVLILFDWLRQRI8QDFFXVDWLYHV

    6\QWDFWLF6XEFDWHJRUL]DWLRQRI8QDFFXVDWLYHV

    6LPSOH,QWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK$GMXQFWV

    ,,,&20326,7(35(',&$7,216

    ([SODQDWLRQRIWKH&RYHU7HUP&RPSRVLWH3UHGLFDWLRQ

    7KH66WUXFWXUHRI&RSXODWLYH3UHGLFDWHV

    &RSXODU%(YHUVXV2WKHU7\SHVRI%(

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    7/208

    )RUPDO6WUXFWXUDO3URSHUWLHVRIDOO%(V

    3DUWLFXODU3URSHUWLHVRI&RSXODUDQG([LVWHQWLDO%(7\SHV

    &RQVWLWXHQWV'LVWULEXWHGDV3UHGLFDWLYHVLQ66WUXFWXUH

    7KHWDUROH$VVLJQPHQWLQ&RSXODWLYH6WUXFWXUHV 7KH+\SRWKHWLFDO'6WUXFWXUHRI&RSXODWLYH3UHGLFDWHV

    6\QWDFWLF)HDWXUHVRI&RSXODOLNH9HUEV

    6HPDQWLF6XEFODVVLILFDWLRQRI&RSXODOLNH9HUEV

    8VDJHRI&RSXODOLNH9HUEV

    $VSHFWXDO&RSXODOLNH9HUEV

    ,QFKRDWLYH&RSXODOLNH9HUEV

    3RVLWLRQDO&RSXODOLNH9HUEV

    6HQVH3HUFHSWLRQ&RSXODOLNH9HUEV

    )LQDO5HPDUNV 0RUHDERXWWKH/RJLFRVHPDQWLF6XEW\SHV$WWULEXWLYHYHUVXV

    (TXDWLYH3UHGLFDWHV

    7KH$WWULEXWLYH6XEW\SH&ODVVPHPEHUVKLSDQG&ODVVLQFOXVLRQ

    7KH(TXDWLYHRU,GHQWLI\LQJ6XEW\SH

    7\SRORJ\RI$GMHFWLYDO3UHGLFDWLYHV

    /H[LFDOO\'HULYHG$GMHFWLYHVLQ3UHGLFDWLYH3RVLWLRQ

    $&DVHRI$PELJXLW\&RSXODWLYH3UHGLFDWH

    RU6WDWDO$JHQWOHVV3DVVLYH"

    3UHSRVLWLRQDO'HYHUEDO$GMHFWLYHV 6XEFDWHJRUL]DWLRQRI$GMHFWLYHVLQWR3UHGLFDWLYHDQG0RGLI\LQJ

    ([FOXVLYHO\3UHGLFDWLYH$GMHFWLYHV

    ([FOXVLYHO\0RGLI\LQJ$GMHFWLYHV

    6\QWDFWLFDOO\5HJXODU$GMHFWLYHVZLWK'LVWLQFW0HDQLQJV

    7KH6XEFDWHJRU\RI3VHXGR$GMHFWLYHV

    7KH,QKHUHQWYHUVXVWKH1RQ,QKHUHQW8VH

    )XUWKHU'HVFULSWLRQRI1RPLQDO3UHGLFDWLYHV

    7KH(TXDWLYH1RPLQDO7\SH

    1XPEHU$JUHHPHQWEHWZHHQWKH6XEMHFWDQGWKH3UHGLFDWLYH3UHSRVLWLRQDO3KUDVHVDV3UHGLFDWLYHV

    3UHGLFDWLYHVZLWK8QGHOHWDEOH3UHSRVLWLRQ

    3UHGLFDWLYHVZLWK'HOHWDEOH3UHSRVLWLRQ

    5HFLSURFDO&RSXODWLYH3UHGLFDWHV

    6XEFDWHJRUL]DWLRQRI5HFLSURFDO3UHGLFDWLYH$GMHFWLYHV

    0RUH&RPSOH[3UHGLFDWLYH6WUXFWXUHVWKH3UHGLFDWLYH

    $GMXQFWWRWKH6XEMHFW

    &RPSRVLWH3UHGLFDWHVZLWK3URS9HUEVDQG1RQ&RQWUDVWLYH

    2EMHFWV

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    8/208

    ,9&203/(;,175$16,7,9(35(',&$7,216

    /H[LFDOO\&RPSOH[YHUVXV6\QWDFWLFDOO\&RPSOH[ /H[LFDOO\&RPSOH[,QWUDQVLWLYHV7KH3UREOHPRIWKH3DUWLFOH

    7\SRORJ\RI,QWUDQVLWLYH&RPSOH[9HUEVDFFRUGLQJWRWKH6HPDQWLF&ULWHULRQ

    &RPSOH[9HUEVZLWK/RFDWLYHRU'LUHFWLRQDO3DUWLFOHV $VSHFWXDO&RPSOH[9HUEV

    6\QWDFWLF)HDWXUHVRI,QWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK3DUWLFOH7KH6XEFDWHJRU\RI,QKHUHQW5HIOH[LYHV

    ,QWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK3UHSRVLWLRQDO2EMHFW3DVVLYL]DWLRQRI3UHSRVLWLRQDO,QWUDQVLWLYHV3UHSRVLWLRQ6WUDQGLQJ

    1RPLQDOL]DWLRQ5HODWLYH&ODXVH)RUPDWLRQDQG(PSKDVLV ,QWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK3DUWLFOHDQG3UHSRVLWLRQ 2WKHU6\QWDFWLFDOO\&RPSOH[,QWUDQVLWLYHV

    ,QWUDQVLWLYHVZLWKD3UHSRVLWLRQDO,QGLUHFW2EMHFW7KH([SHULHQFHU6XEW\SH 7KH5HODWLRQDO6XEW\SH 7KH*RDO6XEW\SH3DVVLYL]DWLRQ3RVVLELOLWLHV

    ,QWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK7ZR3UHSRVLWLRQDO2EMHFWV $+\EULG7\SH,QWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK2EOLJDWRU\$GYHUELDO0RGLILHUV

    ,QWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK0DQQHU$GYHUELDOV ,QWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK4XDQWLI\LQJ$GYHUELDOV

    3UHGLFDWLRQV%DVHGRQ5HFLSURFDO,QWUDQVLWLYHV 3UHSRVLWLRQDO,QWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK&RPSOHPHQW&ODXVHV

    5HFDWHJRUL]DWLRQRI7UDQVLWLYHVDV,QWUDQVLWLYHV

    96,03/(75$16,7,9(35(',&$7,216

    6LPSOH7UDQVLWLYHV*RYHUQPHQWDQG$FFXVDWLYH&DVH$VVLJQPHQW 6XEFDWHJRUL]DWLRQRI0RQRWUDQVLWLYHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKH7KHWD5ROHRIWKH'LUHFW2EMHFW

    0RQRWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK(IIHFWHG5HVXOWDWLYH2EMHFW 7UDQVLWLYHVZLWKD0DQ\IROG5HJLPH

    0RQRWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK,QVWUXPHQWDO3DWLHQW 0RQRWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK/RFDWLYH'LUHFW2EMHFW0RQRWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK$EVWUDFW7KHPH 0RQRWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK([SHULHQFHU6XEMHFWV0RQRWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK([SHULHQFHU2EMHFWV

    5HODWLRQDO7UDQVLWLYHVLQ$V\PPHWULFRU6\PPHWULF3UHGLFDWLRQV 7UDQVLWLYH9HUEVRI3RVVHVVLRQ

    %RXQG'LUHFW2EMHFWV5HFLSURFDODQG5HIOH[LYH

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    9/208

    7\SRORJ\RI&DXVDWLYH9HUEV

    3URWRW\SLFDO&DXVDWLYHV

    /H[LFDO&DXVDWLYHV

    0RUSKRORJLFDOO\'HULYHG&DXVDWLYHV &DXVDWLYHV'HULYHGE\&RQYHUVLRQ

    &DXVDWLYHV'HULYHGE\$IIL[DWLRQ

    )XUWKHU6XEFDWHJRUL]DWLRQRI&DXVDWLYHV

    7KH&DXVDWLYH,QFKRDWLYH5HODWLRQVKLS

    7KH6\QWD[DQG6HPDQWLFVRI(UJDWLYH9HUEV

    9,&203/(;75$16,7,9(35(',&$7,216

    7UDQVLWLYHVZLWK3DUWLFOHYV,QWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK3DUWLFOH

    &RPSOH[9HUEVZLWK7ZR$OWHUQDWLRQV &RPSOH[7UDQVLWLYHVZLWKQR$OWHUQDWLRQ

    7UDQVLWLYHVZLWK3DUWLFOHDQG3UHSRVLWLRQ

    7UDQVLWLYHVZLWK3UHSRVLWLRQDO2EMHFW

    7UDQVLWLYHVZLWK,QVWUXPHQWDO3UHSRVLWLRQDO2EMHFWDV$GMXQFW

    7UDQVLWLYH$OWHUQDWLRQVZLWK3UHSRVLWLRQDO3KUDVHDV$GMXQFW

    7UDQVLWLYHVZLWK$GYHUELDORI3ODFH

    0RQRWUDQVLWLYHYHUEVZLWK3UHGLFDWLYH$GMXQFW

    &DXVDWLYHVZLWKDQ2EOLJDWRU\$Y3RI3ODFH

    %ULHI'HVFULSWLRQRI'LWUDQVLWLYHV7KH'RXEOH2EMHFW&RQVWUXFWLRQ

    7KH$UJXPHQW6WUXFWXUHRI'DWLYH9HUEV

    7KH6\QWD[RI'DWLYHVWKH7ZR$OWHUQDWLRQV

    'LWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK7ZR1RQSUHSRVLWLRQDO2EMHFWV

    'LWUDQVLWLYHVZLWK2EOLJDWRU\3UHSRVLWLRQDO,QGLUHFW2EMHFW

    6XEFDWHJRUL]DWLRQRI'DWLYH7UDQVLWLYHV

    3UREOHPVZLWKWKH$SSURDFKWR'DWLYHV

    5HFDWHJRUL]DWLRQRI,QWUDQVLWLYHVDV7UDQVLWLYHV

    ,QWUDQVLWLYH9HUEV5HFDWHJRUL]HGDV7UDQVLWLYHE\5HVXOWDWLYH

    2EMHFW)RUPDWLRQ

    5HFDWHJRUL]DWLRQE\&RJQDWH2EMHFW)RUPDWLRQ

    5HFDWHJRUL]DWLRQE\$QQLKLODWLRQRIWKH3UHSRVLWLRQ

    'XPP\,7'LUHFW2EMHFWV

    &DXVDWLYH7UDQVLWLYHV'HULYHGIURP,QWUDQVLWLYHV

    %LEOLRJUDSK\

    &RUSXV

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    10/208

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    11/208

    35()$&(

    7KHSUHVHQWKDQGERRNIRFXVHVRQRQHRIWKHPDMRULVVXHVLQ(QJOLVK

    V\QWD[ QDPHO\ WKH OLQJXLVWLF VWDWXV RI SUHGLFDWLRQ DW WKH OHYHO RI VLPSOH

    VHQWHQFHV,UUHVSHFWLYHRIWKHWKHRUHWLFDORUSUDFWLFDORULHQWDWLRQRIYDULRXVDSSURDFKHV WR JUDPPDU WKH FHQWUDOLW\ RI WKH SUHGLFDWLQJ YHUE LQ WKH

    VWUXFWXUDO FRQILJXUDWLRQ RI WKH VHQWHQFH DQG LWV PHDQLQJ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ LV

    XQDQLPRXVO\DJUHHGXSRQ7KLVH[SODLQVRXURSWLRQIRUWKHUHVSHFWLYHWRSLFZKLFKDFWXDOO\IRUPVWKHFRUHRIDQ\FRXUVHRQ(QJOLVKV\QWD[

    7KH DQDO\VLV DQG GHVFULSWLRQ RI YDULRXV W\SHV RI SUHGLFDWHVSUHVXSSRVHVWKHVWXGHQWVSUHYLRXVJURXQGLQJLQ PRGHUQOLQJXLVWLFWKHRU\,Q

    WKH VHFWLRQ GHYRWHG WR 7KH *HQHUDO 3LFWXUH ZH VKDOO SUHVHQW VRPH RI WKH

    HVVHQWLDO OLQJXLVWLF FRQFHSWV ZKRVH DVVLPLODWLRQ LV LQGLVSHQVDEOH IRU WKH

    XQGHUVWDQGLQJRISUHGLFDWLRQLQ(QJOLVK$VDPDWWHURIIDFWWKHERRNPDLQO\DGGUHVVHV WKH VHFRQG \HDU VWXGHQWV ZKR UHDG (QJOLVK DV PDMRU RU PLQRU

    VSHFLDOW\ DQG FRQVHTXHQWO\ KDYH DOUHDG\ VWXGLHG JHQHUDO OLQJXLVWLFV ZLWKSDUWLFXODUHPSKDVLVRQZKDWLVPHDQWE\DPRGHOEDVHGJUDPPDUDQGKRZ

    VXFKDJUDPPDULVRUJDQL]HGLQWHUQDOO\'XULQJWKHILUVW\HDURIVWXG\WZRLPSRUWDQWFRPSRQHQWVRIJUDPPDU

    KDYH DOUHDG\ EHHQ FRYHUHGSKRQHWLFV DQG SKRQRORJ\ GXULQJ WKH ILUVW WHUP

    DQG PRUSKRORJ\ GXULQJ WKH VHFRQG7KXV RXU XQGHUJUDGXDWHVKDYHEHFRPHIDPLOLDU ZLWK QRWLRQV VXFK DV OHYHO RI OLQJXLVWLF DQDO\VLV DQG GHVFULSWLRQ

    OLQJXLVWLF XQLW DQG VWUXFWXUH JUDPPDWLFDO FDWHJRU\ DVR OHW DORQH WKHFRQFHSWV RI OLQJXLVWLF IHDWXUH RI D OH[LFDO LWHP RU ZKROH FODVVFDWHJRU\ RI

    LWHPV2XUVWXGHQWVVKRXOGDOVREHDZDUHRIWKHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQDEDVLF

    RULQKHUHQWIHDWXUHRUUHJLPHDQGDGHULYHGRQHUHVXOWLQJIURPDVKLIWIURPDEDVLFWRD GHULYHGRIWHQFRQWH[WXDORFFXUUHQFH 7KLV FKDQJH LVODEHOOHGDV

    WKHVWXGHQWZLOONQRZDV UHFDWHJRUL]DWLRQHJWKHVKLIWIURPDQXQFRXQWDEOH

    QRXQ FODVV VXFK DV WKDW RI PDVV QRXQV OLNH FRIIHH ZLQH ZDWHU HWFWRWKHFODVV RI FRXQWDEOHV LH SRVVLEO\ PDUNHG E\ WKH SOXUDO DV ZHOO RU WKH

    UHFDWHJRUL]DWLRQ IURP VWDWH YHUEV WDNH WKH H[DPSOH RI VHQVH SHUFHSWLRQ

    YHUEVLQFOXGLQJWDVWHVRXQGVPHOOORRNKHDUWRWKDWRIDFWLYLW\YHUEVXVHGWRGHQRWHDGHOLEHUDWHDQGFRQWUROOHGDFWLYLW\,WVRKDSSHQVWKDWLQWKHODWWHU

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    12/208

    FDVHWKHYHUELVLQKHUHQWO\DQLQWUDQVLWLYHRQHLHDQREMHFWOHVVYHUEZKLFKE\ UHFDWHJRUL]LQJ DV DQ DFWLYLW\ YHUE DOVR VKLIWV WR WKH VXEFDWHJRU\ RI

    WUDQVLWLYH YHUEV7KLVSURFHVVLVRIDV\QWDFWLFQDWXUH7KHSUHVHQWWH[WERRN

    ZLOO FRQFHQWUDWH RQVXFK SUREOHPV WKDW KDYH WR GRZLWK WKH EDVLF V\QWDFWLFEHKDYLRU RI SUHGLFDWLQJ YHUEV ZKLFK LV GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKHLU LQKHUHQW

    VXEFDWHJRU\IHDWXUHVDQGDSSXUWHQDQFHDQGZKHQHYHULVWKHFDVHZLWKWKHLUUHFDWHJRUL]DWLRQSRVVLELOLWLHV

    2XU VWXGHQWV DUH KRSHIXOO\ DOVR DZDUH RI WKH SURJUHVV PDGH E\

    PRGHUQ OLQJXLVWLF VFLHQFH KDYLQJ VWXGLHG WKH PDLQ VWUXFWXUDOLVW DQGJHQHUDWLYHWUHQGVLQWKHWKFHQWXU\ +HQFH WKH\ZLOOEH DEOHWRJUDVS WKH

    PRUHDEVWUDFWQRWLRQVDQGWRIROORZWKHDUJXPHQWDWLRQLIDQ\$OOWKHPRUH

    VR DV REMHFWLYH GHVFULSWLRQ DQG FRYHUDJH RI D JUHDW DPRXQW RI ODQJXDJH

    GDWDVXSSOHPHQWHG E\H[SODQDWLRQ RIWKH FRPSOH[SURFHVVHV DWZRUN LQWKHYDULRXVFRPSDUWPHQWVRIJUDPPDUPLJKWWXUQRXWWREHRIDJUHDWKHOSLQWKH

    VWXGHQWVDFWXDOXVHRIV\QWDFWLFVWUXFWXUHV7KHPDWHULDOVLQFOXGHGLQWKHSUHVHQWERRNDUHPDLQO\GUDZQIURP

    P\ ILUVW FRXUVH LQ (QJOLVK 6\QWD[ 78% IURP P\ GLVVHUWDWLRQ RQ6\QWDFWLF)XQFWLRQVLQ8QLYHUVDO*UDPPDU78%DVZHOODVIURPWKH

    (QJOLVK 6\QWD[ :RUNERRN (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL 5RPkQLD GH 0kLQH ZKLFK, ZURWHLQ FRRSHUDWLRQZLWK P\\RXQJHU FROOHDJXHV 5DOXFD +D JDQ

    DQG 'HQLVD 'U JXLQ 7KHVH PDWHULDOV KDYH EHHQ VXEMHFW WR UHYLVLRQ DQG

    XSGDWLQJWKHVWUHVVEHLQJODLGRQDFFHVVLELOLW\WRWKHVWXGHQW0\ \HDUV RI H[SHULHQFH PDLQO\ LQFOXGLQJ D VWHDG\ LQWHUDFWLRQ

    ZLWK P\ VWXGHQWV DQG WHDP ZRUNHUV EH WKH\ VHQLRUV RU MXQLRUV UHSUHVHQW

    KRZHYHU WKH PDLQ VRXUFH RI WKH SUHVHQW ERRN %\ DFNQRZOHGJLQJ P\LQGHEWQHVV WR WKHLU FRRSHUDWLRQ LQ V\QWDFWLF GHEDWHV UHODWHG WR WKH PDMRU

    WRSLFV RI WKLV ERRN , DFWXDOO\ ZDQW WR H[SUHVV P\ KHDUWIHOW WKDQNV WR WKHLUVXJJHVWLRQVFULWLFDOUHPDUNVDQGHQWKXVLDVPIRUV\QWD[LQJHQHUDO

