The Thirteen Colonies

New England Colonies

• Which 4 colonies make up the New England

colonies?

New England Colonies

• Massachusetts

• Rhode Island

• Connecticut

• New Hampshire

Colony of Massachusetts

Puritans – a religion-based society

• On Sundays, no one could talk, laugh, or play games.

• Punishments for breaking church laws were harsh.

• Church services would last all day.

• They only wore black, white, and grey clothing.

John Winthrop – first Governor of Massachusetts

• As Governor, he worked hard to build his own home, clear land, and plant crops.

• Under his leadership, the colony prospered.

• Did not allow anyone to question his religious beliefs.

Thomas Hooker – founded Connecticut

• Wrote Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

• Gave the vote to all men who were property owners, including non-Church goers

• Limited the Governor’s power

Colony of New Hampshire

• New Hampshire was a planned colony. The land in the New World was granted to Captain John Mason who lived in Hampshire County, England.

• He sent settlers to the new territory to create a fishing colony. However, he died before ever seeing where he had spent a considerable amount of money building towns and defenses.

Roger Williams Settled Rhode Island

• He believed in religious tolerance.

• In Rhode Island, he allowed complete freedom of religion to all Protestants, Jews, and Catholics.

• Didn’t force settlers to attend church services.

• Gave all white men the right to vote.

Anne Hutchinson – struggled for religious freedom

• Questioned some teachings of the Puritans.

• Told the Puritan court that God spoke directly to her.

• Was banished to Rhode Island with her husband and 14 of her 18 children (4 died as infants.)

Metacom (King Phillip)

• Chief of the Wampanoag Indians

• He grew tired of English towns being built on Wampanoag lands.

• Attempted to drive the settlers out, but after a year of fighting he was captured and killed.

• His head was put on a stake and left there for a year – as a lesson for other Indians.

New England Colonies

• Tightly knit towns and villages

• Held town meetings • Rocky soil was poor

for farming.• Rich forests• Settlers hunted wild

turkey and deer• Fished and hunted for

whales

Family Roles

• Men who were church members voted and did all outside work.

• Women took care of the household, husband, and family.

• Massachusetts set up the first public school and parents paid teachers with corn, peas, and other foods.

Middle Colonies

• Which colonies make

up the Middle Colonies?

Middle Colonies

• New York• New Jersey• Pennsylvania• Delaware

New Netherland

• Began as a thriving trading port.

• To encourage farming, patroons (huge estates) were set up.

• People of all religions were welcome.

Peter Stuyvesant – Governor of New Netherland

• Governed it as a father would care for his children.

• Restored law and order to New Netherland.

• Colonists disliked him saying he was cruel and harsh.

• Had a silver-tipped leg and carried his sword with him at all times.

New Netherland becomes New York

• The colonists wouldn’t support Stuyvesant in his fight against the English – so the English easily took over.

• King Charles II gave New Netherland to his brother, the Duke of York. It was renamed after him.

New Jersey• The Duke of York

decided New York was too big to govern easily.

• He gave some of the land to his friends, Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret.

• In 1664 they set up a proprietary colony, which they called New Jersey. With this the king gives land to one or more people in exchange for a yearly payment.

Pennsylvania – foundedby William Penn

• He was a Quaker who believed that all people were equal in God’s eyes.

• He thought of his colony as a “holy experiment” – a model of religious freedom, peace, and Christian living.

Some Pennsylvania Colonists

• Penn sent pamphlets describing the colony all over Europe.

• German-speaking Protestants known as Pennsylvania Dutch soon arrived.

• African slaves were brought there and made up 1/3 of all new arrivals between 1730 and 1750, with most staying in Philadelphia.

Colonial Philadelphia

• William Penn carefully planned the capital city of Pennsylvania along the Delaware River – calling it Philadelphia.

• Philadelphia is a Greek word meaning “brotherly love.”

Colony of Delaware

• Land along the lower Delaware River

• Used to be called Pennsylvania’s Lower Counties

• Because they didn’t want to send delegates to a distant assembly in Philadelphia, William Penn allowed them to elect their own assembly and in 1704 they formed the colony of Delaware.

Economy in the Middle Colonies

• Farmers grew wheat, barley, and rye that were cash crops, or crops that are sold for money at market.

