The Telencephalon 端脑

山东大学医学院解剖教研室李振华

General Appearance of Cerebrum

The telencephalon consists of right and left cerebral hemisphere, partially separated by cerebral longitudinal fissure大脑纵裂

In the depths of the fissure, the corpus callosum 胼胝体 connects the hemispheres across the midline

The cerebral transverse fissure intervenes between the hemispheres and the cerebellum

Each hemisphere has three surfaces: superolateral, medial and inferior

Main SulciThree principal sulci Central sulcus 中央沟 Lateral sulcus 外侧沟 Parietooccipital sulcus 顶枕沟

Central sulcus

Lateral sulcus

Parietooccipital sulcus

Lobes of Cerebral Hemisphere

Five lobes Frontal lobe 额叶 Parietal lobe 顶叶 Temporal lobe 颞叶 Occipital lobe 枕叶 Insular lobe 岛叶

Frontal lobe Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Temporal lobe

Insular lobe

Sulci and gyri of frontal lobe

Precentral sulcus 中央前沟 Precentral gyrus 中央前回 Superior frontal sulcus 额上沟 Inferior frontal sulcus 额下沟 Superior frontal gyrus 额上回 Middle frontal gyrus 额中回 Inferior frontal gyrus 额下回

Sulci and gyri of frontal lobe

Precentral sulcus

Precentral gyrus

Superior frontal sulcus

Inferior frontal sulcus

Superior, middleand inferioe frontal gyri

Sulci and Gyri of Parietal Lobe

Postcentral sulcus 中央后沟 Postcentral gyrus 中央后回 Intraparietal sulcus 顶内沟 Superior parietal lobule 顶上小

叶 Inferior parietal lobule 顶下小叶 Supramarginal gyrus 缘上回 Angular gyrus 角回

Sulci and Gyri of Parietal Lobe

Postcentral sulcus

Postcentral gyrus

Superior parietal lobule

Supramarginal gyrus

Angular gyrus

Intraparietal sulcus

Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe

Superior temporal sulcus 颞上沟 Inferior temporal sulcus 颞下沟 Superior temporal gyrus 颞上回 Middle temporal gyrus 颞中回 Inferior temporal gyrus 颞下回 Transverse temporal gyri 颞横回

Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe

Superior temporal sulcus

Inferior temporal sulcus Superior temporal gyrus

Middle temporal gyrus

Inferior temporal gyrus

Transverse temporal gyri

Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe

Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface

Precentral sulcus

Precentral gyrus

Superior frontal sulcus

Inferior frontal sulcus

Superior,middleand inferior frontal gyri

Postcentral sulcus

Postcentral gyrus

Superior parietal lobule

Supramarginal gyrus

Angular gyrus

Superior temporal sulcus

Inferior temporal sulcus Superior temporal gyrus

Middle temporal gyrus

Inferior temporal gyrus

Intraparietal sulcus

Sulci and Gyri of Medial Surface

Corpus callosum 胼胝体 Callosal sulcus 胼胝体沟 Cingulate gyrus 扣带回 Cingulate sulcus 扣带沟 Marginal ramus 缘支 Paracentral lobule 中央旁小

叶 Calcarine sulcus 距状沟 Cuneus 楔叶 Lingual gyrus 舌回

Sulci and Gyri of Medial Surface

Corpus callosum Callosal sulcus

cingulate gyrus

Cingulate sulcus

Marginal ramus

Paracentral lobule

Calcarine sulcus

Cuneus

Parietooccipital sulcus

Lingual gyrus

Sulci and Gyri of Inferior Surface

Olfactory bulb 嗅球 Olfactory tract 嗅束 Olfactory trigone 嗅三角 Anterior perforated substance 前穿质 Collateral sulcus 侧副沟 Occipitotemporal sulcus 枕颞沟 Medial occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞内侧回 Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞外侧回

Hippocampal sulcus 海马沟 Parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回 Uncus 钩 Hippocampus 海马 Dentate gyrus 齿状回

Sulci and Gyri of Inferior Surface

Olfactory bulb

Olfactory tract

Olfactory trigone

Ant. Perforated substance

Collateral sulcus

Occipitotemporal sulcus

Medial occipitotemporal gyrus

Parahippocampalgyrus

Uncus

Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus

Hippocampus

Dentate gyrus

Hippocampal formation 海马结构

Sulci and Gyri of Inferior Surface

Histology of Cerebral Cortex Archicortex 原皮质 (hippocampal formation 海马结构 ) Paleocortex 古皮质 (rhinencephalon 嗅脑 ) Neocortex 新皮质 (most of cerebral cortex)

3 cell layers

6 cell layers

Functional Location of Cerebral Cortex

First Somatic Motor Area 第Ⅰ躯体运动区

Position: Located in precentral gyrus an

d anterior portion of paracentral lobule

First Somatic Motor Area 第Ⅰ躯体运动区

Characters Representation is inverted, but he

ad and face are upright A body part is represented by a c

ortical area proportional to its use rather than its size

Receiving fibers from postcentral gyrus, ventral anterior, ventral lateral and ventral posterior nuclei

