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The Three Ages of Greek Coinage and Money Policy Alain Bresson The University of Chicago ANS New York— 07/18/2012

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Page 1: The Three Ages of Greek Coinage and Money Policy Alain Bresson The University of Chicago ANS — New York— 07/18/2012

The Three Agesof Greek Coinageand Money Policy

Alain Bresson The University of Chicago

ANS — New York— 07/18/2012

Page 2: The Three Ages of Greek Coinage and Money Policy Alain Bresson The University of Chicago ANS — New York— 07/18/2012

The three functions of money

• –Measure of value / unit of account

• –Medium of exchange

• –Store of value

Page 3: The Three Ages of Greek Coinage and Money Policy Alain Bresson The University of Chicago ANS — New York— 07/18/2012
Page 4: The Three Ages of Greek Coinage and Money Policy Alain Bresson The University of Chicago ANS — New York— 07/18/2012

Fiduciary money in Antiquity

• Plato, Republic and Laws, money as a symbolon of exchange

• Eryxias: fiduciary money at Carthage and Sparta–Case of Carthage: see also Polybius, Bk III–Case of Sparta: see also Xenophon, Lak. and Hell.

• Ps-Aristotle’s Economics 2.16, iron money at Klazomenai

Page 5: The Three Ages of Greek Coinage and Money Policy Alain Bresson The University of Chicago ANS — New York— 07/18/2012

• C. 630 BCE First electrum coins in Asia Minor

• C. 555 BCE First strikes of gold and silver

• Ca. 450 BCE First strike of small change bronze in Southern Italy and Sicily

Page 6: The Three Ages of Greek Coinage and Money Policy Alain Bresson The University of Chicago ANS — New York— 07/18/2012

.Phocée

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Silver croesid, 5.36 gThe croesids were adopted by the Persians. The Persian kings struck croesids until Darius’ reform (c. 515-513), when the daric / shekel system was introduced

Page 10: The Three Ages of Greek Coinage and Money Policy Alain Bresson The University of Chicago ANS — New York— 07/18/2012

Gold croesid from the British Museum

Page 11: The Three Ages of Greek Coinage and Money Policy Alain Bresson The University of Chicago ANS — New York— 07/18/2012

Cities striking a silver coinage c. 500 BCE

Page 12: The Three Ages of Greek Coinage and Money Policy Alain Bresson The University of Chicago ANS — New York— 07/18/2012

Coins from Sybaris

Page 13: The Three Ages of Greek Coinage and Money Policy Alain Bresson The University of Chicago ANS — New York— 07/18/2012

4.33 g Attic drachma= 1 drachma [4.23 g]

17.32 g Attic tetradrachm= 4 drachmas [16.52 g]

2.16 g Attic hemidrachma= ½ drachma [2.06 g]

0.72 g Attic obol= 1/6 drachma [0.70 g]

Page 14: The Three Ages of Greek Coinage and Money Policy Alain Bresson The University of Chicago ANS — New York— 07/18/2012
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• 1 mnaieion = 27.80 g of gold = 100 silver dr• 100 silver dr. = 357,5 g• Ratio 357.5 / 27.8 = 12.85

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• DECREE ON USE OF BRONZE COINS IN CITY MARKETS• GORTYN, CRETE, c. 250-200 B.C.• • SIG 525 = ICret IV, pp. 222-5, no. 162; translation from M. Austin,

The Hellenistic • World (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 185, no. 105. • • Gods. The following decision was taken by the city after a vote with

three hundred men present; one must use the bronze coinage which the city has issued; one must not accept the silver obols. If anyone accepts silver obols or refused to accept bronze coinage, he shall be fined five silver staters. Information about such cases is to be laid before the neotas (the body of young men) and from neotas the Seven chosen by lot shall give their verdict on oath in the agora. Whichever party wins a majority of votes shall win, and the Seven shall exact the fine from the losing party, give one half to the winning party and the other half to the city.