• Exported so much grain – called ‘The Breadbasket Colonies.’

• Skilled German crafts workers made clocks, watches, locks, guns, glass, stoneware, and paper.

Middle Colony Homes

• Counties, rather than villages, became the center of government.

• Swedish settlers introduced log cabins.

• The Dutch used red bricks to build narrow, high-walled homes.

• Households were self-sufficient and everyone in a household had a job to do.

The Backcountry in the Middle Colonies

• Land along the eastern slopes of the Appalachian Mountains.

• Settlers had to clear thick forests.

• They made wooden dishes from logs and hunted wild animals.

• German gunsmiths developed a lightweight rifle for use in the forests known as the “Pennsylvania rifle.”

Southern Colonies

• Which colonies made up the Southern colonies?

Southern Colonies

• Virginia• Maryland• North Carolina• South Carolina• Georgia

Mason-Dixon Line

• The 244-mile boundary between PA and MD is known as the Mason-Dixon Line.

• It also divided the Middle Colonies from the Southern Colonies.

• Later, around the time of the Civil War, it became a line between free and slave states.

Colony of Virginia

• King James I of England gave the Virginia Company the right to settle lands between present-day North Carolina and the Potomac River.

• This charter guaranteed that colonists of this land would have the same rights as English citizens.

Challenges faced by Jamestown Colonists

• Located in a swampy area in Virginia

• Water was unhealthy and mosquitoes spread malaria.

• Members of the council quarreled with one another and did little to plan for the colony’s future.

• People were starving – they only wanted to dig for gold.

• Hostile relationship with Native Americans.

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How Jamestown Survived

• John Smith became their leader. He told them they had to work if they wanted to eat.

• He convinced Native Americans to supply the colonists with corn.

• Colonists began growing tobacco.

Virginia’s Representative Government

• In 1619, male settlers were allowed to elect burgesses, or representatives to the government.

• The burgesses met in an assembly called the House

of Burgesses.• The House of Burgesses

marked the beginning of representative government (voters elect representatives to make laws for them) in the English colonies.

Attracting Women to Virginia• The colony’s first women

arrived in 1608. • In 1619, 100 women were sent

for by the Virginia Company. Each man who found a wife from among them, had to pay the Virginia company 150 pounds of tobacco.

• Women had to make everything from scratch – food, clothing, and medicines.

• Women survived the hardships better than men.

The First Africans in Virginia• At least 15 black men and 17

black women were living there in 1619. They were sold by the Dutch to Virginians who needed laborers to grow tobacco.

• By 1644, about 300 Africans lived in Virginia. Some were slaves for live – others worked as servants and expected to one day own their own farms.

• Late 1600’s – Virginia set up a system of laws allowing white colonists to enslave Africans for life.

Bacon’s Rebellion• Wealthy planters controlled the

best lands for growing crops.• As settlers pushed onto Indian

lands, conflicts between the two groups grew.

• When the Governor William Berkeley refused to get involved, Nathanial Bacon, in 1676, organized raids against the Indians and also burned down Jamestown.

• Bacon was killed, and the governor hanged 23 of his followers.

                                 

                                       

Colony of Maryland

• Started by Sir George Calvert, also known as Lord Baltimore. After he died, it was settled by his son, Cecil.

• Most colonists settled along the upper Chesapeake Bay, across from England’s first colony, Virginia.

Maryland

• Originally started as a colony in 1632 where Catholics could practice their religion freely.

• Act of Toleration passed in 1649 to provide religious freedom for all Christians – both Catholics and Protestants.

Maryland’s Growth

• A land of plenty – Chesapeake Bay was full of fish, oysters, and crabs.

• Grew tobacco• Learned from the

mistakes made at Jamestown – avoided building on swampy

Colonial Maryland

• Eager to attract settlers, Lord Baltimore made generous land grants to anyone who brought over servants, women, and children.

• Even women were able to take advantage of this opportunity.

The Carolinas

• In 1663, a group of eight English nobles received a land grant from King Charles II - south of Virginia and Maryland.

• Settlement took place in two separate areas, one in the north and the other in the south.

North Carolina

• Settlers were mostly poor tobacco farmers.

• They had small farms.• In 1712, the colony

officially became known as North Carolina.