    7+($87+25

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    13/208

    /,672)$%%5(9,$7,216

    $$GM$GMHFWLYH 131RXQ3KUDVH

    $FF$FFXVDWLYH 33UHSRVLWLRQ

    $GY$GYHUE 333UHSRVLWLRQ3KUDVH

    $Y3$GYHUE3KUDVH 3)3KRQRORJLFDO)RUP$JU$JUHHPHQW 3O3OXUDO

    $3$GMHFWLYH3KUDVH 333ULQFLSOHVDQG3DUDPHWHUV

    $VS$VSHFW 3RVV3RVVHVVHU

    $X[$X[LOLDU\YHUE 3UW3DUWLFOH

    &&RPS&RPSOHPHQWL]HU 44XDQWLILHU

    &3&RPSOHPHQWL]HU3KUDVH 4$4XDQWLW\$GMHFWLYH

    ''HW'HWHUPLQHU 66HQWHQFH

    'DW'DWLYH 6&6PDOO&ODXVH'3'HWHUPLQHU3KUDVH 6J6LQJXODU

    ,,QIO,QIOHFWLRQ 6SHF6SHFLILHU

    ,3,QIOHFWLRQ3KUDVH 77HQVH

    /)/RJLFDO)RUP WWUDFH

    11RXQ 99HUE

    1HJ1HJDWLRQ 939HUE3KUDVH

    1RP1RPLQDWLYH 8*8QLYHUVDO*UDPPDU

    1XP1XPEHU

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    14/208

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    15/208

    ,7+(*(1(5$/3,&785(

    7KH7DUJHWHG,VVXH

    7KHREMHFWRIWKHSUHVHQWERRNLWVWDUJHWHGLVVXHLVWRJLYHDQ DFFRXQW RI WKH V\QWDFWLF SRWHQWLDO RI (QJOLVK LQ WKH UHDOP RI

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

    &RQVLGHUWKHIROORZLQJVHQWHQFHVHDFKRIZKLFKLVEDVHGRQD

    VLQJOHSUHGLFDWHD7KRVHNLGVDUHTXLWHIDQFLIXOE7KRVHNLGVKDYHEOXHUXFNVDFNVF7KRVHNLGVDUHJLJJOLQJG7KRVHNLGVDUHSLFNLQJGDIIRGLOV

    :HQRWLFHWKDWWKHIRXUVHQWHQFHVDUHDQDO\]DEOHLQWRWZRLPPHGLDWH

    FRQVWLWXHQWV DQ LGHQWLFDO 1RXQ 3KUDVH 13 DQG D VWUXFWXUDOO\ DQGVHPDQWLFDOO\ GLVWLQFW 9HUE 3KUDVH 93 7KH IRUPHU IXQFWLRQV DV6XEMHFW DQG LW LV DOZD\V SODFHG LQ (QJOLVK GHFODUDWLYH VHQWHQFHV LQLQLWLDO SUHYHUEDO SRVLWLRQ :H DOVR QRWLFH WKDW LQ D ZD\ VLPLODU WR6XEMHFWVLQRWKHUODQJXDJHV5RPDQLDQLQFOXGHGWKH(QJOLVK6XEMHFWH[SUHVVHVZKDWWKHVHQWHQFHLVDERXWLHWKHWRSLFVKDUHGE\DOOWKHIRXUVHQWHQFHV

    +RZHYHUWKHDFWXDOFRUHRIHDFKRIWKHVHQWHQFHVWKHQXFOHXV

    RI WKH UHVSHFWLYH V\QWDFWLF FRQILJXUDWLRQ DV ZHOO DV WKH FOXH WR WKH

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    16/208

    JOREDO PHDQLQJ RI HDFK VHQWHQFH LV WKH VHFRQG JURXS RI ZRUGV WKH9HUE3KUDVHIXQFWLRQLQJDV3UHGLFDWH3KUDVH,WUHSUHVHQWVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWVHJPHQWRIWKHVHQWHQFHIURPDQLQIRUPDWLYHSRLQWRIYLHZ

    DVLWFRQYH\VDIUHVKFRPPHQWRQWKHVDPHVHHPLQJO\NQRZQUHIHUHQWRIWKH6XEMHFWWKRVHNLGV:HDOVRQRWLFHWKDWWKHKHDY\ORDGRIPHDQLQJ FDUULHG E\ WKH SUHGLFDWLQJ YHUE SKUDVH FRUUHODWHV ZLWK DGLVWLQFW YHUEDO VWUXFWXUH ZKLFK VHHPV WR EH VSHFLDOL]HG IRUH[SUHVVLQJVLPLODUVWDWHVRUHYHQWV

    7DNH IRU LQVWDQFH WKH PHDQLQJ FRQWULEXWLRQ RI HDFK3UHGLFDWH7KHILUVWDQGWKHVHFRQGDVVLJQSURSHUWLHVWRWKHUHIHUHQWRIWKH6XEMHFWWKHWKLUGDQGWKHIRXUWKLQGLFDWHDFWLYLWLHVSHUIRUPHGE\

    WKH VDPH UHIHUHQW RI WKH 6XEMHFW 6WLOO WKHUH DUH LPSRUWDQW VHPDQWLFGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHVWDWHVH[SUHVVHGE\WKHDDQGEVHQWHQFHVDQGEHWZHHQWKHDFWLYLWLHVLQVHQWHQFHVFDQGG

    ,Q WKH ILUVW VHQWHQFH WKH SUHGLFDWLRQ LV EDVHG RQ WZRFRQVWLWXHQWVWKHPHDQLQJOHVVYHUE%(DQGWKHUHDOFDUULHURIPHDQLQJWKHRQHWKDWGHQRWHVWKHSURSHUW\DWWULEXWHRIEHLQJ TXLWHIDQFLIXO7KHODWWHU LV UHDOL]HG JUDPPDWLFDOO\ E\ DQ $GMHFWLYDO 3KUDVH $3IXQFWLRQLQJDV3UHGLFDWLYH,QWKHVHFRQGVHQWHQFHWKH6XEMHFW1RXQ

    3KUDVH H[SUHVVHV WKH SRVVHVVRU RI VRPH SK\VLFDO REMHFWV WKH EOXHUXFNVDFNV WKH UHODWLRQ RI SRVVHVVLRQ LV UHQGHUHG E\ D GLVWLQFWSUHGLFDWH VWUXFWXUH VSHFLDOL]HGIRU WKLV UHODWLRQDO PHDQLQJ 7KLV LV D9HUE 'LUHFW 2EMHFW FRQILJXUDWLRQ KHDGHG E\ WKH SURWRW\SLFDOUHODWLRQDO YHUE LQ (QJOLVK WKH YHUE +$9( ZKLFK VHOHFWV WKH WKLQJSRVVHVVHGDV'LUHFW2EMHFW

    7KH WKLUG DQG IRXUWK VHQWHQFHV DUH SUHGLFDWHG E\ DFWLYLW\YHUEVEXWLQFWKHDFWLYLW\RIJLJJOLQJLQYROYHVWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIDVLQJOHDFWDQWSOD\LQJWKHUROHRI$JHQWZKLOHLQGWKHDFWLYLW\RISLFNLQJFDUULHGRXWE\WKH$JHQWVDPHUHIHUHQWLVXQGHUJRQHE\DQDFWDQWZKRVHUROHLVWKDWRI3DWLHQW7KHSUHGLFDWLRQLVWUDQVLWLYHLQYROYLQJWZRUROHVLQLWVORJLFDOVWUXFWXUH

    1RWLFHDOVRWKDWWKH%(RFFXUUHQFHVLQVHQWHQFHDYHUVXVVHQWHQFHVFDQGGDUHEXWIXUWKHUSURRIVRIYHUEVXEFDWHJRUL]DWLRQWKH%(LQWKHILUVWVHQWHQFHEHORQJVWRWKHVXEFDWHJRU\RIFRSXODUOLQNYHUEV ZKLOH WKH RQH LQ WKH ODVW WZR VHQWHQFHV LV DQ DX[LOLDU\ WKDWPDUNVWKH&RQWLQXRXVDVSHFWV

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    17/208

    7KHSUHVHQWWH[WERRNLVDVXUYH\RIV\QWDFWLFFODVVHVRIYHUEVYHUE VXEFDWHJRULHV GHVFULEHG LQ FORVH LQWHUUHODWLRQ ZLWK WKHLUPHDQLQJ ZKLFK LV LQWHUSUHWHG LQ WHUPV RI D JLYHQ ORJLFDO DUJXPHQW

    VWUXFWXUH SHUWDLQLQJ WR HDFK &XWWLQJ DFURVV WKLV DPSOH YHUE GRPDLQWKHUHLVDV\QWDFWLFERXQGDU\WKDWLVFODVVLFDOO\FDOOHG WUDQVLWLYLW\E\ZKLFKDOOJUDPPDULDQVPHDQWKHUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKHYHUEWRFRRFFXUZLWKDNLQGRIVLVWHUD1RXQ3KUDVHIXQFWLRQLQJDV'LUHFW2EMHFW

    $VZHKDYHSRLQWHGRXWLQRXU)RUHZRUGWKLVGRPDLQOHQGVLWVHOI WR VKLIWV IURP RQH VXEFDWHJRU\ WR DQRWKHU VKLIWV WKDW DUHFRQVLGHUHG WR EH LQVWDQFHV RI UHFDWHJRUL]DWLRQ 7KXV LQ YDULRXVVHFWLRQV RI WKLV ERRN ZH VKDOO FRPPHQW RQ WKH IORDWLQJ QDWXUH RI

    WUDQVLWLYLW\WKDWOLHVDWWKHEDVLVRIUHFDWHJRUL]DWLRQSURFHVVHVEHWKH\IURP LQWUDQVLWLYH WR WUDQVLWLYH HJ 7KH \RXQJ PDUH LV JDOORSLQJ 7KH WHHQDJHU LV JDOORSLQJ WKH \RXQJ PDUH RU YLFHYHUVD IURPWUDQVLWLYHWRLQWUDQVLWLYHHJ 6RPHRQHVROGWKHWDEORLGUDSLGO\7KHWDEORLGVROGUDSLGO\

    ,QIRUPDWLRQ DERXW VXEFDWHJRUL]DWLRQ IHDWXUHV DUJXPHQWVWUXFWXUHVDQGUHFDWHJRUL]DWLRQSRVVLELOLWLHVUHJDUGLQJWKHYHUELWHPVLQDJLYHQODQJXDJHLVLQFOXGHGLQWKHRYHUDOOOLVWRIOH[LFDOLWHPVWKDWLV

    FRPPRQO\NQRZQDV/(;,&21,QWKLVERRNZHVKDOOKDYHDVPDLQWDUJHW WKH /H[LFRQ GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH PDLQ YHUE VXEFDWHJRULHV LQ(QJOLVK%XWLQRUGHUWRIXOO\FRPSUHKHQGWKLVWDUJHWHGLVVXHZHVKDOOKDYHWRVHHZKHUHLVWKH/H[LFRQSODFHG LQWKHJHQHUDO OD\RXWRIWKHJUDPPDUZKLFKKDYHGHFLGHGWRDGRSWDVWKHRUHWLFDOIUDPHDWDVNWKDWZH KRSH WR IXOILOO SDUWO\ E\ WKH IROORZLQJ DFFRXQW RI WKH JHQHUDOSLFWXUHSDUWO\E\FRQYLQFLQJWKHUHDGHUWRUHVRUWWRRWKHULPSRUWDQWVRXUFHV

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

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    18/208

    LVVXH ZKLFK LV WKH VWXG\ RI WKH UHODWLRQ RISUHGLFDWLRQ DQG RI WKHIXQFWLRQRI3UHGLFDWH3UHGLFDWRULQVLPSOHVHQWHQFHV

    2XU WDUJHWHG LVVXH WKHUHIRUH KDV D WZRIROG QDWXUH ERWK

    FDWHJRULDO DQG IXQFWLRQDOUHODWLRQDO 7KH SUHGRPLQDQW FRQFHSWXDODSSDUDWXV ZLOO EH GUDZQ IURP WKH IUDPH RI WKH FDWHJRULDO JUDPPDUPRGHOSUHVHQWHGEHORZEXWSDUWRIWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHGDWDDQGRIWKH H[SODQDWLRQV JLYHQ ZLOO EH LQVSLUHG IURP WKH IXQFWLRQDO DQGRUUHODWLRQDOPRGHOVRIV\QWD[%RWKW\SHVRIPRGHOVKRZHYHUVKDUHRQHLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWWKH\KDYHDXQLYHUVDOFRPSRQHQWVHHWKHYHU\QDPHRI RQH RI WKH YDULDQWV RI 5HODWLRQDO *UDPPDU 8QLYHUVDO 6\QWD[ZKLFK FDSWXUHV WKH PRVW JHQHUDO SULQFLSOHV WKDW JRYHUQ V\QWDFWLF

    SKHQRPHQDFURVVOLQJXLVWLFDOO\8QLYHUVDO*UDPPDU8*DV7KHRUHWLFDO)UDPH

    ,Q RUGHU WR VXSSO\ D WKRURXJK GHVFULSWLRQ RI (QJOLVK YHUEFODVVHVVXEFDWHJRULHV ZH VKDOO KDYH WR SODFH SUHGLFDWLQJ LWHPV DQGSKUDVHV LQ WKH ODUJHU FRQWH[W RI WKH *UDPPDU FRQVWUXFW ZH KDYHFKRVHQDV)5$0(7KLVLVPDLQO\EDVHGRQWKH7KHRU\RI*RYHUQPHQWDQG%LQGLQJ&KRPVN\WKHPDMRURXWFRPHRIWKFHQWXU\

    JHQHUDWLYHOLQJXLVWLFV7KHODWWHUZKLFKZDVLQDXJXUDWHGE\WKHHDUOLHVWYHUVLRQ RI D JHQHUDWLYH JUDPPDU NQRZQ DV WKH 6WDQGDUG 0RGHORI*HQHUDWLYH7UDQVIRUPDWLRQDO*UDPPDU&KRPVN\,QEHWZHHQWKHVH WZR ODQGPDUNV LQ WLPH WKHUH ZDV D VXFFHVVLRQ RI YDULDQWVUHSUHVHQWLQJ UHILQHPHQWV DQG LPSURYHPHQWV RI WKH LQLWLDO 6WDQGDUGWKHRU\

    &KRPVN\V SURSRVDOV ODEHOOHG IRU VKRUW DV WKH *%7KHRU\FDPHWRDOVREHUHIHUUHGWRDVWKH 8QLYHUVDO*UDPPDU8*

    PRGHO RU WKH3ULQFLSOHV DQG 3DUDPHWHU 33 7KHRU\ 7KHVH WZRDOWHUQDWLYH ODEHOV KDYH EHHQ GHWHUPLQHGE\ WKH EDVLFDVVXPSWLRQV RIWKHPRGHOFRQFHUQLQJDWKH XQLYHUVDOO\VKDUHGSURSHUWLHV RIQDWXUDOODQJXDJHVZKLFKIRUPLQYDULDQWV\VWHPVE WKHSDUWLFXODU SURSHUWLHV RI QDWXUDO ODQJXDJHV UHSUHVHQWLQJ FURVVOLQJXLVWLFGLIIHUHQFHVSRVVLEO\GHVFULEHGDVYDULDEOHV

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    19/208

    7KH8*WKHRU\FDSWXUHVERWKDVSHFWVXQGHUWKHIRUPRIYHU\JHQHUDOSULQFLSOHVVXEWKHRULHV WKDW DFFRXQW IRU WKH XQLYHUVDO SURSHUWLHV DQGVHWVRISDUDPHWHUVIRUWKHODQJXDJHVSHFLILFRQHV

    ,Q RUGHU WR HDVLO\ FRPSUHKHQG WKH SUHVHQW PDWHULDO WKH UHDGHU LVUHTXLUHGWRUHYLVHVRPHRIWKHEDVLFOLQJXLVWLFFRQFHSWVGHILQHGDQGRUH[SODLQHGLQWKHVRXUFHVLQGLFDWHGLQ&URVVOLQJXLVWLF3ULQFLSOHVDV,QYDULDQWV

    8QLYHUVDOO\ YDOLG SULQFLSOHV UHJDUG WKH SURSHUWLHV DQGPHFKDQLVPV WKDW DSSO\ FURVVOLQJXLVWLFDOO\ WKDW LV WR DOO QDWXUDOODQJXDJHV7KH\DFWXDOO\UHSUHVHQWODQJXDJHLQYDULDQWXQLYHUVDOVWKH

    TXHVW RI ZKLFK ZDV WKH JRDO RI FODVVLFDO DQDO\WLFDO VWUXFWXUDOLVP&$6:LWKLQ LWV FRPSUHKHQVLYH IUDPH 8* HVWDEOLVKHV D VHW RI

    JHQHUDOSULQFLSOHVWKDWRSHUDWHLQDOOODQJXDJHV7DNHIRULQVWDQFHWKHKHDGHGQHVVSULQFLSOHDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKDOOFRQVWLWXHQWVRIWKHW\SH3+5$6(UHSUHVHQWLQJPD[LPDOV\QWDFWLFJURXSVPDGHXSRIVPDOOHUFRQVWLWXHQWVREOLJDWRULO\LQFOXGHDKHDGRUQXFOHXV7KLVKHDGEHLWD1RXQ 1 D 9HUE 9 DQ $GMHFWLYH $ DQ $GYHUE $Y RU D

    3UHSRVLWLRQ 3 LV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW HOHPHQW RI WKH ZKROHFRQVWUXFWLRQ WKH RQH WKDW IXUWKHU VHOHFWV D FRPSOHPHQW 7KH FOXVWHUIRUPHGE\DKHDGDQGLWVFRPSOHPHQWVUHSUHVHQWVWKHPDMRUV\QWDFWLFFDWHJRU\FDOOHG3+5$6(+HUHDUHH[DPSOHVRIWKHPDLQ3KUDVHW\SHVLQ (QJOLVK HVVD\ RQ IULHQGVKLS 1RXQ 3KUDVH 13 ZULWH DQDSSOLFDWLRQ 9HUE 3KUDVH 93 XQFRPPRQO\ EHDXWLIXO $GMHFWLYDO

    3KUDVH$3YHU\HDUO\$GYHUELDO3KUDVH$Y3LQWRWKHJDUDJH3UHSRVLWLRQDO3KUDVH33

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

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    20/208

    SDUDPHWULFDOO\ GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH ZRUG RUGHU W\SH HDFK ODQJXDJHEHORQJVWR6XEMHFW9HUE2EMHFW6XEMHFW2EMHFW9HUE9HUE6XEMHFW2EMHFWHWFEXWVHQWHQWLDOVWUXFWXUHDOZD\VLQFOXGHVWKHVHLPPHGLDWH

    FRQVWLWXHQWV.QRZOHGJHRIWKHXQLYHUVDOSULQFLSOHVLVDFRPSRQHQWRIWKHPHQWDOVWRUHZHDUHDOOERUQZLWK7KHFKLOGSRVVHVVHV8*DVDQLQLWLDO

    VWDWH,WLVDFRJQLWLYHIDFXOW\OLNHPDQ\RWKHUVWKHODQJXDJHIDFXOW\ZH DUH DOO HQGRZHG ZLWK 7KLV IDFXOW\ IXQFWLRQV DV D ODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQ GHYLFH 7KH JHQHUDO SULQFLSOHV IRUP WKH LQLWLDO VWDWH WKDWUHSUHVHQWVDFRPPRQFRJQLWLYHIXQGVKDUHGE\DOOKXPDQEHLQJVDQGPDNLQJODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQSRVVLEOH

    3DUDPHWHUVDV9DULDEOHV

    7KHPRPHQWWKHFKLOGLVH[SRVHGWRODQJXDJHH[SHULHQFHLQDJLYHQVSHHFKFRPPXQLW\WKHODQJXDJHIDFXOW\LWSRVVHVVHVLQQDWHO\LVDFWLYDWHG DQG D SDUWLFXODU ODQJXDJH LV JUDGXDOO\ DQG XQFRQVFLRXVO\DFTXLUHG 7KH UHVXOW LV QRW D XQLTXH ODQJXDJH VSRNHQ E\ SHRSOH DOORYHUWKHZRUOGEXWDSDUWLFXODUODQJXDJHZLWKFHUWDLQSURSHUWLHVWKDWOHQGLWVSHFLILFLW\7KHJHQHUDOSULQFLSOHVGRRSHUDWHEXWWKH\FRH[LVW