Sending out fibers to form pyramidal tract, controlling voluntary movements

First Somatic Motor Area 第Ⅰ躯体运动区

First Somatic Motor Area 第Ⅰ躯体运动区

First Somatic Sensory Area 第Ⅰ躯体感觉区

Position: Lies in postcentral gyrus and p

osterior portion of paracentral lobule

First Somatic Sensory Area 第Ⅰ躯体感觉区

Characters Sensory representation, like m

otor area, is crossed and inverted

Receiving fibers from ventral posterior nucleus

Interpret sensation from opposite side of body

First Somatic Sensory Area 第Ⅰ躯体感觉区

Visual Area 视觉区 Lie on either side of calcarine

sulcus in medial surface of occipital lobe

Visual cortex of one hemisphere receives impression from temporal part of retina of same side and nasal part of opposite side

Lesions of visual cortex produce contralateral homonymous visual field defections

Auditory Area 听觉区

Located in transverse temporal gyri

Receive auditory information from both ears

Vestibular area 平衡觉区 : located in front of superior temporal gyrus

Olfactory area 嗅觉区 : located near the uncus

Taste area 味觉区 : located at frontal operculum

Language Area 语言中枢 Motor speech area 运动性语言中枢

Located in posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrus

Damage: motor aphasia Writing area 书写中枢

Located in posterior portion of middle frontal gyrus

Damage: agraphia Auditory speech area 听觉性语言中

枢 Located in posterior portion of superior t

emporal gyrus Lesion: sensory aphasia

Visual speech area 视觉性语言中枢 Located in angular gyrus Lesion: alexia

It is dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed person

Position: located in cerebral hemispheres

Four parts Central part: lies in parietal lobe Anterior horn: extends into

frontal lobe Posterior horn: extend into

occipital lobe Inferior horn: extend into

temporal lobe

Lateral Ventricle 侧脑室

Lateral Ventricle 侧脑室

Transverse MRI scan, at the level of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle.

Lateral Ventricle 侧脑室

Communication

lateral ventricle → interventricular foramen → third ventricle

Basal Nuclei 基底核

Corpus striatum 纹状体 Lentiform nucleus

豆状核 Caudate nucleus

尾状核 Claustrum 屏状核 Amygdaloid body 杏仁体

Putamen 壳Neostriatum 新纹状体

－ paleostriatum 旧纹状体Globus pallidus 苍白球

Basal Nuclei 基底核

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Globus pallidus

Claustrum

White Matter

Association fibers 联络纤维 Run between gyri within the same he

misphere Cerebral arcuate fibers 大脑弓状纤维 Superior longitudinal fasciculi 上纵束 Inferior longitudinal fasciculi 下纵束 Uncinate fasciculus 钩束 Cingulum 扣带

White Matter

Commissural fibers 连合纤维 Corpus callosum 胼胝体

Rostrum 胼胝体嘴 Genu 胼胝体膝 Trunk 胼胝体干 Splenium 胼胝体压部

Anterior commissure 前连合 Fornix and commissure of fornix 穹隆和穹隆连合

White Matter

Projection fibers 投射纤维 connect cortex with lower part of brain and spinal cord and they include both ascending and descending fibers

★Internal capsule Position: a thick lamina of white

matter lying between caudate nucleus, thalamus and lentiform nucleus

Internal Capsule 内囊

Lentiform nucleus

Caudate nucleus

Dorsal thalamus

Internal Capsule 内囊Three parts Anterior limb of internal capsule

内囊前肢 Lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform

nucleus Containing frontopontine tract and anterior th

alamic radiation Genu of internal capsule 内囊膝

Is angle at which anterior and posterior limbs meet

Containing corticonuclear tract Posterior limb of internal capsule

内囊后肢 Lies between thalamus and lentiform nucleus Contain corticospinal tract, corticorubral tract,

central thalamic radiation, parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tract, acoustic radiation and optic radiation

Anterior thalamic radiation

Frontopontine tract

Lentiform nucleus

Corticorubral tract

Parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tract

Acoustic radiation

Optic radiation

Head of caudate nucleus

Corticonuclear tract

Corticospinal tract

Dorsal thalamus

Central thalamic radiation

Medial geniculate body

Lateral geniculate body

Limbic System 边缘系统 Composition

Limbic lobe: includes septal area, cingulated gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, temporal pole, anterior part of insular lobe and so on

Associated subcortical nuclei: amygdaloid body, septal nuclei, hypothalamus, epithalamus, anterior nucleus group of thalamus, tegmentum of midbrain

Function: concerned with visceral activities, olfaction, emotion and memory, so this system is called ‘visceral brain’