“The Thirst is Real”Depressants

Option D: Medicine & DrugsAshley Hinds

Juan PenarandaStephanie Weng

Davis BangRachel Bennett

DeathComaGeneral AnesthesiaHypnosisSedationDisinhibitionRelief of AnxietyNormal

Increasing Dose

Effects of Alcohol Consumption

Do you want this for yourself?

Guess that Depressant!

D.4.1 The Effects of DepressantsA depressant is any chemical substance that

inhibits the nervous system from functioningThe short-term effects of depressants: loss of

inhibition, a sense of euphoria, difficulties concentrating, impaired motor functioning, slurred speech.

Long-term effects: addiction, heart problems, reduced organ functioning, death

D.4.1 The Effects of DepressantsDepressants slow the function of the central

nervous system, which results in impaired cognitive and physical functioning

An individual who is dependent on alcohol or other depressants usually experiences severe withdrawal symptoms: tremors, dehydration, pain, chronic insomnia

Years of depressant abuse can permanent damage the liver, heart, brain, and other internal organs.

D.4.2 Social & Physiological Effects of the Use & Abuse of Ethanol

Social Effects:Pregnant women who drink

alcohol will increase the chance of giving birth to an infant with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Parental alcoholism can cause children to suffer with low self-esteem, loneliness, guilt, and chronic depression

Almost 30 % of father-daughter incest cases and 75 % of domestic violence abuse involves a family member who is an alcoholic

Physiological Effects:Alcoholism is a disease

which involves a psychological addiction characterized by the inability to control intake

Alcohol abuse involves a pattern of drinking associated w/ failure to fulfill obligations (work, school, or home), drinking while driving, physically harming someone, or on-going problems in relationships.

D.4.2 (continued) Alcohol Abuse Cost to Society

Health-related costs include expenditures on medical treatment, loss of productivity in workers, and losses to society due to premature death

The cost to society of alcohol abuse was $70.3 billion in 1985 and $85.9 billion in 1988.

It was an estimated $89 billion in 1980 and $116 billion in 1983.

D.4.3This is Juan’s portion along with the

homework sheet.I am currently at App for a TSA competition.Richard Thornley will explain the different

ways ethanol can be detected from the body with the help of YouTube.

He specifies on what IB wants you to know.

D.4.3 Techniques for Detection of Ethanol in Breath, Blood, & Urine

Detection of Ethanol in BreathBlood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)-mass

grams of ethanol per 100 cm3 of blood Ethanol can be detected by breathalyzer testOxidation ethanol to ethanoic acid where

acidified K2Cr2O7 (potassium dichromate) is the oxidizing agent

The orange Cr(VI) is reduced to green Cr(III) Transfer of electrons produces current

voltage is measured

D.4.3 Techniques for Detection of Ethanol in Breath, Blood, & UrineDetection of Ethanol in

Blood &Urine:Small samples of ethanol

can be separated from samples of blood and urine using Gas Liquid Chromatography

Inert gas through liquid or solid

Compounds separated by b.p.

Different retention times are recorded

Amount of ethanol = area under peak

D.4.4 Describe the Synergistic Effects of Ethanol with other Drugs

Drug Interactions with Alcohol

Marijuana -Intensifies the sedative effect and increases the level of intoxication of both drugs.

Cocaine -Alcohol increases blood pressure and weakens portions of the heart wall, making client more susceptible to overdose.

Hallucinogens -Unknown.

Sedatives & Tranquilizers

-Depresses cardiac and pulmonary functions; severe drowsiness; possible coma or fatal respiratory depression

Antidepressants -Severe drowsiness, sedative effect increase-A monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), can cause a dangerous spike in blood pressure, leading to a stroke.

Opiates -Enhances sedative effect of both, increasing the risk of overdose.

Antibiotics -Most antibiotics are less effective when taken with alcohol, may intensify nausea.

Antihistamines -Severe drowsiness.

Aspirin & Ibuprofen -Increases the risk for gastrointestinal bleeding.

Antidiabetic/Hypoglycemic -Alcohol may cause hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.

D.4.5 Identify Commonly used Depressants & Describe their StructuresValium (Diazepam)Diazepam is used to

treat anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal symptoms, muscle spasms, irritable bowel syndrome, and panic attacks.

Contains a phenyl group (C6H5) w/ a fused benzene ring with Cl & 7 membered heterocyclic ring with 2 nitrogen atoms

D.4.5 Identify Commonly used Depressants & Describe their StructuresMogadon

(nitrazepam) is a type of synthetic drug called benzodiazepines

Nitrazepam is used for the short-term treatment of severe insomnia.

Contains a phenyl group (C6H5) w/ a fused benzene ring with NO2 & 7 membered heterocyclic ring with 2 nitrogen atoms; the secondary nitrogen is an amine.

D.4.5 Identify Commonly used Depressants & Describe their StructuresProzac (fluoxetine hydrochloride)Used to treat mental depression such as obsessive-

compulsive disorder (OCD), bulimia nervosa, panic disorder by increasing serotonin levels

Prozac contains the amine group that can react with HCL to produce fluoxetine hydrochloride which is water soluble