    ZLWKDVHWRISDUDPHWHUVZKRVHYDOXHLVIL[HGGLVWLQFWO\E\OLQJXLVWLFH[SHULHQFH

    7KH K\SRWKHVLV RI SDUDPHWULF YDULDWLRQ DFURVV ODQJXDJHVSURYHVWRKROGLIZHUHVRUWWRODQJXDJHVSHFLILFSKHQRPHQDDQGGDWD:H KDYH DOUHDG\ VHHQ WKDW DOO VHQWHQFHV DQG SKUDVHV DUH VWUXFWXUHGVKDULQJ HOHPHQWV OLNH WKH KHDG RI D SKUDVH RU WKH 6XEMHFW DQG

    3UHGLFDWH RI D VHQWHQFH +RZHYHU ZRUG RUGHU LV VXEMHFW WRSDUDPHWULFYDULDWLRQODQJXDJHVFDQEHVXEGLYLGHGLQWRKHDGILUVWOLNH

    (QJOLVKDQGKHDGODVWOLNH-DSDQHVH7KH H[SUHVVLRQ RI WKH 6XEMHFW LQ VXUIDFH VWUXFWXUH RFFXUVREOLJDWRULO\ LQ ODQJXDJHV OLNH (QJOLVK *HUPDQ DQG )UHQFK ZKLOH5RPDQLDQ DQG ,WDOLDQ DOORZWKH GURSSLQJRPLVVLRQRIWKH 6XEMHFW LQVHQWHQWLDOFRQWH[WVZKHUHWKHLQIOHFWLRQVLJQDOVWKHSHUVRQDQGQXPEHUUHIHUUHGWR7KLVGLYLVLRQLQWRWZRJURXSVRIODQJXDJHVIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIWKHSUHVHQFHRUSRVVLEOHDOORZHGDEVHQFHRIWKH6XEMHFWLVFDSWXUHG E\ WKH DERYHPHQWLRQHG WKHRU\ WKURXJK WKH VRFDOOHG SURGURS SDUDPHWHU %\ ZD\ RI LOOXVWUDWLRQ FRPSDUH WKH (QJOLVK DQG

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    21/208

    5RPDQLDQ VHQWHQWLDO VWUXFWXUHV EHORZ LQ SRLQW RI WKH SUHVHQFH RUDEVHQFH RI WKH 6XEMHFW LQ VXUIDFH VWUXFWXUH DQG RI WKH ZD\ LW LVH[SUHVVHGLIDQ\

    D,ZDVZHDULQJDWRSKDWDQGWDLOVDWWKHFDUVKRZE3XUWDPMREHQLIUDFODH[SR]L LDGHPDLQLD,WZDVGUL]]OLQJE%XUQL DD,WZDVQHFHVVDU\WKDWXUJHQWVWHSVVKRXOGEHWDNHQ

    E(UDQHFHVDU V VHLDP VXULXUJHQWHD7KHUHZHUHWKUHHDSSOHWUHHVLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHRUFKDUGE(UDXWUHLPHULvQPLMORFXOOLYH]LL

    7KH FRQWH[WV DERYH LOOXVWUDWH VHYHUDO VLWXDWLRQV LQ ZKLFK WKH

    5RPDQLDQ 6XEMHFW LV QXOO ZKLOH WKH (QJOLVK RQH LV H[SUHVVHG LQVXUIDFH VWUXFWXUH ,Q D WKH , 6XEMHFW LV REOLJDWRULO\ SUHVHQW LQ

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

    VKRXOG EH WDNHQ VR WKDW ZH FRPH WR KDYH WZR 6XEMHFWV LQ WKHUHVSHFWLYHFRPSOH[VHQWHQFHWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ5RPDQLDQHTXLYDOHQWRIWKHODWWHUWHUPLV IUD] 7KH5RPDQLDQHTXLYDOHQWLQERQO\LQFOXGHVWKHH[WUDSRVHG6XEMHFW&ODXVH

    ,Q D WKH GXPP\ 6XEMHFW WKHUH LV XVHG WR RFFXS\ WKH6XEMHFWSRVLWLRQZKLOHWKHDFWXDOGHHSRUORJLFDO6XEMHFWWKUHHDSSOHWUHHVLVSODFHGDIWHUWKHH[LVWHQWLDOYHUE%(,QEWKHLQLWLDO

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    22/208

    SRVLWLRQ LV XQRFFXSLHG ZH RQO\ LGHQWLI\ WKH GHHS 6XEMHFW LQ SRVWYHUEDOSRVLWLRQ

    7KH SURGURS SDUDPHWHU DOORZV DOO WKH ILYH FRQWH[WV LQ

    5RPDQLDQWRJRZLWKRXWDVXUIDFHVXEMHFWZKLFKLVGLVDOORZHGLQDODQJXDJHOLNH(QJOLVK)UHQFKRU*HUPDQ ,QFRQFOXVLRQWKH33IUDPHLVTXLWHDGYDQWDJHRXVIRUVXFKFURVVOLQJXLVWLFDQDO\VHVLQWKDWWKHXQLYHUVDOSULQFLSOHVWDNHFDUHRILGHQWLFDO RU VLPLODU SKHQRPHQD ZKLOH WKH SDUDPHWHUV H[SODLQODQJXDJHVSHFLILFGLIIHUHQFHV*UDPPDUDVD0RGHORI&RPSHWHQFH

    2QFHZHFRQFHLYHDODQJXDJHDVEHLQJDIDFXOW\SURSHUW\RIWKH KXPDQ PLQG WKH PRGHO RI JUDPPDU WKH OLQJXLVW K\SRWKHWLFDOO\VHWVXSVKRXOGUHIOHFWWKHZD\LQZKLFKXVHUVRIDSDUWLFXODUODQJXDJHFRPHWRFUHDWHODQJXDJH VWUHWFKHV ZKLFK DUH ERWKPHDQLQJIXODQGZHOOVWUXFWXUHGDQGWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHVHVWUHWFKHVSURSHUO\GHVSLWHWKHQRYHOW\ RI PRVW RI WKH UHVSHFWLYH ODQJXDJH WRNHQV /DQJXDJH XVHUVSRVVHVV WKHUHIRUH VRPH VSHFLDO PHQWDO DELOLWLHV WKDW HQDEOH WKHP WRFRPPXQLFDWHE\VXFKQHZO\SURGXFHGVHQWHQFHV7KHUHFHLYHUVRIWKH

    QHZ VHQWHQFHV DUH DEOHWRGHFRGH WKHPFRUUHFWO\LH WRDVVLJQ WKHPWKH SURSHU VHPDQWLF LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ 7ZR FRJQLWLYH SURFHVVHV DUHWKHUHIRUHLQYROYHGLQWKLVLQWHUFKDQJHRIVWUXFWXUHGOLQJXLVWLFPDWHULDOD WKHIRUPDWLRQ RI VHQWHQFHV ZKLFK DOO XVHUV HYDOXDWH DV FRUUHFWJUDPPDWLFDOZHOOIRUPHG LQ D SDUWLFXODU ODQJXDJH E WKH FRUUHFWLQWHUSUHWDWLRQFRPSUHKHQVLRQRIWKHVHQHZO\IRUPHGVHQWHQFHV

    7KHFOXHWRWKHVHFRPSOH[PHQWDOSURFHVVHVVHHPVWREHWKHH[LVWHQFHLQWKHKXPDQPLQGRIDWDFLWLQWHUQDOL]HGNQRZOHGJHRIWKH

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

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    23/208

    7KHJUDPPDUZHKDYHFKRVHQDVDFHQWUDOIUDPHGRHVQRWDLPDW GHVFULELQJ SHUIRUPDQFH PDWWHUV ,W XQLTXHO\ FRQFHQWUDWHV RQ WKHGHVFULSWLRQ RI &RPSHWHQFH LQ WHUPV RI D V\VWHP RI SULQFLSOHV DQG

    UXOHVDOOKXPDQEHLQJVSRVVHVVXQLIRUPO\7KHQDWLYHPHPEHUVRIDJLYHQVSHHFKFRPPXQLW\ZKRKDYH

    DFTXLUHGDSDUWLFXODUODQJXDJHWKHLUPRWKHUWRQJXHWDFLWO\ NQRZERWKWKH JHQHUDO UXOHV DQG WKRVH WKDW DUH VSHFLILF WR WKHLU ODQJXDJH/LQJXLVWLFH[SHULHQFHIL[HVGLIIHUHQWYDOXHVLQWKHDUHDRISDUDPHWHUVZKLFK H[SODLQV WKH YDULDWLRQ RI WKH VDPH FRUH RI SULQFLSOHV DFURVVQDWXUDOODQJXDJHV

    7KH3URSHUW\RI*UDPPDWLFDOLW\1DWLYH VSHDNHUV RI D ODQJXDJH DUH DEOH WR HVWLPDWH ZKHWKHU

    VHQWHQFHV SURGXFHG LQ WKH ODQJXDJH WKH\ NQRZ DUH ZHOOIRUPHG LHJUDPPDWLFDO RU LOOIRUPHG LH XQJUDPPDWLFDO 7KXV QDWLYH VSHDNHUV RI(QJOLVK ZLOO DOO DJUHH WKDW WKH ILUVW VHQWHQFH LQ WKH SDLUV EHORZ LVJUDPPDWLFDOZKLOHWKHVHFRQGRQHLVGHYLDQWIURPWKHUXOHVWKH\LQWXLWLYHO\NQRZ 7KLV VHFRQG VHQWHQFH LV PDUNHG E\ DQ DVWHULVN WKDW LQGLFDWHVXQJUDPPDWLFDOLW\LOOIRUPHGQHVV

    D%ULDQDOZD\VVLWVXSODWHE%ULDQVLWVXSODWHDOZD\V

    D%ULDQERXJKWD7R\RWDIRU E%ULDQERXJKWIRUD7R\RWD D%ULDQFRQVLGHUHGLWQHFHVVDU\WRFDEOHWKDWPHVVDJH

    E%ULDQFRQVLGHUHGQHFHVVDU\WRFDEOHWKDWPHVVDJH,QEWKHDGYHUERIIUHTXHQF\DOZD\VLVSODFHGDWWKHHQGRIWKHVHQWHQWLDOVWULQJLQVWHDGRIEHLQJLQVHUWHGEHWZHHQWKH6XEMHFWDQGWKH9HUEWKXVDOVRSURGXFLQJDQXQDFFHSWDEOHVHTXHQFHRIWHPSRUDODGYHUEVODWHDOZD\V,QE DQRWKHU UXOH RI (QJOLVK KDV EHHQ YLRODWHG WKH 'LUHFW 2EMHFW LVVHSDUDWHG IURP LWV WUDQVLWLYH JRYHUQLQJYHUE E\WKHTXDQWLI\LQJ DGYHUELDOLQGLFDWLQJSULFH,QEWKHIRUPDODQWLFLSDWRU\'LUHFW2EMHFWLWZKLFKLVREOLJDWRULO\SUHVHQWLQVXFKFRQILJXUDWLRQVKDVEHHQGURSSHG0RVWRIWKHVH

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    24/208

    YLRODWLRQV UHJDUG UXOHV RI (QJOLVK V\QWD[ OLNH ZRUG RUGHU UXOHV RU UXOHVFRQFHUQLQJ WKH REOLJDWRU\ RFFXUUHQFH LQ VXUIDFH VWUXFWXUH RI FHUWDLQFRQVWLWXHQWV ,Q DQRWKHU ODQJXDJH VXFK DV 5RPDQLDQ IRU LQVWDQFH WKHVH

    UXOHVGRQRWRSHUDWHDV5RPDQLDQKDVDUHODWLYHO\IUHHZRUGRUGHUDQGLWDOVR DOORZV VWUXFWXUHV OLNH E 7KLV SURYHV WKDW WKH SURSHUW\ RI

    JUDPPDWLFDOLW\ YDULHVZLWKHDFKDQG HYHU\ ODQJXDJHEHLQJ EDVHGRQ WKHREVHUYDQFHRIWKHVSHFLILFODQJXDJHUXOHV 3DUW RI WKH JUDPPDWLFDO FRPSHWHQFH RI QDWLYH VSHDNHUV LV WKHLUDELOLW\WRLQWHUSUHWVHPDQWLFDOO\VWULQJVWKDWFRQWDLQWKHVDPHOH[LFDOLWHPVDUUDQJHGLQDGLIIHUHQWZD\HJ

    D%ULDQDGPLUHV0LULDP E0LULDPDGPLUHV%ULDQ7KH SV\FKRORJLFDO YHUE DGPLUH LQGLFDWHV LQ D D SRVLWLYH IHHOLQJH[SHULHQFHG E\ %ULDQ KHQFH WKH UROH([SHULHQFHU PDUNLQJ WKH 6XEMHFWZLWKUHJDUGWR0LULDPWKH'LUHFW2EMHFWEHDULQJWKHUROH 7KHPH,QWKHVHFRQGVHQWHQFHWKHWZRUROHVDUHUHYHUVHGVRWKDWWKHJOREDOPHDQLQJRIELVDOWRJHWKHUGLIIHUHQW7KHV\QWDFWLFIXQFWLRQVRI6XEMHFWDQG2EMHFW

    DUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKGLIIHUHQWUROHV%XWLQFDVHWKHSUHGLFDWHLVV\PPHWULFWKHWZRIXQFWLRQVDQGWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJUROHVDUHUHYHUVLEOHDQGWKHWZRVHQWHQFHVDUHURXJKO\V\QRQ\PRXVHJ D%ULDQPDUULHG0LULDP E0LULDPPDUULHG%ULDQ

    1DWLYH VSHDNHUV DUH DEOH WR GLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ GHJUHHV RIJUDPPDWLFDOLW\ 7KH\ FDQ HYDOXDWH WKH H[WHQW WR ZKLFK D VHQWHQFHGHYLDWHV IURP WKH UXOHV WKH\ XQFRQVFLRXVO\ NQRZ DQG DSSO\ 7KXVVSHDNHUVRI(QJOLVKZLOODOZD\VFRQVLGHUVHQWHQFHDWREHEHWWHUFRQVWUXFWHG WKDQ E ZKLFK DSSHDUV LQ LWV WXUQ WR EH PRUHDFFHSWDEOHWKDQF D'RQNH\VKDYHORQJHDUV E'RQNH\VKDVORQJHDU F+DVORQJHDUGRQNH\V

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    25/208

    :KLOHWKHILUVWVHQWHQFHLVIXOO\JUDPPDWLFDOWKHVHFRQGRQHLQIULQJHVWKHUXOHVRI$JUHHPHQWWZLFHDQGWKHWKLUGRQHDOVRYLRODWHVWKHEDVLFZRUGRUGHUUXOHRI(QJOLVK 6XEMHFW9HUE2EMHFW

    7KXVJLYHQVHYHUDOVHQWHQFHVWKDWYLRODWHRQHRUVHYHUDOUXOHV RI JUDPPDU QDWLYH VSHDNHUV RI (QJOLVK FDQ HYHQ HVWDEOLVK DVFDOH RI JUDPPDWLFDOLW\VLPLODU WR WKH RQH LOOXVWUDWHGE\D EDQG F ,Q FRQFOXVLRQ JUDPPDWLFDO FRPSHWHQFH HQDEOHV VSHDNHUV WRFRUUHFWO\LQWHUSUHWVWULQJVRIJUDPPDWLFDODQGOH[LFDOXQLWV7KH\DUHDEOHWRDQDO\VHPHQWDOO\WKHVHQWHQFHVWKH\DUHH[SRVHGWRLQWHUPVRID FRQVWLWXHQWV WKDW IRUP D KLHUDUFKLFDO VWUXFWXUH PDLQO\ 3KUDVHV *URXSVRIZRUGVURXQGDKHDGHJ1393$3HWFDQG

    EJUDPPDWLFDO UHODWLRQV VXFK DV 6XEMHFW 3UHGLFDWH UHOHYDQW WR$JUHHPHQW3UHGLFDWH 2EMHFW UHOHYDQW WR WKH PRUSKRORJLFDO FDVHPDUNLQJ WKH 2EMHFW WUDQVLWLYH YHUEV IRU LQVWDQFH DVVLJQ WKH$FFXVDWLYHFDVHWRWKHLU'LUHFW2EMHFWRU6XEMHFW2EMHFWDUHODWLRQZKLFKLV HVVHQWLDOIRUSDVVLYL]DWLRQWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIDQDFWLYH6FRQILJXUDWLRQLQWRDSDVVLYHRQH

    7KH2UJDQL]DWLRQRI*UDPPDU

    7KH UHDGHU HQGRZHG ZLWK D OLQJXLVWLF JURXQGLQJ LV OLNHO\ WRUHPHPEHU WKDW PRGHOEDVHG JUDPPDUV OLNH WKH JHQHUDWLYHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQDOJUDPPDUKDYHDSUHFLVHLQWHUQDORUJDQL]DWLRQ7KLVLV RI SDUWLFXODU LQWHUHVW WR XV DV ZH VKDOO EH FRQFHUQHG ZLWK DQLPSRUWDQW VOLFH RI WKH /H[LFRQ WKH RQH LQFOXGLQJ DOO WKH YHUEV LQ(QJOLVK DV ZHOO DV SDUW RI WKH DGMHFWLYHV LH WKRVH WKDW FDQ UHDOL]HSUHGLFDWLRQ

    /LNH *7 *UDPPDU WKH SUHVHQW PRGHO KDV JRW D IRXQGDWLRQ

    OD\HUD%$6(7KLV%DVHLVPDGHXSRID 7KH /(;,&21 ZKLFK LV WKH LGHDOO\ FRPSOHWH OLVW RU

    LQYHQWRU\ RI WKH ZRUGVOH[LFDO LWHPV LQ WKH UHVSHFWLYHODQJXDJH %HLQJ VLPLODU WR D GLFWLRQDU\ LW LV FRQFHLYHG DVKDYLQJ OH[LFDO HQWULHV ZKLFK FRQWDLQ DOO WKH LQIRUPDWLRQQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHFRUUHFWLQVHUWLRQXVHRIOH[LFDOLWHPVLQWKHVWUXFWXUHV GHULYHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH UXOHV RSHUDWLQJ LQ WKHV\QWD[ RI WKH UHVSHFWLYHODQJXDJH )RU HDFKDQG HYHU\ZRUGWKH/H[LFRQ LQGLFDWHV WKH VHW RI SKRQRORJLFDO V\QWDFWLF DQG

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    26/208

    VHPDQWLF SURSHUWLHV WKDW DUH VSHFLILF WR WKH UHVSHFWLYH LWHP%HVLGHVWKHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWDSUHGLFDWLQJLWHPLQFOXGHVLWVDUJXPHQWVWUXFWXUHZKLFKLVPDUNHGIRUWKHWKHPDWLFUROHVLW

    FRRFFXUVZLWK5HFRQVLGHURXUDQDO\VLVRIVHQWHQFHVFDQGG DV LOOXVWUDWLRQ RI DFWLYLW\ YHUEV ZKLFK GLIIHU LQ SRLQW RIQXPEHUDQGQRWLRQDOVWDWXVRIWKHDUJXPHQWVWKH\WDNHJLJJOHLV D RQHDUJXPHQW YHUE DQ LQWUDQVLWLYH WKDW WDNHV DQ $JHQWUROH LQ 6XEMHFW SRVLWLRQ ZKLOHSLFN LV D WZRDUJXPHQW YHUEWKHUHIRUH D WUDQVLWLYH YHUE WKDW WDNHV DQ H[WHUQDO $JHQW DV6XEMHFW DQG D3DWLHQW DV 'LUHFW 2EMHFW 7KH WKHPDWLF UROHVPDUNLQJWKHDUJXPHQWVIRUPWKHWKHWDJULGRIWKHUHVSHFWLYH

    LWHPLWVWKHPDWLFVWUXFWXUH

    E7KH6

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    27/208

    KDYLQJ D KHDG RU QXFOHXV URXQG ZKLFK WKH RWKHU 3KUDVHFRQVWLWXHQWVDUHGLVWULEXWHG,QSULQFLSOHWKLVREOLJDWRU\KHDGLVUHSUHVHQWHG DV ; HJ WKH 1RXQ LQ D 1RXQ 3KUDVH 7KH