South Carolina• In 1619, the largest settlement

started by the eight English nobles was called Charles Town, after the King. The name was eventually shortened to Charleston.

• Most settlers were English people who had been living in Barbados, a British colony in the Caribbean.

• Other immigrants arrived, including Germans, Swiss, French Protestants, and Spanish-Jews.

Colony of Georgia• Founded in 1732 by James

Oglethorpe, a respected English soldier and energetic reformer.

• It was a place where debtors, or people who owed money they could not pay back, could make a fresh start.

• Under English law, the government could imprison debtors.

• At first, Oglethorpe said that farms could be no bigger than 50 acres and slavery was forbidden. Later he changed his rules about both of these issues, and the colony grew more quickly.

Two ways of life in the Southern Colonies – The first was Tidewater Plantations

• Southern colonies enjoyed warmer weather and a longer growing season.

• It was most profitable to raise tobacco and rice on large plantations.

• Most tidewater plantations had their own docks along the river and merchant ships picked up crops and delivered goods.

• Plantation life centered around the Great House, where the planter’s family lived in elegant quarters.

• Planter’s wives kept the household running smoothly, even directing house slaves.

Second way of life in the Southern Colonies - the Backcountry South

• Rolling hills and thick forests covered the land. Soil was rich.

• Settlers treated one another as equals.

• Men tended to smaller fields of crops and hunted game. Farms were largely self-sufficient.

• Women cooked meals and made clothing out of wool or deerskins.

• Few enslaved Africans worked on the smaller farms of the backcountry.

Growth of Slavery and the Slave Trade

• By 1700, plantations in the Southern Colonies had come to rely on slave labor.

• Southern planters relied on a system of slave trade that stretched halfway across the globe.

• African slaves were captured, loaded aboard European ships, and brought to the colonies.

The Middle Passage• In the 1700’s, English sailors

began referring to the passage of slave ships across the Atlantic Ocean as the Middle Passage.

• Slaves were crammed tightly together on shelves – chained to each other by hand and foot.

• They were allowed above deck only once or twice a day to eat and exercise in the fresh air.

• They were beaten and many died of illnesses that spread rapidly in the filthy, crowded conditions.

The Colonists Limited the Rights of Slaves

• Southern Colonists passed laws known as slave codes, which treated enslaved Africans as property, not as human beings.

• Most English Colonists believed that black Africans were inferior to white Europeans – and this is known as racism.

• In 1688, Quakers in Germantown, Pa became the first group of colonists to call for an end to slavery.

The Class System in the Colonies

• Top of society – the gentry – included wealthy planters, merchants, ministers, successful lawyers, and royal officials.

• Middle Class – farmers who worked their own land, skilled crafts workers, and some trades people. Nearly ¾ of all white colonists were middle class.

• Lowest social class - indentured servants – signed contracts to work without wages for a period of 4 to 7 yrs. for anyone who would pay their passage to America.

Education for Boys in the Colonies

• Boys whose parents wanted them to learn a trade or craft served as apprentices. This usually began at the age of 12 or 13. They would live there for 6 or 7 years. The craftsman gave the boy food and clothing and taught him to read and write.

• In return, the apprentice worked without pay.

Education for Girls in the Colonies

• In New England, some girls attended dame schools, or private schools run by women in their own homes.

• Other girls usually learned skills from their mothers, who taught them to spin wool, weave, and embroider. A few learned to read and write.

The Enlightenment

• A movement in Europe in the 1600 and 1700’s that emphasized human reason. In the 13 colonies, the Enlightenment spread among better educated colonists.

• John Locke said that people could gain knowledge of the world by observing and experimenting.

Ben Franklin – a good example of a colonist with the Enlightenment spirit

• He wanted to use reason to improve the world around him.

• He invented practical devices such as a lightening rod, a smokeless fireplace, and bifocal glasses.

• As a community leader, he persuaded Philadelphia officials to pave streets, organize a fire company, and set up the first lending library in America.

Colonial Cities• Through the great ports of

Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and Charleston, merchants shipped products overseas.

• Culture flourished in the cities – many colonial cities had their own theaters.

• City dwellers found entertainment at singing societies, traveling circuses, carnivals, and horse races.

• By 1754, all of the colonies except NJ and Delaware had at least one weekly newspaper.