    $GMHFWLYH LQ D $GMHFWLYDO 3KUDVH HWF LW EHLQJ SRVVLEO\SUHFHGHG E\ D 6SHFLILHU 6SHF DQG IROORZHG E\ D&RPSOHPHQW7KHSRVLWLRQRIWKHVHQHLJKERXULQJFRQVWLWXHQWVLV D YDULDEOH ZKLFK GHSHQGV RQ WKH ZRUG RUGHU W\SH RI WKHUHVSHFWLYHODQJXDJH,Q(QJOLVKWKH6SHFLVSODFHGWRWKHOHIWRI WKH KHDG ZKLOH WKH &RPSOHPHQW RFFXSLHV WKH ULJKW KDQGSRVLWLRQDVWRWKHVDPHKHDGHJWKH$GMHFWLYDO3KUDVH TXLWHDIUDLGRIVQDNHVLVDQDO\VDEOHLQWRWKHKHDG DIUDLGSUHFHGHG

    E\ WKH 6SHFLILHU 'HJUHH $GYHUE TXLWH DQG IROORZHG E\ D3UHSRVLWLRQDO3KUDVHLQ&RPSOHPHQWSRVLWLRQ0RUH RQ WKH UXOH V\VWHP WKDW DSSOLHV WR 3KUDVH 6WUXFWXUH

    UHSUHVHQWDWLRQDFFRUGLQJWRWKH;EDUFRQYHQWLRQZLOOEHIRXQGE\WKHUHDGHULQVHFWLRQ

    F7KH 6H@SRVLWLRQRI6XEMHFWRIWKHZKROHVHQWHQFH

    '6WUXFWXUH 0RYH 66WUXFWXUH

    >H@ZDVKHVWKLVOLQHQZHOO7KLVOLQHQLZDVKHVWLZHOO>H@EUXVKGXVWHDVLO\'XVWLEUXVKHVWLHDVLO\

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    28/208

    7KH PRYHG FRQVWLWXHQW DQG WKH WUDFH IRUP D FKDLQ RI FRLQGH[HG HOHPHQWVZLWKWKHGLIIHUHQFHWKDWWKH WUDFHZKLFKKDVEHFRPHSDUWRIWKH66WUXFWXUHODFNVDSKRQHWLFVKDSH

    66WUXFWXUH LV VOLJKWO\ GLIIHUHQW IURP WKH 6WDQGDUG QRWLRQ RIVXUIDFHVWUXFWXUH LQ WKDW LW SOD\V DQ LPSRUWDQW SDUW LQ WKH VHPDQWLFLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIVHQWHQFHV

    66WUXFWXUH LV VXEMHFW WR IXUWKHU SURFHVVLQJ E\ WZR RWKHUOHYHOVRQHLVWKHOHYHORI3KRQRORJLFDO)RUP3)WKHRWKHULVRQWKHOHYHO RI /RJLFDO )RUP /) +HUH LV D VFKHPDWLF SLFWXUH RI WKHRUJDQL]DWLRQRIWKLVJUDPPDU

    /(;,&21 '6758&785(

    0RYH

    66758&785(

    3+212/2*,&$/)250/2*,&$/)250

    3) /)

    7KH3KRQRORJLFDO)RUPOHYHOSURYLGHVLQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKLVUHOHYDQWWR WKH DUWLFXODWRU\ V\VWHP DV ZHOO DV WR WKH LQWRQDWLRQDO UXOHV 7KH/RJLFDO )RUP OHYHO VXSSOLHV WKH VHPDQWLF LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RIJUDPPDWLFDOVWUXFWXUHPDLQO\LQWHUPVRIDUJXPHQWVWUXFWXUHV7KH'HULYDWLRQRI6\QWDFWLF6WUXFWXUHV

    7KHOH[LFDOHQWU\IRUWKHOH[LFDOLWHPVZRUGVLQWKH/H[LFRQRI D SDUWLFXODU ODQJXDJH KDV WR FRQWDLQ DOO WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ ZKLFK LVUHOHYDQWDQGQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHSURSHULQVHUWLRQRIWKHUHVSHFWLYHLWHPVLQWKHLUEDVHSRVLWLRQVDWWKHOHYHORI'6WUXFWXUH$FFRUGLQJWRWKHLUSURSHUWLHV VSHFLILHG LQWKH /H[LFRQWKH\ FRPHWR IRUP EDVLF VWULQJV7KHFRQVWLWXHQWVRIWKHVHVWULQJVFDQIXUWKHUSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHSURFHVV

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    29/208

    RIGHULYLQJRWKHUV\QWDFWLFVWUXFWXUHVZKRVHFRQVWLWXHQWVDUHDUUDQJHGLQ D GLIIHUHQW ZD\ 7KLV UHRUGHULQJ RI WKH EDVLF FRQVWLWXHQWV LV WKHRXWSXW RI WKH RQO\ WUDQVIRUPDWLRQDO UXOH RI JUDPPDU0RYH 7KLV

    PRYHPHQWUXOHDSSOLHVRQO\RQV\QWDFWLFFRQVWLWXHQWVHJ3KUDVHVOLNH13V$3VHWFEULQJLQJDERXWWKHIRUPDWLRQRIWHUPLQDOVWULQJVDWWKHOHYHO RI 66WUXFWXUH 7KH ZKROH SURFHVV RI VHQWHQFH IRUPDWLRQ LVWKHUHIRUH D GHULYDWLRQ IURP WKH%DVH ZLWK LWHPV VXSSOLHG E\ WKH

    /H[LFRQWR'6WUXFWXUH DQG WKHQ WR 66WUXFWXUH WKURXJK 0RYH LIQHFHVVDU\ 7HUPLQDO VWULQJV UHSUHVHQW WKH ILQDO RXWSXW RI WKHGHULYDWLRQDOSURFHVVZKLFKUHDFKHVWKHOHYHORI6VWUXFWXUH+HUHWKHOH[LFDOLWHPVDUHDUUDQJHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKH ZRUG

    RUGHU UXOHV RSHUDWLQJ LQ WKH UHVSHFWLYH ODQJXDJH ,Q TXHVWLRQVLQWHUURJDWLYH VHQWHQFHV IRU LQVWDQFH WKH GHULYDWLRQ VWDUWV IURP D'6WUXFWXUH KDYLQJ WKH EDVLF ZRUG RUGHU RI GHFODUDWLYH VHQWHQFHV7DNH WKH IROORZLQJ H[DPSOH GHVFULELQJ LQ D VLPSOLILHG IRUP WKHGHULYDWLRQRIDSDUWLDOZK4XHVWLRQ

    -RDQ ZDV VSHDNLQJ WR ZKRP 7R ZKRP ZDV -RDQ

    VSHDNLQJ"

    $QDO\VLVRIWKHGHULYDWLRQD'6WUXFWXUHLVPDGHXSRI6XEMHFW13$X[93UHSRVLWLRQDO2EMHFW33WDUJHWRITXHVWLRQLQJH[SUHVVHGE\DQLQWHUURJDWLYHSURQRXQE 0RYH DSSOLHV WZLFH RQ WKH TXHVWLRQHG FRQVWLWXHQWGHULYLQJWKH4XHVWLRQDQGRQWKHDX[LOLDU\6XEMHFW$X[LOLDU\,QYHUVLRQ

    7KHUHVXOWLVWKHLQWHUURJDWLYHVWULQJ

    7RZKRPMZDVL-RDQWLVSHDNLQJWM"

    F66WUXFWXUHLVPDGHXSRI7KHPRYHG3UHSRVLWLRQDO3KUDVHH[SUHVVHGE\DZKZRUGLQVHQWHQFHLQLWLDO SRVLWLRQ :H QRWLFH WKDW LW VWLOO IXQFWLRQV DV3UHSRVLWLRQDO2EMHFWSUHVHUYLQJWKHWKHPDWLFWKHWDUROHDQG

    WKH PRUSKRORJLFDO FDVH LW UHFHLYHG LQLWLDOO\ IURP WKH YHUE

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    30/208

    VSHDN WKH UROH LV *RDO DQG WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ V\QWDFWLFIXQFWLRQLV,QGLUHFW2EMHFW7KHPRYHGDX[LOLDU\LQSUHVXEMHFWSRVLWLRQ

    %RWK PRYHPHQWV DUH REOLJDWRU\ IRU WKH FRUUHFW GHULYDWLRQ RI WKHUHVSHFWLYHSDUWLDOTXHVWLRQ7KHUHVSHFWLYH66WUXFWXUHLVJLYHQWKHSKRQRORJLFDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIDTXHVWLRQE\WKH3)FRPSRQHQWDQGWKHVHPDQWLFLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIDQLQWHUURJDWLYHVHQWHQFHE\WKH/)FRPSRQHQW7KHIXOOIOHGJHGTXHVWLRQLVWKXVWKHILQDORXWSXWRIWKHZKROHJUDPPDUDSSDUDWXV7KH&RQVWLWXHQW3KUDVH6WUXFWXUHRIWKH6HQWHQFH&ODXVH

    6HQWHQFHVXVHGLQGHSHQGHQWO\DV6LPSOH6HQWHQFHVEDVHGRQRQH SUHGLFDWLRQ RU DV &ODXVHV LH FRRUGLQDWH RU VXERUGLQDWHFRQVWLWXHQWV LQ ELJJHU VHQWHQWLDO FRQVWUXFWV FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH5RPDQLDQIUD] DUHRUJDQL]HGKLHUDUFKLFDOO\7KH\DUHDQDO\]DEOHLQWRLPPHGLDWHFRQVWLWXHQWVZKLFKDUHGHFRPSRVDEOHLQWKHLUWXUQLQWRDQRWKHUOD\HURIVPDOOHUFRQVWLWXHQWV

    *LYHQWKHVLPSOHVHQWHQFH7KHDFWRUVVKRXOGUHKHDUVHWKHLUSDUWVEHIRUHWKHVKRZ

    :HFDQLGHQWLI\ XQLWVRIV\QWDFWLFVWUXFWXUHFRQVWLWXHQWV E\XVLQJDQROGVWUXFWXUDOWHFKQLTXHFRQVWLWXHQWGHPDUFDWLRQE\VTXDUHEUDFNHWV7KHUHVXOWURXJKO\DSSHDUVDV

    >>>7KH@>DFWRUV@@>>VKRXOG@ >> UHKHDUVH@ >>WKHLU@> SDUWV@@>>EHIRUH@>WKHVKRZ@@@

    7KLVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQEDVHGRQEUDFNHWHGFRQVWLWXHQWVXQFRYHUVFRUUHFWO\

    WKH PDMRU VHQWHQFH FRQVWLWXHQWV D 1RXQ 3KUDVH WKH DFWRUVIXQFWLRQLQJDV6XEMHFWDQGD9HUE3KUDVHLQZKLFKWKHWUDQVLWLYHYHUEUHKHDUVHVHOHFWVDULJKWKDQGVLVWHUWKH1RXQ3KUDVHWKHLUSDUWVIXQFWLRQLQJDV'LUHFW2EMHFW,QWKHLUWXUQWKHUHVSHFWLYH3KUDVHVDUHGHFRPSRVHG LQWR WKHLU LPPHGLDWH GDXJKWHUV 'HWHUPLQHU 'HW WKHGHILQLWHDUWLFOHLQWKH6XEMHFW13DQGWKH3RVVHVVLYH'HWHUPLQHULQWKH2EMHFW 13 ERWK SODFHG LQ6SHFLILHU SRVLWLRQ EHIRUH WKH 1RXQ KHDGWKH3UHSRVLWLRQ 3EHIRUHIROORZHGE\LWV&RPSOHPHQWWKH13WKH

    VKRZHWF%XWVWLOOWZRTXHVWLRQVUHPDLQXQDQVZHUHG

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    31/208

    :KDWFULWHULDSURRIVKDYHZHJRWWKDWWKLVLGHQWLILFDWLRQLVYDOLG",I ZH DVVXPH WKDW WKHVH FRQVWLWXHQWV IRUP D KLHUDUFK\ ZKLFK LV WKHWRSPRVWFRQVWLWXHQWWKHKHDGRIWKLVFRQVWUXFWLRQ"

    7KH DQVZHU WR TXHVWLRQ LV WR EH VXSSOLHG XQGHU 7KH

    VHFRQGTXHVWLRQZLOOEHDQVZHUHGXQGHUDQG

    &RQVWLWXHQW,GHQWLILFDWLRQ

    ,QRUGHUWRDQVZHUWKHILUVWTXHVWLRQZHQHHGVRPHLQIRUPDODQG IRUPDO SLHFHV RI HYLGHQFH WKDW VWULQJV DUH VWUXFWXUHG LH WKDWWKH\ DUH PDGH XS RI FRQVWLWXHQWV WKDW VSHDNHUV LGHQWLI\ XQLTXHO\

    XQDPELJXRXVO\ 7KH LQIRUPDO SURRIV DUH EDVHG RQ LQWXLWLRQ DVVKRZQ E\RXUWHQWDWLYHEUDFNHWLQJDERYHPDLQO\VSULQJLQJIURPRXUIHHOLQJWKDWFHUWDLQZRUGVRQO\JRZLWKRUFRPELQHZLWKLWHPVOLNHGHWHUPLQHUV PRGLILHUV DVR $GYHUELDO 0RGLILHUV OLNH WKH EHIRUH3KUDVHDERYHJRZHOOZLWKWKHZKROH93RUWKHZKROHFODXVHEXWKDUGO\HYHUFRPELQHZLWK1RXQKHDGVDVR:H KDYH DOVR QRWLFHG WKDW WKH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH VHQWHQFH KDV D OHYHOZLVH RUJDQL]DWLRQ 7KH ILUVW OHYHO LQFOXGHV SKUDVHV PDGH XS RI

    ZRUGVOH[LFDO LWHPV ZKRVH FRPELQDWLRQ PDNHV VHQVH WKH GHILQLWHDUWLFOH WKH VSHFLILHV WKH SOXUDO 1RXQ DFWRUV DQG WKH 3RVVHVVLYHGHWHUPLQHUWKHLUVSHFLILHVWKHSOXUDO1RXQSDUWV:HLQWXLWWKDWWKLVVHPDQWLF DVVRFLDWLRQ RI D GHWHUPLQHU DQG D QRXQ LV FRUUHFW VLQFHGHWHUPLQHUVQHYHUJRZLWKRWKHUSDUWVRIVSHHFK%XWZHVWLOOQHHGVRPHIRUPDOSURRIVWKDWRXULGHQWLILFDWLRQRIFRQVWLWXHQWVLVFRUUHFW2QHRIWKHFODVVLFDOIRUPDOFULWHULDXVHGLQFRQVWLWXHQWLGHQWLILFDWLRQLV

    VXEVWLWXWLRQ E\ DQRWKHU LWHP RU SKUDVH 7KXV ERWK WKH 13V LQ WKHVHQWHQFHDERYHFDQEHUHSODFHGE\SURQRPLQDOLWHPVWKHQRPLQDWLYH13 WKH DFWRUV FDQ EH VXEVWLWXWHG E\ WKH SURQRPLQDO LWHP WKH\ZKLOHWKHDFFXVDWLYH13WKHLUSDUWVFDQEHUHSODFHGE\WKHP7KLVW\SHRIVXEVWLWXWLRQLVFDOOHGSURQRPLQDOL]DWLRQ7KHZKROH93FDQDOVREHVXEVWLWXWHGE\VKRXOGGRLWDNLQGRISURYHUEIRUP

    (OOLSVLVRPLVVLRQRU GHOHWLRQFDQDSSO\RQLGHQWLFDO93VLQFHUWDLQFRQWH[WVHJ

    7DELWKDFDQSDLQWFDWVEXW,FDQWSDLQWFDWV

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    32/208

    $QRWKHUIRUPDOPHDQVXVHGWRSURYHFRQVWLWXHQF\LVPRYHPHQWDVLWLVRQO\ FRQVWLWXHQWV WKDW FDQ EH PRYHG DURXQG LQ D VHQWHQFH 7KXV LQ

    RUGHUWRIRUPD\HVQRTXHVWLRQRXWRIWKHGHFODUDWLYHVHQWHQFHLQZHKDYHWRPRYHWKH$X[LOLDU\FRQVWLWXHQWOHIWZDUGVRDVWRSODFHLWLQLQLWLDO6SRVLWLRQ

    6KRXOGWKHDFWRUVUHKHDUVHWKHLUSDUWVEHIRUHWKHVKRZ"7KLVPRYHPHQWPDNHVWKH6XEMHFW13RFFXS\WKHVHFRQGSRVLWLRQLQ6VWUXFWXUH$FWXDOO\WKHWZRFRQVWLWXHQWVDUHLQYHUWHGRUUHRUGHUHG

    $QRWKHU PRYHPHQW PLJKW DSSO\ RQ WKH $GYHUELDO RI 7LPH UHDOL]HGOLQJXLVWLFDOO\E\WKH3UHSRVLWLRQDO3KUDVH33EHIRUHWKHVKRZ7KLV33 SURYHV WR EH D FRQVWLWXHQW EHFDXVH LW FDQ EH PRYHG LQ LQLWLDOVHQWHQFHSRVLWLRQEHIRUHWKHUHVWRIWKHVWULQJ

    %HIRUHWKHVKRZWKHDFWRUVVKRXOGUHKHDUVHWKHLUSDUWV

    0RYHPHQWVZKLFKDUHVWLSXODWHGLQRXUPRGHODVEHLQJSURGXFHGE\

    WKHVWURQJWUDQVIRUPDWLRQDOUXOH PRYH RQO\RSHUDWHRQFRQVWLWXHQWV+RZHYHUFRQVWLWXHQWVFDQQRWPRYHDQ\ZKHUH0RYHPHQWUXOHVKDYHDKLJKO\ FRQVWUDLQHG DSSOLFDWLRQ 7KH WDUJHWHG SRVLWLRQ IRU PRYHPHQWKDV WR EH DOUHDG\ DYDLODEOH LQ WKH 'VWUXFWXUH RI WKH UHVSHFWLYHGHULYDWLRQ%HVLGHVRQHRIWKHVWURQJFRQVWUDLQWVRQPRYHPHQWLVWKDWDFHUWDLQFRQVWLWXHQWPRYHVRQO\LILWKDVWRGRVR$QRWKHU WHVW WKDW PD\ KHOS XV LGHQWLI\ D FRQVWLWXHQW UHJDUGV WKHSRVVLEOHIRFDOL]DWLRQ RI D FRQVWLWXHQW E\ PRYLQJ LW LQWR WKH LQLWLDOVHJPHQWRIDFOHIWVHQWHQFHDVLQ

    D,WLVWKHDFWRUVWKDWZKRVKRXOGUHKHDUVHWKHLUSDUWVQRWWKHSURPSWHUE,WLV EHIRUH WKH VKRZ WKDW WKH DFWRUV VKRXOG UHKHDUVH WKHLUSDUWV

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    33/208

    7KHVLPSOHVHQWHQFHKDVEHFRPHDFRPSOH[RQHZHKDYHFOHIWRQHFRQVWLWXHQWZKLFKZHZDQWWRHPSKDVL]HIRFDOL]HDQGSODFHGLWLQD0DLQ&ODXVHPDGHXSRIWKHHPSKDWLFLW6XEMHFWDQGWKHFRSXOD%(

    6\QWDFWLF&DWHJRULHV3KUDVHVDV6HQWHQFH&RQVWLWXHQWV

    7KHFRQVWLWXHQWVZHKDYHWHVWHGDERYHDUHDOOJURXSVRIZRUGVURXQG D OH[LFDO KHDG LH D PHDQLQJIXO LWHP EHORQJLQJ WR D FHUWDLQFODVVRI ZRUGVOH[LFDOFDWHJRU\(DFKOH[LFDOKHDGUHTXLUHVDVSHFLILFLQWHUQDODUUDQJHPHQWGLVWULEXWLRQRILWVFRQVWLWXHQWVWRWKHOHIWDQGWRWKH ULJKW :H VKDOO SURYLGH EHORZ D URXJK GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH PDLQ

    SKUDVHV KHDGHG E\ OH[LFDO FDWHJRULHV 1RXQ 3KUDVHV 13V 9HUE3KUDVHV 93V 3UHSRVLWLRQDO 3KUDVHV 33V $GMHFWLYDO 3KUDVHV

    $3VDQG$GYHUELDO3KUDVHV$Y3V:HDVVXPHWKDWDQ\3KUDVHUHSUHVHQWVWKHPD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQRILWVKHDG ,Q WKH VHFWLRQ GHYRWHG WR WKH ;EDU FRQYHQWLRQ RI SKUDVHVWUXFWXUH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ ZH VKDOO VXSSO\ WKH GHWDLOHG IRUPXODHDSSO\LQJWRWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHPD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQ;3RIWKHKHDG7KLVLVPDUNHGZLWKWZREDUVHJ131939HWFWKH

    LQWHUPHGLDWHSKUDVHLVPDUNHGZLWKDVLQJOHEDU19HWFDQGWKHKHDG LV V\PEROL]HG E\ ; 1 9 HWF )RU WKH WLPH EHLQJ ZHLQWURGXFH RQO\ WZR RI WKH QRWLRQV SHUWDLQLQJ WR WKH ;EDUUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRI3KUDVHV DWKHPD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQLVPDGHXSRIWZRFRQVWLWXHQWV D6SHFLILHUWRWKHOHIWDQGDVPDOOHU; E;LVPDGHXSRIWKHKHDG;D&RPSOHPHQWWRWKHULJKW

    +HUH LV WKH JHQHUDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI 3KUDVH 6WUXFWXUHDFFRUGLQJWRWKLVFRQYHQWLRQ ;3;

    6SHFLILHU ;

    ;&RPSOHPHQW

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    34/208

    7KH6WUXFWXUHDQG'LVWULEXWLRQRI1RXQ3KUDVHV13V

    $ 1RXQ 3KUDVH LV D KHDGHG VWULQJ LQ SDUWLFXODU LW LV WKHSURMHFWLRQRILWV1RXQKHDG&RQVLGHUWKHVWULQJVEHORZ DWKHDFWUHVV EWKHDFWUHVVLQWKHPRYLH FWZRWDOHQWHGDFWUHVVHV GWKHDFWUHVVZKRSOD\HG2SKHOLD

    7KHKHDGDFWUHVVVVLQJXODULQDEGDQGSOXUDOLQFKDVDKXPDQ UHIHUHQW ZLWK D SUHFLVH PHDQLQJ HVVHQWLDOO\ UHODWHG WR WKHSURIHVVLRQRIDFWLQJ 7KH FRQVWLWXHQW WR WKH OHIW LV D'HWHUPLQHUDGHILQLWHDUWLFOHD QXPHUDOVSHFLILHV WKH GHILQLWHQHVV RUWKH TXDQWLW\ RI WKLV UHIHUHQW7KHUHDUHPDQ\RWKHUW\SHVRI'HWHUPLQHUVWKDWPD\RFFXULQIURQWRIKHDG1RXQVLQGHILQLWHDUWLFOHVGHPRQVWUDWLYHVSRVVHVVLYHVLQGHILQLWHTXDQWLILHUV DVR HDFK ZLWK LWV RZQ VHPDQWLF FRQWULEXWLRQ 7KH

    GHWHUPLQHUFDQEHRYHUWDVLQWKHH[DPSOHVDERYHRUFRYHUWDVLQWKHFDVHRI]HURDUWLFOHVHJ13VOLNHFRIIHHZLQHJLUOVHQJLQHHUV $QRWKHUFRQVWLWXHQWWKDWPD\RFFXUWRWKHOHIWLVWKH$GMHFWLYHRU $GMHFWLYDO3KUDVH ZKLFK PRGLILHV WKH PHDQLQJRI WKH KHDG1RXQWKXVIXQFWLRQLQJDV1RXQ0RGLILHU,Q(QJOLVKLWLVSODFHGLQEHWZHHQWKH'HWHUPLQHUDQGWKHKHDG1RXQDVVKRZQE\F 2WKHU1RXQ0RGLILHUVFDQEHSODFHGWRWKHULJKWRIWKH1RXQKHDG 7KH\ FDQ EH SKUDVDO OLNH WKH 33 LQ WKH PRYLH LQ E RUFODXVDODVLQGZKHUHWKHKHDGLVPRGLILHGE\DZKROHUHODWLYHFODXVH:H VKDOO UHSUHVHQW EHORZ WKH VWUXFWXUH RI E LQ WKHVLPSOLILHGWHUPVRIWKH;EDUFRQYHQWLRQVVXSSOLHGLQDERYH

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    35/208

    13

    6SHFLILHU1

    'HW

    1&RPSOHPHQW

    WKH DFWUHVV33 LQWKHPRYLH

    13VFDQEHVXEVWLWXWHGE\VLQJXODURUSOXUDOSURQRXQV,QWKHFDVHDERYH6+(IRUWKHVLQJXODUSKUDVHVDQG7+(

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    36/208

    7KH6WUXFWXUHDQG'LVWULEXWLRQRI9HUE3KUDVHV93V 7KH 93 FRQVWLWXHQW LV WKH 3KUDVH URXQG WKH 9HUE KHDG RUQXFOHXV 7KH DUJXPHQW VWUXFWXUH RI WKH 9HUE GHWHUPLQHV WKH

    FRQILJXUDWLRQ RI WKH VHQWHQFH ZKLFK FRQVWLWXHQWV DUH REOLJDWRU\FRPSOHPHQWV RI WKH YHUEDV ZHOO DV LWV PHDQLQJ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ 7KHZKROH 93 IXQFWLRQV DV SUHGLFDWLRQ RI WKH VHQWHQFH $FWXDOO\ WKHGHVFULSWLRQ RISUHGLFDWLRQ W\SHV LV WKH WDUJHWHG LVVXH RI WKH SUHVHQWERRN7KHUHDUH9LWHPVZKLFKVHOHFWQR&RPSOHPHQWDWDOOLQZKLFKFDVHWKH\EHORQJWRWKHVXEFDWHJRU\RILQWUDQVLWLYHV,IRQWKHFRQWUDU\WKH9 KDV WR VHOHFW D 13 LQ &RPSOHPHQW SRVLWLRQ LW EHORQJV WKH

    VXEFDWHJRU\RIWUDQVLWLYHV&RQVLGHU D%LUGVFKLUS E%LUGVHDWJUDVV F%LUGVHDWJUDVVRQDLUSRUWV,Q DOO WKHVH VHQWHQFHV WKH 6SHFLILHU SRVLWLRQ LV RFFXSLHG E\ WKHDJHQWLYH6XEMHFWWKHEUDFNHWHG13ELUGV7KLVKDVOHGOLQJXLVWVWRWKH K\SRWKHVLV WKDW WKH 6XEMHFW LV EDVHJHQHUDWHG LQ WKLV 6SHFLILHU

    SRVLWLRQDW'6WUXFWXUHOHYHOWKH93LQWHUQDOK\SRWKHVLV7RWKHULJKWLQWUDQVLWLYHVOLNHFKLUSWDNHQR&RPSOHPHQWZKLOHWUDQVLWLYHVVXFKDVHDWREOLJDWRULO\VHOHFWD'LUHFW2EMHFWEHDULQJWKH3DWLHQWUROH D93E93

    6SHF96SHF9

    9 913

    %LUGV%LUGV1

    FKLUSHDW1 JUDVV,Q WKH WKLUG VHQWHQFH KRZHYHU WKHUH LV RQH PRUH FRQVWLWXHQW WKH

    RSWLRQDO 3UHSRVLWLRQDO 3KUDVH RQ DLUSRUWV ZKLFK DV GLIIHUHQW IURP

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    37/208

    WKH FRPSOHPHQW JUDVV LV QRW DQ 2EMHFW VHOHFWHG E\ WKH YHUE HDW6XFK RSWLRQDO FRQVWLWXHQWV XVXDOO\ LQGLFDWLQJ PDQQHU SODFH WLPHSXUSRVHFDXVHHWFDUHODEHOOHGDV$GMXQFWV7KH\DUHDGYHUELDOVDQG

    WKHLU UHODWLRQ WR WKH YHUE KHDG LV ORRVHU DV VKRZQ E\ WKH IROORZLQJUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIF 93

    6SHFLILHU 9

    13933$GMXQFW

    1913 3

    1313

    1 1

    %LUGVHDWJUDVVRQDLUSRUWV

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

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    38/208

    7KH6WUXFWXUHDQG'LVWULEXWLRQRI$GMHFWLYDO3KUDVHVDQG$GYHUELDO3KUDVHV

    $GMHFWLYDO DQG $GYHUELDO 3KUDVHV KDYH D VRPHKZDW VLPLODU

    LQWHUQDOVWUXFWXUHLQWKDWWKH\FDQRQO\FRQVLVWRIDKHDGDVLQWKHVHWVEHORZ D$GMHFWLYHVRFFXUULQJDV$3V VTXDUHWDOOFKHHN\DEVXUGLQWHUHVWLQJHWF E$GYHUEVRFFXUULQJDV$Y3V IDVWUHFHQWO\VRRQREYLRXVO\FDUHIXOO\HWF

    7KHVH WZR OH[LFDO FDWHJRULHV DOVR VKDUH WKH JUDPPDWLFDO FDWHJRU\ RI&RPSDULVRQZKLFKDSSOLHVWRWKHLWHPVWKDWDUHJUDGDEOH&RPSDULVRQPD\ EHUHDOL]HGV\QWKHWLFDOO\ RU DQDO\WLFDOO\ E\ PHDQVRIIXQFWLRQDOPDUNHUV VSHFLDOL]HG ERXQG PRUSKHPHV HJ HU HVW IRUPRQRV\OODELF $V DQG $YV RU E\ GHJUHH ZRUGV ZKLFK RFFXU LQ6SHFLILHUSRVLWLRQWRWKHOHIWRIWKHKHDGLQWKHVDPHSRVLWLRQWKHUHRFFXURWKHU4XDQWLILHUVRU0RGLILHUVRIWKHUHVSHFWLYH$RU$YKHDG

    D $3V ZLWK 6SHFLILHUV YHU\ WDOO TXLWH LQWHUHVWLQJXQFRPPRQO\FKHHN\UDWKHURXWGDWHGH[FHHGLQJO\QLFHHWFE$Y3VZLWK6SHFLILHUVWRRIDVWYHU\VRRQTXLWHUHFHQWO\PRVWFDUHIXOO\HWF

    +HUHLVWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIVXFKSKUDVHV DTXLWHLQWHUHVWLQJETXLWHUHFHQWO\ $3 $Y3

    6SHF$ 6SHF$Y

    TXLWH$ TXLWH $Y

    LQWHUHVWLQJ UHFHQWO\

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    39/208

    7KHGHJUHHRIFRPSOH[LW\RI$3VFDQEHJUHDWHUWKDQWKDWRI$Y3VLQWKDWWKHIRUPHUFDQDOVRLQFOXGH3UHSRVLWLRQDO3KUDVHVLQ&RPSOHPHQW

    SRVLWLRQWRWKHULJKW7KLVLVWKHFDVHRIWKHQXPHURXV$GMHFWLYHV

    ZLWK REOLJDWRU\ SUHSRVLWLRQ VRPH RI ZKLFK DUH PHQWLRQHGEHORZ $3VZLWK33VDV&RPSOHPHQWV DZDUH RI KLV PLVWDNH GHOLJKWHG ZLWK WKH PXVLF VXUSULVHG DWWKHQHZVIRUJHWIXORIQDPHVWDQWDPRXQWWRDGLVDVWHUHWF6RPHWKH$VDERYHFDQVHOHFWDFODXVDOFRPSOHPHQWLQZKLFKFDVH

    WKHSUHSRVLWLRQLVGHOHWHGRPLWWHG D$GMHFWLYHKHDGVZLWKILQLWHFODXVDOFRPSOHPHQWV DZDUH>WKDWKHKDVEHHQPLVWDNHQ@VXUSULVHG>WKDWVKHKDVPDUULHG@FRQWHQW>WKDWWKH\KDYHRYHUFRPH@ E$GMHFWLYHKHDGVZLWKQRQILQLWHFODXVDOFRPSOHPHQWV DIUDLG>RIEHLQJSXQLVKHG@*HUXQG&ODXVH SOHDVHG>WRPHHWWKHDPEDVVDGRU@,QILQLWLYH&ODXVH

    7KHPD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQRI$3VFDQLQFOXGHERWKDQ$GYHUELDO6SHFLILHUDQGD3UHSRVLWLRQDO2EMHFWDV&RPSOHPHQWDVLQIXOO\DZDUHRIKLVPLVWDNHUHSUHVHQWHGEHORZ $3 6SHF$

    IXOO\$33 DZDUH

    RIKLVPLVWDNH

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    40/208

    %RWK $3V DQG $Y3V IXQFWLRQ V\QWDFWLFDOO\ DV 0RGLILHUVGLIIHULQJ KRZHYHU JUHDWO\ DV WR WKH KHDG WKH\ PRGLI\ $3V PRGLI\

    1RXQKHDGVRFFXULQJLQ6SHFLILHUSRVLWLRQHJDYHU\JLIWHGSLDQLVW$Y3V PRGLI\ 9 KHDGV HJ 7KH GHOHJDWLRQ UHDFKHG WKH DLUSRUW YHU\HDUO\RUZKROH6HQWHQFHVHJ8QH[SHFWHGO\WKHEDORRQGURSSHGRQWKHURRIJHQHUDOO\IXQFWLRQLQJDVRSWLRQDO$GMXQFWV$3V KDYH KRZHYHU D IDU ODUJHU VFRSH WKDQ $Y3V DV IDU DV WKHLUV\QWDFWLF SRWHQWLDO LV FRQFHUQHG 7KH\ FDQ WDNH SDUW LQ RQH RI WKHLPSRUWDQWW\SHVRILQWUDQVLWLYHSUHGLFDWLRQWKHFRSXODWLYHRQH:KHQGLVWULEXWHG OLNH WKDW $3V DVVLJQ SURSHUWLHV WR WKH UHIHUHQW RI WKH

    6XEMHFW13HJ D7KHSUHVLGHQWVVSHHFKZDVTXLWHZLWW\FRSXODU%($3 E0\GDXJKWHUKDVJURZQSUHWWLHUFRSXODOLNH9$33UHGLFDWLYH$3VZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGH[WHQVLYHO\LQ&KDSWHUZKLFKLVGHYRWHGWRFRPSRVLWHSUHGLFDWLRQVOLNHWKHFRSXODWLYHRQH

    7KH6WUXFWXUHDQG'LVWULEXWLRQRI3UHSRVLWLRQDO3KUDVHV 3UHSRVLWLRQVDUHLQYDULDQWLWHPVLQSRLQWRIIRUPWKH\KDYHQRSDUDGLJPV$VIDUDVPHDQLQJLVFRQFHUQHGWKH\YDU\DORQJDVFDOHWKDW KDV DW RQH HQG PHDQLQJIXO SUHSRVLWLRQV OLNH WKH ORFDWLYHGLUHFWLRQDO DQG WHPSRUDO RQHV DQG DW WKH RWKHU HQG PHDQLQJOHVVDEHUUDQW SUHSRVLWLRQV +HUH DUH VHYHUDO H[DPSOHV RI PHDQLQJIXOSUHSRVLWLRQVZKLFKVHOHFWDQ13LQ&RPSOHPHQWSRVLWLRQ D:HPHWWKHRIILFLDOJXHVWDWWKHDLUSRUWORFDWLYH

    E7KHWHHQDJHUUXVKHGLQWRWKHEDFN\DUGGLUHFWLRQDO F7KHFRQFHUWVWDUWVDWSPWHPSRUDO G7KHFOHUNZDVZULWLQJLQLQNLQVWUXPHQWDO H7KLVWHDPZRUNVIRUDSULYDWHFRPSDQ\SXUSRVH7KHV\QWDFWLFIXQFWLRQRI33VVXFKDVWKHRQHVLOOXVWUDWHGDERYHLVWKDWRI $GYHUELDO 0RGLILHU RI 3ODFH 'LUHFWLRQ 7LPH 0DQQHU 3XUSRVHHWF

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    41/208

    3UHSRVLWLRQV IUHTXHQWO\ RFFXU DV REOLJDWRU\ IHDWXUHV RI 9HUEV DQG$GMHFWLYHVLQZKLFKFDVHWKH\DUHPRUHRIWHQWKDQQRWPHDQLQJOHVV,QWKHLUWXUQWKH\WDNH13VDV&RPSOHPHQWV7KHUHVSHFWLYH33VHOHFWHG

    E\ D 9 RU DQ $ IXQFWLRQV DV 3UHSRVLWLRQDO 2EMHFW RI WKH YHUEDO RUDGMHFWLYDOKHDGUHVSHFWLYHO\ D7KLVSRQGDERXQGVLQWURXW E0LVV-RQHVORRNVDIWHUP\VRQ F7KH\DUHHQYLRXVRIRXUVFLHQWLILFILQGLQJV G6KHLVSURXGRIEHLQJD5RPDQLDQJ\PQDVW

    :HQRWLFHWKDWWKH&RPSOHPHQWRIWKHSUHSRVLWLRQDOKHDGFDQDOVREHFODXVDO,QGZHKDYHVXSSOLHGDFRQWH[WLQZKLFKWKHSUHSRVLWLRQVHOHFWVD*HUXQGFRPSOHPHQWFODXVH3UHSRVLWLRQV JRYHUQ WKHLU FRPSOHPHQWV %\ YLUWXH RI WKH GRPLQDQFHUHODWLRQ WKH\ DVVLJQ PRUSKRORJLFDO FDVH WR WKH 13 LQ FRPSOHPHQWSRVLWLRQ7KHFDVHDVVLJQHGWR2EMHFWVRISUHSRVLWLRQVLQ(QJOLVKLVWKH$FFXVDWLYH

    )XQFWLRQDO&DWHJRULHVDV3KUDVHV+HDGV,Q WKH VHFWLRQ DERYH ZH KDYH UHIHUUHG WR WKH DQDO\VLV RI

    V\QWDFWLF FRQILJXUDWLRQV LQ WHUPV RI LPPHGLDWH FRQVWLWXHQWV PRVW RIZKLFKSURYHGWREHSKUDVHVKHDGHGE\OH[LFDOFDWHJRULHVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\OH[LFDOFRQWHQWWKHIRUPHUPDMRUSDUWVRIVSHHFK7KHVH OH[LFDOFDWHJRULHV UHSUHVHQW RSHQ VHWV RI ZRUGOH[LFDO LWHPV ORDGHG ZLWKOH[LFDO GHVFULSWLYH FRQWHQW 7KH\ IRUP WKH YRFDEXODU\ RI HDFKODQJXDJHIDOOLQJLQWRVLPLODUO\EHKDYHGSDUWVRIVSHHFKOLNH1RXQV

    9HUEV$GMHFWLYHV$GYHUEVDQG3UHSRVLWLRQV7KLVOH[LFDOVWRUHFDQEHSHUSHWXDOO\HQULFKHGE\ ZRUGIRUPDWLRQSURFHVVHV(DFKRIWKHLWHPVEHORQJLQJWRWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGFODVVHVFDQKHDGD3KUDVHDVKDVEHHQVKRZQE\RXUGHVFULSWLRQRI1RXQ3KUDVHVHJWKDWIOXII\GRJ9HUE 3KUDVHV HJ VZDOORZ D SLOO $GMHFWLYDO 3KUDVHV HJ TXLWHDIUDLG RIVQDNHV$GYHUELDO3KUDVHHJYHU\IDUDQG3UHSRVLWLRQDO3KUDVHVHJZLWKDVWLFN

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    42/208

    *LYHQWKHIDFWWKDW8*LVDFDWHJRULDOJUDPPDUZHKDYHWRIXUWKHUVHHLI WKHUH DUH RWKHU FDWHJRULHV WKDW FDQ RFFXU DV KHDGV RISKUDVHVFRQVWUXFWLRQV

    7KH6\QWD[DOVRLQFOXGHVIXQFWLRQDOFDWHJRULHVWKDWIRUPFORVHGVHWVRI LWHPV ZKLFK KDYH WKH UROH RI JUDPPDWLFDO WRROV PDUNHUV RUIRUPDWLYHVLHLWHPVWKDWWDNHSDUWLQJUDPPDWLFDOSURFHVVHV)URPD

    PRUSKRORJLFDOSRLQWRIYLHZWKH\FDQRFFXUDVIUHHPRUSKHPHVHJDQPRVWVHYHUDOHWFRUERXQGPRUSKHPHVHJ VHGHUHVWHWF

    )XQFWLRQDO FDWHJRULHVDUHFODVVHVRIVSHFLDOL]HGLWHPVRIWHQVXEFODVVLILHGLQWRVPDOOHUJURXSVZKLFKPDUNWKHJUDPPDWLFDOVWDWXV

    DQGEHKDYLRXURIQRPLQDOYHUEDODGMHFWLYDORUDGYHUELDOLWHPVVXFKDV'(7(50,1(56 'HW' D FRYHU WHUP IRU $UWLFOHV GHILQLWHLQGHILQLWHRU]HUR3RVVHVVLYHV'HPRQVWUDWLYHVHWF'(*5((:25'6VSHFLDOL]HGIRUTXDQWLILFDWLRQDQGFRPSDULVRQRI$GMHFWLYHVDQG$GYHUEVHJTXLWHYHU\PXFKPRUHPRVWHWF,1)/(&7,21 , D FRYHU WHUP IRU WKH ZKROH FOXVWHU RI WKH YHUEDOFDWHJRULHV RI $JUHHPHQW ZLWK WKH 6XEMHFW 13 7HQVH 0RRG DQG

    $VSHFW&203/(0(17,=(56 &RPS VSHFLDOL]HG IRU LQWURGXFLQJ ILQLWH RUQRQILQLWH&RPSOHPHQW&ODXVHVHJFRQMXQFWLRQVOLNHWKDWLIHWFSDUWLFOHVDQGRUSUHSRVLWLRQVIRU,QILQLWLYDORU*HUXQGLDO&RPSOHPHQWVHWF3KUDVHVFDQEHKHDGHGE\IXQFWLRQDOFDWHJRULHVDVZHOO7KXVD1RXQ3KUDVHPD\EHDOWHUQDWLYHO\GHVFULEHGDVD'HWHUPLQHU3KUDVH'3LQZKLFK WKH 'HWHUPLQHU VHOHFWV D 13 &RPSOHPHQW HJ WKRVH D

    'HPRQVWUDWLYH 'HW VHOHFWV D SOXUDO 13 VLJQDOLQJ UHPRWHQHVV RI WKHUHVSHFWLYHHQWLW\

    7KH6HQWHQFHDVDQ,QIOHFWLRQ3KUDVHZLWK,QIOHFWLRQDV)XQFWLRQDO+HDG

    6LPSOH 6HQWHQFHV DQG &ODXVHV 6HQWHQFHV ZLWKLQ &RPSXQGDQGRU &RPSOH[ 6HQWHQFHV XVHG WR EH GHVFULEHG DV H[RFHQWULFFRQVWUXFWLRQV ODFNLQJ D KHDG :LWK WKH HPHUJHQFH RI 8* WKH

    KHDGHGQHVVHQGRFHQWULFLW\SULQFLSOHKDVEHHQJHQHUDOL]HGVRWKDWDV

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    43/208

    VXJJHVWHG E\ WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ EHORZ LW KDV H[WHQGHG WR WKH PDMRUV\QWDFWLFFDWHJRU\6DVZHOODV&ODXVH,QGHHGWKHVHQWHQFHDFWXDOO\UHSUHVHQWVDPD[LPDO3+5$6(URXQGD

    KHDG WKH FRPSRVLWH FRQVWLWXHQW ,QIOHFWLRQ , 7KHUHIRUH WKH6HQWHQFHFDQEHGHVFULEHGDVDKLHUDUFKLFDOVWUXFWXUHSURMHFWHGDVDQ,QIOHFWLRQ 3KUDVH ,3 7KLV UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ DSSOLHV WKH ;EDUFRQYHQWLRQVHHVHFWLRQDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKWKHPD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQKHUH ,3 EUDQFKHV LQWR D 6SHFLILHU RI WKH KHDG WR WKH OHIW DQG D&RPSOHPHQWRIWKHVDPHKHDGWRWKHULJKW7KH6SHFLILHUSRVLWLRQLVRFFXSLHGE\WKH6XEMHFW13WKH&RPSOHPHQWSRVLWLRQLVILOOHGE\WKHSUHGLFDWHSKUDVH93

    ,3

    6SHF,

    13,93&RPSOHPHQW 3UR1 913&RPSOHPHQW

    7KH\ >$JU@HGGRQDWHWKHLUPRQH\

    :HQRWLFHWKDWWKHKHDG,2LQFOXGHVIXQFWLRQDOFRQVWLWXHQWVWKDWDUHREOLJDWRU\IRUDQ\VLPSOHVHQWHQFHRUILQLWHFODXVH

    $JUHHPHQW $JU ZLWK WKH 6XEMHFW 13 ZKLFK LV LPSOLFLWFRYHUWLQYLVLEOHLQWKLVFRQWH[WWKH 7HQVH PDUNHU HG E\ PHDQV RI ZKLFK WKH UHVSHFWLYH HYHQW LVWHPSRUDOO\RULHQWHGDVSUHYLRXVWR6SHHFK7LPH7KH93LVDOVRDKHDGHGSKUDVH7KHKHDGLVWKHWUDQVLWLYH9ZKLFKVHOHFWVDV&RPSOHPHQWWKH13WKHLUPRQH\,QZHVKDOOVXSSO\WKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKH6DQDO\]HGLQDVDQ,QIOHFWLRQ3KUDVH7KHVHQWHQFHKDVEHHQUHGXFHGWRLWVREOLJDWRU\FRQVWLWXHQWV E\ RPLWWLQJ WKH $GMXQFW EHIRUH WKH VKRZ :H KDYH

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    44/208

    LQWURGXFHGWKHIHDWXUHVQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHFRUUHFWVHOHFWLRQRIWKHLWHPVLQ WKH WHUPLQDO VWULQJ 7KHVH IHDWXUHV UHJDUG FDWHJRULDO VHOHFWLRQFVHOHFWLRQDQGVHPDQWLFVHOHFWLRQVVHOHFWLRQ

    :H VKRXOG DOVR SRLQW RXW WKDW WKLV 6,3 KDV XQGHUJRQH RQHPRYHPHQWRSHUDWLRQ,IZHDJUHHWRWKHK\SRWKHVLVWKDWWKH6XEMHFW13KDVEHHQLQLWLDOO\JHQHUDWHGLQ6SHF93ZKHUHLWFDQQRWEHDVVLJQHGPRUSKRORJLFDOFDVHWKHQPRYHPHQWRIWKH6XEMHFWXSZDUGVLQ6SHF,3SRVLWLRQ KDV WR DSSO\ 7KLV 66WUXFWXUH SRVLWLRQ RI WKH 6XEMHFW LVFRQVLGHUHGWREHFDQRQLFDOLQODQJXDJHVOLNH(QJOLVKZKLFKKDYHDQ692GRPLQDQWZRUGRUGHU,WLVLQWKLVSRVLWLRQWKDWWKH6XEMHFW13FDQUHFHLYHFDVHWKH1RPLQDWLYHIURPWKHKHDGRIWKHVHQWHQFHWKH,QIOHFWLRQ

    ,3

    6SHF,

    13 ,93 'HW1 9 13

    $UW $JU709 >GHI@ >1@>9@

    >FRPPRQ@ >BB13@'HW1>KXPDQ@ >VWDWH@>3RVV@>1@

    >VJ@ >DEVWUDFW@>VJ@

    7KH DFWRUVHGVKDOOUHKHDUVHWKHLUSDUWV7KH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ LV VLPSOLILHG LQ WKH VHQVH WKDW ZH KDYH QRW \HW

    DSSOLHG WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WKH ;EDU FRQYHQWLRQ WR DOO WKH 3KUDVHVWKDWPDNHXSWKLVVHQWHQFH

    7KH5ROHRIWKH,QIOHFWLRQ+HDGRIWKH6HQWHQFH

    :HKDYHHVWDEOLVKHGWKDWWKHVHQWHQFHLVDQ HQGRFHQWULFSKUDVHURXQGWKHKHDG,ZKLFKLVDFRPSRVLWHFRQVWLWXHQWPDGHXSRIERXQGPRUSKHPHV OLNH WKH 7HQVH PDUNHUV V DQG HG DV ZHOO DV IUHHPRUSKHPHVDVLVWKHFDVHRIDX[LOLDU\YHUEV%(+$9(0RGDOV

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    45/208

    7KLV FRPSOH[ SKUDVH LQWHUUHODWHV WKH PDMRU 6 FRQVWLWXHQWV E\LQFOXGLQJ WKH $JUHHPHQW PDUNHUV DV REOLJDWRU\ LQIOHFWLRQDOFRQVWLWXHQWV

    $FWXDOO\ WKH ,QIOHFWLRQ KHDGPDNHV WKH VHQWHQFHVWUXFWXUH DSSHDU DVFRPSOHWHIURPDVHPDQWLFDQGIRUPDOSRLQWRIYLHZ6HPDQWLFDOO\WKH,QIOHFWLRQFRQYH\VLQIRUPDWLRQDERXW7HQVHWKH7HQVHPDUNHUVLJQDOVWKHWHPSRUDOFRRUGLQDWHRIWKHHYHQWDERXW$VSHFWDQGDERXW0RRGDQGPRGDOLW\WLQJHV,IZHGURSWKH,QIOHFWLRQWKHVHQWHQFHFHDVHVWREHDVHQWHQFHGHVSLWHWKHFRH[LVWHQFHRIWKHWZRPDMRUFRQVWLWXHQWV13DQG93&RQVLGHU

    D7KHFOLHQWSD\VSDLGWKHELOO,o$JUDQG7E7KHFOLHQWLVSD\LQJWKHELOO,o$JU7$VSF7KHFOLHQWPXVWSD\WKHELOO,o$JU70

    E\ FRQWUDVWZLWKWKH VWULQJ EHORZZKLFK QR ORQJHU UHSUHVHQWVDZHOOIRUPHGVHQWHQFH7KHFOLHQWSD\WKHELOO

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

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    46/208

    ,Q(QJOLVKWKH66WUXFWXUHRUGHULQJRIDX[LOLDULHVUHTXLUHVWKDWPRGDOVLIDQ\VKRXOGEHSODFHGILUVWXQGHU,QIOHFWLRQWKHVHFRQGSRVLWLRQLQWKHVWULQJRIDX[LOLDULHVEHLQJRFFXSLHGE\ +$9(LI WKH 3HUIHFWLYH LV PDUNHG IROORZHG E\ %( LI WKH 3URJUHVVLYH$VSHFWRUWKH3DVVLYH9RLFHLVPDUNHGHJ D7KH-RQHVHVPXVWKDYHEHHQOLYLQJLQ'XUKDPIRU\HDUV 03HUI3URJU E7KH-RQHVHVKDYHPXVWEHHQOLYLQJLQ'XUKDPIRU\HDUV7KH ODVW WZR DX[LOLDULHV KDYH WR PRYH WR ,QIOHFWLRQ ZKLOH OH[LFDO

    PHDQLQJIXO YHUEV QHYHU PRYH WR ,QIOHFWLRQ LQ (QJOLVK %HVLGHVOH[LFDO YHUEV QHYHU XQGHUJR 6XEMHFW$X[LOLDU\ ,QYHUVLRQ DV JHQXLQHDX[LOLDU\YHUEVGR

    &ODXVDO&RQVWLWXHQWVDV&RPSOHPHQWL]HU3KUDVHV&3V

    $VZHKDYHUHSHDWHGO\VKRZQWKHVLPSOHVW6FRQILJXUDWLRQLVEDVHGRQRQHSUHGLFDWLRQUHDOL]HGE\DVLQJOH9HUE3KUDVH7KXVWKH

    RFFXUUHQFHRIRQHSUHGLFDWLQJ9HUE3KUDVHLVWKHPDLQFOXHRUFULWHULRQIRU LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH VHQWHQWLDO VWDWXV RI D FRQILJXUDWLRQ $QRWKHUFKDUDFWHULVWLF RI D VLPSOH VHQWHQFH LV LW VKRXOG EH ILQLWH LH LWV,QIOHFWLRQ KHDG VKRXOG LQFOXGH DV REOLJDWRU\ FRQVWLWXHQWV WKHIRUPDWLYHVPDUNHUVIRU$JUHHPHQWDQG7HQVH,I D VHQWHQFH EHFRPHV D FRQVWLWXHQW RI D KLJKHU VHQWHQWLDO XQLW LW LVFRQVLGHUHGWREHD&ODXVHZKLFKLVGHVFULEHGLQWKHSUHVHQWIUDPHDVD3KUDVHKDYLQJD&RPSOHPHQWL]HUDVKHDG7KH&RPSOHPHQWL]HULVDIXQFWLRQDO FDWHJRU\ UHDOL]HG E\ PHDQV RI VSHFLDOL]HG FRQMXQFWLRQVSURQRXQVHWFZKLFKVHUYHDV&ODXVHLQWURGXFHUV,QWKHVDPHSRVLWLRQZH FDQ ILQG LQYHUWHG DX[LOLDULHV ,I WKH &3 LV D PDLQ FODXVH WKHFRPSOHPHQWL]HUSRVLWLRQLVYDFDQW7KHVWUXFWXUHRIWKH&3LVPDGHXSRIWKHKHDGDQGLWV&RPSOHPHQWWRWKHULJKWDSRVLWLRQLQZKLFKZHILQGDQ,3VWUXFWXUH

    D,WLVDGYLVDEOH>WKDWKHVKRXOGEHKDYHKLPVHOI@E,WLVDGYLVDEOH>IRUKLPWREHKDYHKLPVHOI@

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    47/208

    7KH&RPSOHPHQWSRVLWLRQLVILOOHGE\DILQLWH&3LQDDQHPEHGGHGFODXVHKHDGHGE\WKHFRPSOHPHQWL]HUWKDW,QEWKHVDPH SRVLWLRQ LV RFFXSLHG E\ D QRQILQLWH &3 WKH ,QILQLWLYH &ODXVH

    KHDGHG E\ WKH FRPSOHPHQWL]HU IRU %RWK &3V IXQFWLRQ DV 6XEMHFW&ODXVHV+HUHLVWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHILQLWH&3

    &3 & &,3

    WKDW6SHF,

    KH, 93 VKRXOGEHKDYHKLPVHOI

    6\QWDFWLF&DWHJRULHVRID*UHDWHU&RPSOH[LW\7KH&RPSRXQGDQG&RPSOH[6HQWHQFH7\SHV

    &RPSOHPHQWL]HU 3KUDVHV &3V &ODXVHV FDQ EH LQWHUUHODWHG E\FRRUGLQDWLRQRUVXERUGLQDWLRQ&RPSRXQG6HQWHQFHV

    7KLV W\SH RI VHQWHQFH LV EDVHG RQ FRRUGLQDWLRQ RI FRQMRLQHGFODXVHVWKDWHQMR\WKHVDPHUDQN

    D7KHOLEHUDOVGHEDWHGWKHSURSRVDODQGYRWHGLWGRZQ

    E 7KH VHFUHWDU\ W\SHG DQG WKHQ SULQWHG WKH UHSRUW EXW VKHGLGQWKDYHWKHWLPHWRPDLOLWWKDWYHU\GD\

    0LQLPDOO\D&RPSRXQG6HQWHQFHLVPDGHXSRIWZRFRQMRLQHG&3VDVLQDEXWLWPD\EHH[WHQGHGWRPRUHWKDQWZRFRRUGLQDWHFODXVHV:KHQWKHFRQMRLQHGFODXVHVVKDUHRQHFRQVWLWXHQWHJWKH6XEMHFWLQWKHH[DPSOHVDERYHLWFDQEHRPLWWHGRUVXEVWLWXWHGE\WKHDSSURSULDWHSURQRPLQDOIRUP

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    48/208

    &RPSOH[6HQWHQFHV7KH&RPSOH[6HQWHQFHHYLQFHVDKLJKHUGHJUHHRIVWUXFWXUDO

    FRPSOH[LW\ 0LQLPDOO\ LW LV PDGH XS RI D 0DLQRU 0DWUL[ &ODXVH

    0&DQGRQH6XERUGLQDWH(PEHGGHG&ODXVH

    D5HFHQWO\,KDYHUHDOL]HG>WKDW6FRWVPHQDUHTXLWHJHQHURXV@ 0& ILQLWH&3'LUHFW2EMHFW&ODXVH E,WUHDOO\VXUSULVHVPH>WKDW6FRWVPHQDUHTXLWHJHQHURXV@ ILQLWH&36XEMHFW&ODXVH

    7KH VXERUGLQDWH FODXVHV DERYH DUHILQLWH &3V EHLQJ PDUNHGIRU $JUHHPHQW DQG WHQVH 7KH\ DUH ERWK LQWURGXFHG E\ WKH

    FRPSOHPHQWL]HU WKDW EXW WKH\ GLIIHU LQ SRLQW RI GLVWULEXWLRQV\QWDFWLF IXQFWLRQ 7KH ILUVW RFFXUV LQ &RPSOHPHQW SRVLWLRQIXQFWLRQLQJ DV 'LUHFW 2EMHFW &ODXVH RI WKH WUDQVLWLYH YHUE UHDOL]H7KHVHFRQGLVD6XEMHFW&ODXVHDQWLFLSDWHGE\WKHDQWLFLSDWRU\LW66WUXFWXUH 6XEMHFW (PEHGGHG FODXVHV &3V PD\ KDYH RWKHUGLVWULEXWLRQDO SURSHUWLHV DV ZHOO 7KH\ PD\ RFFXU DIWHU FRSXODU %(WKXVIXQFWLRQLQJDV3UHGLFDWLYH&ODXVHV

    ,QWKHH[DPSOHVEHORZWKHVDPHSRVLWLRQLVRFFXSLHGE\QRQILQLWHFODXVHVD*HUXQGLDO*HU&ODXVHLQDDQGDQ,QILQLWLYDO

    ,QI&ODXVHLQWKHVDPH&RPSOHPHQWSRVLWLRQZKHUHWKH\DUHVHOHFWHGE\WKHWUDQVLWLYHYHUEUHPHPEHU D+HQU\GLGQWUHPHPEHU>SRVWLQJWKHOHWWHU@ *HU&ODXVH'LUHFW2EMHFW E+HQU\UHPHPEHUHG>WRSRVWWKHOHWWHU@ ,QI&ODXVH'LUHFW2EMHFW

    1RQILQLWHFODXVHVODFNWKHPDUNHUVRI$JUHHPQWDQG7HQVH

    $OWKRXJK WKH\ DUH LGHQWLFDO IURP D IXQFWLRQDOSRLQW RIYLHZWKHWZR&3VGHQRWHGLIIHUHQWPHDQLQJVZKLFKVKRZVWKDWRQHDQGWKHVDPHYHUEPD\VRPHWLPHVEULQJDERXWVHPDQWLFGLIIHUHQFHVGHSHQGLQJXSRQWKHW\SHRI&3LWVHOHFWV7KHOH[LFDOHQWU\RIWKHUHVSHFWLYHYHUEZLOOKDYHWRVLJQDOVXFKVHOHFWLRQDOUHVWULFWLRQV $6SHFLDO7\SHRI&3WKH6PDOO&ODXVH &ODXVDOFRQVWLWXHQWVODEHOOHGDV6PDOO&ODXVHVDUHYHUEOHVVVHQWHQWLDO VWUXFWXUHV PDGH XS RI D 6XEMHFW DQG D 3UHGLFDWLYH 7KH

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    49/208

    ODWWHU PD\ EH DGMHFWLYDO QRPLQDO RU SUHSRVLWLRQDO DV VKRZQ E\ RXUH[DPSOHVEHORZ

    D:HFRQVLGHU>WDONVKRZVTXLWHDWWUDFWLYH@ E:HFRQVLGHU>WDONVKRZVDZDVWHRIWLPH@ F:HFRQVLGHU>WDONVKRZVRIQRLQWHUHVW@ 7KH 'LUHFW 2EMHFW FODXVH VHOHFWHG E\ WKH WUDQVLWLYH YHUE FRQVLGHUODFNV WKH YHUEDO FRQVWLWXHQW VWLOO SUHGLFDWLRQ LV UHDOL]HG E\ WKH3UHGLFDWLYHDVVLJQLQJD SURSHUW\WRWKHORJLFDO6XEMHFWWDONVKRZV4XLWHRIWHQVXFK3UHGLFDWLYHVGHQRWHLGHQWLW\RUUHVXOW

    D7KH\DSSRLQWHG>'U-DPHVFKDLUPDQ@LGHQWLW\ E,EDQJHG>WKHGRRUVKXW@UHVXOW1RWLFHWKDWLQ66WUXFWXUHWKHGHHSORJLFDO6XEMHFWRIWKH6PDOO&ODXVHRFFXUVDV$FFXVDWLYH2EMHFW'2RIWKHYHUELQWKH0DLQ&ODXVHDVSURYHGE\WKHSURQRPLQDOIRUPVLQ D:HFRQVLGHUWKHPTXLWHDWWUDFWLYH E7KH\DSSRLQWHGKLPFKDLUPDQ

    F,EDQJHGLWVKXW7KLVSHFXOLDULW\PDNHVVXFK&RPSOH[VHQWHQFHVSDVVLYL]DEOH D7KH\ZHUHFRQVLGHUHGTXLWHDWWUDFWLYH E+HZDVDSSRLQWHGFKDLUPDQ F7KHGRRUZDVEDQJHGVKXW7KH 3UHGLFDWLYH LQ WKH SDVVLYH VWUXFWXUHV DERYH FRPH WR DVVLJQ D

    SURSHUW\WRWKHVXUIDFH6XEMHFWRIHDFKRIWKHVHQWHQFHVDERYH&RPSRXQG&RPSOH[6HQWHQFHV

    7KH KLJKHVW GHJUHH RI VWUXFWXUDO FRPSOH[LW\ FKDUDFWHUL]HV6HQWHQFHV ZKLFK DUH PDGH XS RI ERWK FRRUGLQDWH DQG VXERUGLQDWHFODXVHV

    :KHQWKHJXLGHUHDOL]HGWKDWWKH(WQDKDGHUXSWHGDJDLQDQGWKDW WKHUH ZHUH VWLOO WRXULVWV OHIW EHKLQG QHDU WKH FUDWHU KH

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    50/208

    ZDONHGEDFNWRUHVFXHWKHPEXWWKHGDUNSUHYHQWHGKLPIURPDGYDQFLQJWRRIDVW

    7KH;EDU&RQYHQWLRQIRU3KUDVH6WUXFWXUH5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ7KH FRQYHQWLRQ LV EDVHG RQ WKH SULQFLSOH WKDW DQ\ SKUDVH RU

    FOXVWHURIOLQJXLVWLFHOHPHQWVLVGRPLQDWHGE\DKHDGRUQXFOHXV:HKDYH DOUHDG\ VKRZQ WKDW WKH 8* PRGHO KDV IRUPXODWHG WKLV DV WKHSULQFLSOHRISKUDVHHQGRFHQWULFLW\KHDGHGQHVV$FFRUGLQJ WR WKLV HYHU\ V\QWDFWLF JURXSSKUDVH ;3 LV EXLOW URXQG DKHDG EH LW OH[LFDO RU IXQFWLRQDO V\PEROL]HG DV ; 7KLV KHDG LVPD[LPDOO\SURMHFWHGDV;3RU;;ZLWKWZREDUVDFFRUGLQJWRWKH

    IRUPXOD;3;6SHFLILHU;

    7KXV LI ; LV D 9HUE 3KUDVH PDGH XS RI D YHUE KHDG DQG LWV&RPSOHPHQW HJ EUHDN WKH QHZV LW FDQ PHUJH ZLWK DQ 13 LQ6SHFLILHU SRVLWLRQ OLNH WKH VSHDNHUV WKXV IXQFWLRQLQJ DV 6XEMHFW7KH\ FRPH WR IRUP D ELJJHU VWUXFWXUH ZKLFK XQGHUOLHV WKH ZKROH

    VHQWHQFH7KHVSHDNHUVEUHDNWKHQHZV,Q FDVH WKH KHDG LV DQ 1 OLNHSRHP DQG LW IRUPV D XQLW 1

    WRJHWKHUZLWKLWV&RPSOHPHQWRIORYHZHFDQIXUWKHUSODFHD6SHFLILHUOLNHHDFKLQIURQWRIWKLV1DQGREWDLQ HDFKSRHPRIORYHWKHPD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQRIWKHUHVSHFWLYHKHDG

    7KHUHIRUH WKH LQWHUPHGLDWH SURMHFWLRQ ; LQFOXGHV WKHREOLJDWRU\ FRPSOHPHQWV FRQVWLWXHQWV WKDW WDNH SDUW LQVXEFDWHJRUL]DWLRQDFFRUGLQJWRWKHIRUPXOD

    ;;&RPSOHPHQWV

    &RPSOHPHQWVDUHSRVWKHDGVLVWHUVRI;RDQGFRUUHODWHZLWKDUJXPHQWSRVLWLRQV7KXVZLWKLQ939WKHORZHUSKUDVHOHYHO9GRPLQDWHV9DQGWKH&RPSOHPHQW13WRWKHULJKWDVLQ

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    51/208

    9

    913&RPSOHPHQWSRVLWLRQ

    GRQDWHWKHLUPRQH\ 7R VXP XS WKH WZR UXOHV WKDW WDNH FDUH RI WKH JHQHUDO IRUPDW RISKUDVHVDUH D;3;6SHFLILHU; E;;

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    52/208

    E1

    1 33&RPSOHPHQWSRVLWLRQ

    3 3 13GRQDWLRQRIWKHLUPRQH\

    :H DUH VWUXFN E\ D QXPEHU RI VLPLODULWLHV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR3KUDVH0DUNHUV7KH9HUEKHDGLVFRPSOHWHGE\WKH13IXQFWLRQLQJ

    DV'LUHFW2EMHFWZKLOHWKHQRPLQDOGHULYHGIURPWKLV9GRQDWLRQLVDOVR FRPSOHWHG E\ DQ DOPRVW LGHQWLFDO 1RXQ 0RGLILHU EXW IRU WKHIDFW WKDW WKH VDPH 13 WKH PRQH\ LV JRYHUQHG E\ KH 3UHSRVLWLRQRI ,I ZH ZHUH WR FRQVWUXFW WKH KLJKHU OHYHO UHSUHVHQWHG E\ ;QDPHO\939DQG131ZHZRXOGKDYHWRDGG6SHFLILHUVWRWKHOHIWRIHDFKSKUDVH+HUHDUHWZRSRVVLEOHPD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQV

    6SHFRI9DUWLVWVo

    UHVXOWLQJ93$UWLVWVGRQDWHWKHLUPRQH\

    6SHFRI1DUWLVWVoUHVXOWLQJ13$UWLVWVGRQDWLRQRIWKHLUPRQH\$ VWURQJ SDUDOOHOLVP KROGV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR PD[LPDO

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

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    53/208

    +HDG&RPSOHPHQW'HSHQGHQFLHV

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

    7KHKHDGFRPSOHPHQWUHODWLRQSUHVXSSRVHVWKHGHSHQGHQF\RIWKH FRQVWLWXHQWLQFRPSOHPHQW SRVLWLRQ XSRQ WKH YHUE,QGHHG LQWKHWUDQVLWLYH FRQILJXUDWLRQ DERYH WKH 13 DQ LGHD LV PDUNHG E\ WKH$FFXVDWLYHFDVHRQO\E\YLUWXHRILWVEHLQJJRYHUQHGE\WKHWUDQVLWLYH9KHDG6XFKGHSHQGHQF\UHODWLRQVEHWZHHQDKHDGRIDFRQVWUXFWLRQDQG LWV GHSHQGHQW WHUP DUH GHVFULEHG E\ LQYHVWLJDWLQJ WKH VWUXFWXUDOUHODWLRQV KROGLQJ EHWZHHQ FRQVWLWXHQWV ODEHOOHG DV FRQVWLWXHQWFRPPDQG FFRPPDQG UHODWLRQV RU EHWZHHQ FRQVWLWXHQWV DQG WKH

    PD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQRIWKH3KUDVHODEHOOHGDVPFRPPDQGUHODWLRQV

    'RPLQDQFH5HODWLRQVZLWKLQ3KUDVHVFFRPPDQGDQGPFRPPDQG

    :H VKDOO IRFXV RQ WKH LQWHUQDO VWUXFWXUH RI 93V ZKLFKUHSUHVHQWRXUWDUJHWHGLVVXH/HWXVWDNHDVWULQJKHDGHGE\DWUDQVLWLYHYHUE WKDW WDNHV DQ REOLJDWRU\ &RPSOHPHQW D VLVWHU DV ZHOO DV DQ$GMXQFWDQRSWLRQDO33IXQFWLRQLQJDV$GYHUELDO0RGLILHUHJ

    93SOD\WKHSLDQRLQWKHOLYLQJURRP7KHPD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQRIWKLV93LVUHSUHVHQWHGE\D3KUDVH0DUNHUVKRZLQJ WKDW 93 DFWXDOO\ FRLQFLGLQJ ZLWK 9 EUDQFKHV LQWR D6SHFLILHUZKHUHWKHEDVHJHQHUDWHG6XEMHFWRFFXUVDSRVLWLRQZKLFKLVQRWILOOHGLQRXUUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDQGD9ZKLFKGRPLQDWHVDVPDOOHU9DQGWKH$GYHUELDO$GMXQFWRI3ODFHH[SUHVVHGE\D3UHSRVLWLRQDO3KUDVH)LQDOO\ZHUHDFKWKHSUHWHUPLQDOVWULQJPDGHXSRIWKH9KHDG9DQGWKH13GLUHFWO\JRYHUQHGE\LW

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    54/208

    93 6SHF9

    933

    9133 313

    SOD\WKHSLDQRLQWKHOLYLQJURRP

    2XUK\SRWKHVLVWREHIXUWKHUGHPRQVWUDWHGLVWKDWWKH9SOD\FFRPPDQGV WKH 13 WKH SLDQR EXW LW GRHV QRW FFRPPDQG WKH 33$GMXQFW WR WKH GRRU 7KLV LV KRZ WKH GRPDLQ RI FFRPPDQG LVRXWOLQHG

    D 7KH GRPDLQ RI FFRPPDQG GHSHQGV RQ WKH

    UHODWLRQVRIGRPLQDQFHLHRQWKHUHODWLYHSRVLWLRQRI WKH UHVSHFWLYH FRQVWLWXHQWV LQ WKH KLHUDUFK\ $

    FRQVWLWXHQW ZKLFK LV SODFHG KLJKHU GRPLQDWHV DORZHUFRQVWLWXHQWGLUHFWO\LPPHGLDWHGRPLQDWLRQRULQGLUHFWO\YLDDQRWKHUGRPLQDWHGFRQVWLWXHQW

    E 1HLWKHURIWKHFRQVWLWXHQWVLQYROYHGLQDFFRPPDQGUHODWLRQVKRXOGGRPLQDWHWKHRWKHURQH

    F %HVLGHV WKLV FRQGLWLRQ WKH ILUVW EUDQFKLQJ QRGHDERYH WKH RQH WKDW FFRPPDQGV D FRQVWLWXHQWVKRXOGDOVRGRPLQDWHWKDWQRGH

    /RRNLQJDWWKH93LQZHQRWLFHWKDWWKH13WKHSLDQRLVLQ WKH FFRPPDQG GRPDLQ RI WKH YHUE SOD\ DV QHLWKHU RI WKHPGRPLQDWHVWKHRWKHURQHDQGWKH\DUHERWKXQGHUWKHKLJKHUQRGH9

    :HFDQVXPXSWKHFRQGLWLRQVWREHPHWE\FFRPPDQGXVLQJWKHV\PEROV DQGIRUWKHWZRFRQVWLWXHQWV LQRXUH[DPSOHDERYHWKH9SOD\DQGWKH13WKHSLDQRUHVSHFWLYHO\ $QHOHPHQW FFRPPDQGVDQGHOHPHQWLI

    D GRHVQRWGRPLQDWHDQGGRHVQRWGRPLQDWH E WKHILUVWEUDQFKLQJQRGHDERYH DOVRGRPLQDWHV

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    55/208

    ,QFDVHWKHILUVWEUDQFKLQJQRGHLVDPD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQRIWKH

    KHDG QDPHO\ DQ ;3 RU ; WKH FRQVWLWXHQW PFRPPDQGV WKH

    FRQVWLWXHQW 5HVXPLQJ RXU H[DPSOH LQ WKH YHUE KHDG SOD\FFRPPDQGVLWV2EMHFW13WKHSLDQRZKLOHWKH33LQWKHOLYLQJURRPIXQFWLRQLQJDV$GMXQFWRI3ODFHLVRXWVLGHWKHFFRPPDQGGRPDLQRIWKHYHUE%XWLIZHFRQVLGHUWKHKLJKHVWQRGH9HUE3KUDVHZKLFKLVWKHPD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQRIWKH9WKHQLWDSSHDUVWKDWERWKWKH2EMHFW13 DQG WKH 3UHSRVLWLRQDO $GMXQFW DUH PFRPPDQGHG E\ WKH YHUEJLYHQ WKH ILUVW QRGH 93 GRPLQDWLQJ DOO WKH FRQVWLWXHQWV E\ LWVPD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQVWDWXV

    7KH5HODWLRQRI*RYHUQPHQWDQGWKH0HFKDQLVPRI&DVH$VVLJQPHQW

    7KLV UHODWLRQ LV FUXFLDO IRU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH KLHUDUFK\ RIUHODWLRQV LQ D VHQWHQFH ,W PDLQO\ H[SODLQV WKH PHFKDQLVP RIPRUSKRORJLFDOFDVHDVVLJQPHQW0RUHFRQFUHWHO\LWDFFRXQWVIRUWKHDVVLJQPHQW RI WKH 1RPLQDWLYH FDVH WR WKH 6XEMHFW 13 DQG RI WKH$FFXVDWLYHFDVHWRWKH2EMHFW13V

    *RYHUQPHQW UHODWLRQV KROG EHWZHHQ D KHDG ODEHOOHG DVJRYHUQRU HJ WKH 9HUE DQG WKH 3UHSRVLWLRQ DQG WKHLU JRYHUQHHV

    13V LQ WKH WZR H[DPSOHV EHORZ %\ YLUWXH RI WKH JRYHUQPHQWUHODWLRQ WKH JRYHUQRU DVVLJQV PRUSKRORJLFDO WR LWV JRYHUQHH DVIROORZV

    913 3

    13

    $FF $FF NLVV0DU\KHUZLWK0DU\KHU

    7KXV WKH UHODWLRQ *RYHUQPHQW OLHV DW WKH EDVLV RI FDVH

    DVVLJQPHQW,WH[SODLQVKRZPRUSKRORJLFDOFDVHZKLFKLVQRWLQKHUHQWLQ1VLVDVVLJQHGWR6XEMHFWDQG2EMHFW13V

    *RYHUQPHQWKROGVEHWZHHQWZRWHUPVWKDWDUHWREHIRXQGLQWKHPD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQRIDKHDG;WKH;3H[HPSOLILHGEHORZE\WKH93DQGWKH33EHORZDVZHOODVE\WKH93PD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQLQWKHWKLUGFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    56/208

    D 93 E 33

    9 3 9

    13 3

    13

    PHHWSHRSOHWKHPDWWKHDLUSRUWF

    93

    9

    933 9133 313 PHHWSHRSOHDWWKHDLUSRUW

    ,Q WKH ILUVW WZR FDVHV WKH JRYHUQRU LV D KHDG 9 DQG 3UHVSHFWLYHO\ZKLFKPFRPPDQGVWKHJRYHUQHHLHWKHILUVWPD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQGRPLQDWHVERWKWKHJRYHUQRUWKHKHDGDQGLWVJRYHUQHH,Q WKH WKLUG UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ ZH ILQG WKDW WKH YHUE JRYHUQV WKH 13

    SHRSOH EXW LW GRHV QRW JRYHUQ WKH 13 WKH DLUSRUW 7KH ODWWHU LVJRYHUQHGE\WKHSUHSRVLWLRQDWERWKFRQVWLWXHQWVEHLQJGRPLQDWHGE\WKH PD[LPDO SURMHFWLRQ RI 3 QDPHO\ 33 WKH 3UHSRVLWLRQDO 3KUDVH6XFK PD[LPDO SURMHFWLRQV IXQFWLRQ DV EDUULHUV WR WKH UHODWLRQ RIJRYHUQPHQWEHWZHHQDJRYHUQRUV OLNH9DQG WKH 13WKHDLUSRUW,Q

    RWKHUZRUGVJRYHUQPHQWRIWKHDLUSRUWE\WKH9PHHWLVEORFNHGE\WKHLQWHUYHQLQJRFFXUUHQFHRIWKH33EDUULHU+RZHYHUZHFDQQRWLFHWKDWWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIJRYHUQPHQWDUHPHWLQWKHVHTXHQFHPDGHXSRIWKHYHUEPHHWDQGWKHZKROH33DWWKHDLUSRUW$W WKLV SRLQW ZH FRXOG VWDWH PRUH JHQHUDOO\ WKDW WKH UHODWLRQ RIJRYHUQPHQW EHWZHHQD FRQVWLWXHQW DQGD FRQVWLWXHQW KROGVLIWKHIROORZLQJWKUHHFRQGLWLRQVDUHPHW

    D LV;LHKHDG

    E PFRPPDQGV

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    57/208

    FQRPD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQLQWHUYHQHVEHWZHHQ DQG :H KDYH DQDO\VHG VR IDU WKUHH K\SRVWDVHV LQ ZKLFK JRYHUQPHQW

    UHODWLRQVKROG

    D D 9 JRYHUQRU DQG LWV VLVWHUFRPSOHPHQW WKH 13 WR WKHULJKWPHHWAWKHSHRSOH

    E D3 JRYHUQRUDQGLWVFRPSOHPHQW WKH13JRYHUQHHWRWKHULJKWRIWKHSUHSRVLWLRQDWAWKHDLUSRUW

    F D9JRYHUQRUDQGWKHZKROH33XQGHUWKHGRPLQDWLRQRIWKH93PD[LPDOSURMHFWLRQPHHWADWWKHDLUSRUW

    7KHGLUHFWFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKHJRYHUQPHQWUHODWLRQLVFDVHDVVLJQPHQW

    0RUSKRORJLFDO FDVH LQ DOO WKH H[DPSOHV DERYH WKH $FFXVDWLYH LVDVVLJQHG E\ WKH YHUEDO RU SUHSRVLWLRQDO JRYHUQRUV RI WKH UHVSHFWLYH13V,QDOOWKHLQVWDQFHVDERYHWKHGLUHFWLRQRIJRYHUQPHQWKDVEHHQIURP OHIW WR ULJKW 7KLV LV VSHFLILF WR FDVH DVVLJQPHQW XQGHUJRYHUQPHQWLQDODQJXDJHOLNH(QJOLVK0RUHRQ&DVH$VVLJQPHQW7KH&DVH)LOWHU

    8QOLNH 3HUVRQ 1XPEHU DQG *HQGHU &DVHLVQRW DQLQKHUHQWFDWHJRU\RI1RXQV$FDVHOHVV13VXFKDVWKDWERRN P\ORYHUDVR

    KDVWRUHFHLYHFDVHIURPDJRYHUQLQJHOHPHQW2WKHUZLVHLWFDQQRWEHLQWHUSUHWHG DV 6XEMHFW RU 2EMHFW LQ WKH KLHUDUFK\ RI VHQWHQFHFRQVWLWXHQWV,WPD\EHFRPHYLVLEOHRQO\LILWUHFHLYHVFDVHIURPWKHFRQVWLWXHQWZKLFKJRYHUQVLW7KLVUHTXLUHPHQWLVODEHOOHGDV7KH&DVH

    )LOWHUZKLFKDSSOLHVWRDOORYHUW13V7KH&DVH)LOWHUDQ\RYHUW13PXVWUHFHLYHFDVH6R IDU ZH KDYH RQO\ H[SODLQHG KRZ WKH $FFXVDWLYH FDVH LV

    DVVLJQHGFDVHE\JRYHUQRUVVXFKDV9DQG3UHSRVLWLRQ,IWKH6XEMHFWLVEDVHJHQHUDWHG LQ WKH SRVLWLRQ RI 6SHFLILHU RI 93 WKH 93 LQWHUQDOK\SRWKHVLVWKHUHVSHFWLYHFRQILJXUDWLRQGRHVQRWDOORZLWVUHFHLYLQJPRUSKRORJLFDO FDVH PRUH SUHFLVHO\ WKH 1RPLQDWLYH 2Q WKH RWKHUKDQG WKLV LV QRW WKH W\SLFDOFDQRQLFDOVWDQGDUG SRVLWLRQ RI (QJOLVK66WUXFWXUH6XEMHFW

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    58/208

    1RPLQDWLYH&DVH$VVLJQPHQWWRWKH66WUXFWXUH6XEMHFW

    :H KDYH QRW H[SODLQHG KRZHYHU D YHU\ LPSRUWDQWSKHQRPHQRQ WKH DVVLJQPHQW RI WKH1RPLQDWLYH FDVH WR WKH 6XEMHFW137KLVDVVLJQPHQWFDQWDNHSODFHRQO\LIWKH6XEMHFW13LVSODFHGLQWKHSRVLWLRQRI6SHFLILHURI,3$VZHZLOOVKRZWKH6XEMHFWLVEDVHJHQHUDWHGXQGHU93LQWKHSRVLWLRQRI6SHF93ZKHUHLWFDQQRWEHDVVLJQHGFDVH+HQFHLWKDVWRPRYHWRWKHKLJKHUSRVLWLRQRI6SHF,3LQ RUGHU WR UHFHLYH FDVH WKH 1RPLQDWLYH IURP WKH JRYHUQRU , WKHKHDG RI WKH ,3 7KH K\SRWKHVLV WKDW WKH 1RPLQDWLYH FDVH LV DOVRDVVLJQHGXQGHUJRYHUQPHQWVHHPVWREHFRQWUDGLFWHGE\WKHGLUHFWLRQRIJRYHUQPHQWZKLFKLVDOZD\VIURPOHIWWRULJKW 7KHH[SODQDWLRQRI1RPLQDWLYHFDVHDVVLJQPHQWLVEDVHGRQD

    VWUXFWXUDO UHTXLUHPHQW WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI FDVH DVVLJQPHQW XSRQ D6SHFLILHUKHDG FRQILJXUDWLRQ IURP ULJKW WR OHIW 7KLV FRQILJXUDWLRQFRQWDLQV DJUHHPHQW DV ZHOO 7KH ,QIOHFWLRQ KDV WR EH ILQLWH IRUDJUHHPHQW DQG 1RPLQDWLYH FDVH DVVLJQPHQW WR DSSO\ 7KLV FRQILUPVWKH 1RPLQDWLYH PDUNLQJ RI ILQLWH FODXVDO VWUXFWXUHV YHUVXV FDVHDVVLJQPHQWLQQRQILQLWHFODXVHV7\SHVRI&DVH$VVLJQPHQW

    7R SRLQW RXW WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH WZR W\SHV RI FDVHDVVLJQPHQW OHW XV FRQVLGHU WKH WZR VWUXFWXUDO VHJPHQWV LQ WKH ,3EHORZ

    ,3 6SHF , 13,93

    $JU79913

    -RKQVVSRQVRU0DU\KHU 1RPLQDWLYH$FFXVDWLYH

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    59/208

    7KH/LQNEHWZHHQWKH/H[LFRQDQGWKH6\QWD[7KH3URMHFWLRQ3ULQFLSOH

    7KH /H[LFRQ LV D JOREDO VWRUH RI WKH OH[LFDO LWHPV LQ WKHODQJXDJH,WSURYLGHVDOOWKHSURSHUWLHVFKDUDFWHULVLQJHDFKLWHPZRUGIURP D SKRQRORJLFDO JUDPPDWLFDO PRUSKRV\QWDFWLF DQG VHPDQWLFSRLQW RI YLHZ 7KHVH SURSHUWLHV ZKLFK DUH VSHFLILHG LQ WKH OH[LFDOHQWU\ RI HDFK LWHP DUH SURMHFWHG IURP WKH /H[LFRQ WR DOO WKH RWKHUOHYHOV +HQFH WKH QDPH JLYHQ WR WKLV XQLYHUVDO SULQFLSOH WKH3URMHFWLRQ3ULQFLSOH,WDFWXDOO\VHFXUHVWKHOLQNEHWZHHQWKH/H[LFRQDQG WKH WZR OHYHOV RI WKH 6\QWD[ LQ WKH RYHUDOO RUJDQL]DWLRQ RI

    JUDPPDU '6WUXFWXUH DQG 66WUXFWXUH 7KH EDVLF IHDWXUHV RI DOOOH[LFDOLWHPVDUHYDOLGDQGYLVLEOHDWDOOWKHVHOHYHOV:H VKDOO GHPRQVWUDWH WKDW WKLV LV RI SDUWLFXODU LQWHUHVW IRU WKH PDMRUWRSLF RI WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ ZKLFK LV IRFXVHG RQ SUHGLFDWLRQ 7KHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWYHUEVVSHFLILHVWKHLUDUJXPHQWVWUXFWXUHPDGHXSRIWKHWKHPDWLFUROHVWKH\DVVLJQWRWKHLUDUJXPHQWVHJ$JHQW3DWLHQW,QVWUXPHQW*RDOHWF

    /HWXVFRQVLGHUDVLOOXVWUDWLRQWKHYHUEVHQGZKLFKEHORQJVWRWKH FODVVVXEFDWHJRU\ RI GDWLYH YHUEV 7KHVH YHUEV DUH VSHFLDOL]HGIURP D VHPDQWLF SRLQW RI YLHZ IRU H[SUHVVLQJ WKH FKDQJH RISRVVHVVLRQ RI DQ HQWLW\ E\ LWV WUDQVIHU WR D *RDO DV VKRZQ E\ WKHVHQWHQFH

    0DUNVHQWWKHPRQH\WR3HWH

    $JHQW3DWLHQW*RDO

    7KHOH[LFDOHQWU\IRUVHQGVSHFLILHVWKUHHWKHPDWLFUROHVIRUPLQJWKH

    WKHWDJULGWKHPDWLFVWUXFWXUHRIWKH9HUEVHQG6(1'7KHWDJULG$JHQW3DWLHQW*RDO

    7KHUH DUH WKUHH SDUWLFLSDQWV LQYROYHG LQ WKH FRQFHSWXDO VWUXFWXUH RIHYHQWV OLNH VHQGLQJ VPWK WR VPE DQ $JHQW ZKLFK RFFXSLHV WKH6XEMHFW SRVLWLRQ D 3DWLHQW UROHUHDOL]HGV\QWDFWLFDOO\ E\ WKH 13WKHPRQH\ IXQFWLRQLQJ DV 'LUHFW 2EMHFW DQG WKH UROH RI *RDO UHDOL]HG

    V\QWDFWLFDOO\ E\ WKH 3UHSRVLWLRQDO 3KUDVH WR 3HWH IXQFWLRQLQJ DV

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    60/208

    ,QGLUHFW 2EMHFW PDUNHG E\ WKH GLUHFWLRQDO GDWLYH SUHSRVLWLRQ WR$FWXDOO\ WKH ZKROH SUHGLFDWLRQ H[SUHVVHG E\ WKH 9HUE 3KUDVH 93VHQW WKH PRQH\ WR 3HWH UHTXLUHV DV 6XEMHFW DQ 13 ZLWK WKH UROH RI

    $JHQWDWWKHVDPHWLPH6RXUFHRIWKHWUDQVIHU$OO WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ LV SURMHFWHG IURP WKH /H[LFRQ WR

    '6WUXFWXUHDQGWKHQWR66WUXFWXUHEHLQJSUHVHUYHGXSWRWKHHQGRIWKHGHULYDWLRQDOSURFHVVVRWKDWWKHIROORZLQJDOWHUQDWLYHRIWKHEDVLFVHQWHQFHRFFXUULQJDW66WUXFWXUHDIWHUUHRUGHULQJRIFRQVWLWXHQWVKDVDSSOLHGKDVWKHVDPHWKHPDWLFVWUXFWXUHDVWKHRQHLQGLFDWHGDVEDVLFLQWKH/H[LFRQ

    0DUNVHQW3HWHWKHPRQH\ 7KH WZR REMHFWV DUH UHRUGHUHG EXW WKH\ VWLOO UHSUHVHQW WKH VDPHFRUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHLUWKHWDUROHDQGWKHIXQFWLRQWKH\GLVFKDUJHWKH,QGLUHFW2EMHFWEHDUVWKHUROHRI*RDOWKH'LUHFW2EMHFWWKHUROHRI3DWLHQW

    2XU H[DPSOH DERYH LV EDVHG RQ WKH K\SRWKHVLV WKDW WKH WZRGDWLYH DOWHUQDWLYHV DUH UHODWHG GHULYDWLRQDOO\ E\ D PRYHPHQW UXOH

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

    9HUEVGHQRWHHYHQWVLQZKLFKRQHRUVHYHUDOSDUWLFLSDQWVWDNHSODFH7KHFRQFHSWXDOVWUXFWXUHRIHDFKYHUEUHIOHFWVWKLVDVVRFLDWLRQRIDQHYHQWZLWKRQHRUVHYHUDODUJXPHQWVWKDWFRUUHVSRQGWRWKHQXPEHURIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVLQWKHUHVSHFWLYHHYHQW7KHUROHVRIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    61/208

    DUH SURMHFWHG IRU HDFK YHUE RQWR LWV DUJXPHQW VWUXFWXUH 7KXVLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHORJLFDOSUHGLFDWLRQPDLQO\UHIHUULQJWRWKHVHWRIDUJXPHQWVWKDWDUHPDUNHGIRUWKHUROHVLVLQWHJUDWHGLQWRV\QWD[

    7KXVWKH $JHQWUHSUHVHQWVWKHLQLWLDWRUDQGSHUIRUPHURIDQDFWLYLW\WKHDFWRUZKRFRQWUROVWKHHYHQWWKH 3DWLHQWRU7KHPHRIWKHYHUELVWKHUROHSOD\HGE\WKHHQWLW\WKDWXQGHUJRHVWKHHIIHFWRUVXIIHUV WKH LPSDFW RI DQ DFWLYLW\ WKH *RDO LV HLWKHU WKH KXPDQUHFHLYHURIDWUDQVIHUUHGHQWLW\RUWKHSRLQWRIVSDFHWRZDUGVZKLFKDQREMHFWRUDSHUVRQPRYHVHWF7KHVHUROHVZKRVHQXPEHULVGHILQLWHDQG ZKLFK DUH YDOLG XQLYHUVDOO\ IRUP WKH UROHVWUXFWXUH DVVRFLDWHGZLWK WKH ORJLFDO SUHGLFDWH UHDOL]HG JUDPPDWLFDOO\ E\ D 9HUE RU DQ

    $GMHFWLYH(DFKDUJXPHQWEHDULQJD UROHLVJUDPPDWLFDOLVHGDVDQ13

    LQDFHUWDLQSRVLWLRQDVWRWKHPDLQYHUE5ROHVWUXFWXUHVDUHSDUWRIRXUPHQWDO DQG OLQJXLVWLF /H[LFRQ WKH\ UHSUHVHQW OH[LFDO FRQFHSWXDOVWUXFWXUHV/&67KHUROHVDUHLQGLFDWHGLQ JULGVIRUHDFK9RU$ 7KH UROHV FRUUHVSRQG WRPDWFK WKH FRQVWLWXHQWV WKDW PDNH XS WKHVXEFDWHJRUL]DWLRQIUDPH,IWKHUHLVDQ$JHQWLQWKHWKHWDJULGRIDYHUELW LV SODFHG LQ 6XEMHFW SRVLWLRQ LQ DQ DFWLYH VHQWHQFH WKH 3DWLHQW

    XVXDOO\ IXQFWLRQV DV 'LUHFW 2EMHFW WKH *RDO LQ D GDWLYH VHQWHQFH LV,QGLUHFW2EMHFWHWF+HUHDUHVHYHUDOV\QWDFWLFFRQILJXUDWLRQVLQYROYLQJWKHUROHVRI$JHQWDQG3DWLHQW7KHPHUHVSHFWLYHO\

    D$JHQWVLQJOHUROHLQWKHHYHQWH[SUHVVHGE\WKHYHUEDV6XEMHFW

    7KHJLUOLVVPLOLQJ7KRVHGRJVDUHEDUNLQJ$J $JE$JHQWDQG3DWLHQWDV6XEMHFWDQG2EMHFWUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHJLUOVOLFHGWKHEUHDG0DULDQWUDLQHGKHUGRJ

    $J3DW$J3DWF3DWLHQWVLQJOHUROHLQWKHHYHQWDV6XEMHFW

    7KHSHQFLOGURSSHG7KHOHDYHVDUHWUHPEOLQJ 3DW3DW

    7KH H[DPSOHV DERYH VKRZ WKDW WKH UROHV DUH PDSSHG RQV\QWDFWLFVWUXFWXUHLQDSUHFLVHZD\7KXVWKH$JHQWQHYHUIXQFWLRQVDV'LUHFW 2EMHFW ZKLOH WKH 3DWLHQW UROH WKDW GHQRWHV DQ DIIHFWHG HQWLW\

    VHHPV WR EH VSHFLDOL]HG IRU WKH ODWWHU IXQFWLRQ 'HSHQGLQJ XSRQ WKH

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    62/208

    VHPDQWLFVRIWKHYHUEWKH3DWLHQWFDQDOVRIXQFWLRQDV6XEMHFWLIWKHWKHWDJULG ODFNV DQ $JHQW 6XFK DVVRFLDWLRQV EHWZHHQ UROHV DQGV\QWDFWLFSRVLWLRQVLQWKHVXEFDWHJRULDOIUDPHRIYHUEVDUHWKHNH\WR

    WKHGHVFULSWLRQRISUHGLFDWLRQW\SHV7KHPDWLF5ROHV8QLYHUVDOO\$VVLJQHGE\9HUEV

    +HUHLVDQLQYHQWRU\RIWKHWKHWDUROHVWKDWYHUEVFDQDVVLJQWRWKHLUDUJXPHQWVLQDQ\QDWXUDOODQJXDJH

    $JHQWWKHDQLPDWHLQLWLDWRUSHUIRUPHUDQGFRQWUROOHURIDQDFWLRQZRUNODXJKHDWVPWKEXLOGVPWKHWF

    3DWLHQW7KHPHWKHDIIHFWHGHQWLW\EHLWDSHUVRQRUDWKLQJXQGHUJRLQJ WKH HIIHFWLPSDFW RI VRPH DFWLRQ GLH IDOO WKHREMHFWZKLFKLVHDWHQZULWWHQHWF

    ([SHULHQFHUWKHSDUWLFLSDQWH[SHULHQFLQJDSV\FKRORJLFDOVWDWHRUSURFHVVFRJQLWLYHDIIHFWLYHHWFORYHGLVOLNHWKLQNUHPHPEHUHWF*RDO WKH ORFDWLRQ RU HQWLW\ LQ WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI ZKLFK

    VRPHWKLQJPRYHVJR WR/RQGRQJLYHVPWKWRVPE

    %HQHIDFWLYH%HQHILFLDU\WKHHQWLW\WKDWEHQHILWVIURPWKHDFWLRQRUHYHQWGHQRWHGE\WKHSUHGLFDWHEX\DJLIWIRUVPEFRRNDGLVKIRUVPE6RXUFH WKH ORFDWLRQ RU HQWLW\ IURP ZKLFK VRPHWKLQJPRYHVFRPHIURPWKHQRUWK

    ,QVWUXPHQWWKHPHGLXPE\ZKLFKWKHDFWLRQRUHYHQWLVFDUULHGRXWPL[WKHVDXFHZLWKDVSRRQ

    /RFDWLYH /RFDWLRQ WKH VSHFLILFDWLRQ RI WKH SODFH ZKHUH WKHDFWLRQHYHQWWDNHVSODFH 5ROH VWUXFWXUHV DUH SDUW RI RXU PHQWDO OLQJXLVWLF /H[LFRQ WKH\UHSUHVHQWOH[LFDOFRQFHSWXDOVWUXFWXUHV/&67KHUROHVDUHLQGLFDWHGLQ JULGVIRUHDFKRIWKHOH[LFDOLWHPVWKDWSUHGLFDWH6V9VRU$V7KH

  • 8/3/2019 The Syntax of English Predications -Domnica Serban[1]

    63/208

    UROHV FRUUHVSRQG WRPDWFK WKH FRQVWLWXHQWV WKDW PDNH XS WKHVXEFDWHJRUL]DWLRQIUDPHHJWKHYHUEOLVWHQWRVRPHRQH,WWDNHVWZRDUJXPHQWV DQ([SHULHQFHU DQG D3DWLHQW ZKLFK FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH

    6XEMHFW 13 DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ WR WKH 3UHSRVLWLRQDO 3KUDVH LQ&RPSOHPHQWSRVLWLRQDVLQ

    6HDQLVOLVWHQLQJWRWKHVRQDWD>13B@9>B33@VXEFDWHJRUL]DWLRQIUDPH

    6XEMHFW 3UHS2EMHFWV\QWDFWLFIXQFWLRQV

    ([S 3DWWKHPDWLFUROHV

    7KH UROHVWUXFWXUH LV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH DUJXPHQW VWUXFWXUH RI WKHORJLFDO SUHGLFDWLRQ UHDOL]HG JUDPPDWLFDOO\ E\ D 9HUE RU DQ$GMHFWLYH(DFKDUJXPHQWEHDULQJD UROHLVJUDPPDWLFDOLVHGDVDQ13 LQ D FHUWDLQ SRVLWLRQ DV WR WKH PDLQ YHUE 7KHUH LV D RQHWRRQHUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKHWDUROHV DQG DUJXPHQWV 2QH DQG WKH VDPH UROHFDQQRWEHDVVLJQHGWRWZRGLIIHUHQWDUJXPHQWVHJ 7KHFRRNLVSUHSDULQJWKHVDODGWKHPHDO

    $J3DW3DW1HLWKHU LV LW SRVVLEOH IRU WKH YHUE WR DVVLJQ WZR UROHV WR WKH VDPHDUJXPHQWHJ 6HDQDGPLUHG ([S3DW7KH RQO\ FRQILJXUDWLRQ WKDW PLJKW UHQGHU VXFK D WKHPDWLF UROHFRPELQDWLRQLV

    6HDQDGPLUHVKLPVHOI7KH'