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Loi de Thasos sur le port

ἀπὸ Χαρίτων ἱρο μέχρις τῶν οἰκ-40ημάτων ἔνθα τὸ ἀργυραμοιβήϊον ⋮ καὶ ἔν-θα τὸ συμπόσιον ⋮ καὶ ὡς ἡ ὁδὸς παρὰ πρυτα-44νήϊον ⋮ ἐν τῶι μέσωι τούτων κόπρον μὴ ἐσβα-λλέτω μηδὲ προϊστάσθω

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• DECREE OF OLBIA REGULATING COINAGE, c. 360 B.C.• • Dittenberger, SIG 218; translation from M. Austin and P. Vidal-Naquet, ESHAG

(Berkeley, 1977), pp. 331-353. no. 103 • • "Let anyone who wishes have access to Borysthenes on the following condition. It

is resolved by the council and the people; Kanobos, son of Thrasydamas put fortward the motion. The import and export of any amount of coined gold and silver are free. Whoever wishes to sell or buy coined gold or silver, let him sell and buy at the stone in the assembly's meeting place. Anyone who sells or buys elsewhere shall be fined a sum equal to the silver sold in the case of a sale or sum equal to the price paid in the case of a purchase; let all sales and purchases be carried out with the currency of the city, with bronze and silver of the Obliopolitans; whoever sells or buys with another currency shall be deprived, in the case of the sale of the value of the sale, in the case of a purchase of the price he will have paid; let the payment of fineness on those who have transgressed the decree in any way be exacted by the contractors for the collection of fines from transgressors, once they have secured a conviction in court; let gold be sold and bought at the following price. One [electrum] Cyzicene stater against ten and half [silver] staters, neither more nor less, and let all other coined gold and silver be sold and bought by mutual agreement; let no tax be levied on coined gold and silver whether it is bought or sold [----]."

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Pergamum, Reign of Hadrian [117-138 AD]OGIS, 484 and p. 552. Commentary Bogaert Banques pp. 231-234.Translation ESAR, Roman Asia Minor pp. 892-894

.I summoned … wishing to appear just as is my custom, and to examine, only the charges that were brought bybusinessmen against your city, concerning which I was informed by the envoy that you sent, Calvisius Glyco. Icommanded them (the bankers) to appear and therefore whatever they wish to say was apparent. Their manner ofexchange was illegal, and they permitted themselves to act unjustly and against their agreement. For although they should have accepted 18 asses per denarius from the merchants, small dealers, and fish dealers, who are accustomed to traffic for small bronze, and should have paid 17 asses to those who whished to exchange denarii, they were not satisfied with the exchanging of asses, but even in cases where a man bought fish for silver denarii exacted an as for each denarius. I have therefore decided that it would be well for me to correct this for the future, so that they may not make collections from purchasers which they have no permission to receive.

In the case,however, of small fish sold by weight, the price of which is set by the market masters, I think it right that even those who purchased several mina’s worth should pay the price in bronze coinage so as to preserve for the city the revenue from the exchange; so too, where several appear to join together in a agreement to make a purchasein silver denarii, and then separate, they should pay the fish dealer in small bronze, so that he may bring it to thebanker’s table; and they shall pay at the rate of 18 asses, since the traffic in exchanged is supposed to refer to the merchants only.

---

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• Décret de Mylasa – Début du IIIe siècle ap. J.-C.• “… par la Fortune de nos très grands et très divins maîtres les empereurs Lucius Septimius Severus Pius

Pertinax, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius et Publius Septimius Geta, Augustes, redressés par un décret du conseil et du peuple.

• Il a plu au conseil et au peuple : Si quelqu’un, de quelque manière que ce soit, libre ou esclave, autre que le fermier et gérant de la banque, est surpris en train de changer ou d’acheter du numéraire, qu’il soit amené devant le banquier, après dépôt de plainte devant le conseil de la part quiconque le voudra parmi les citoyens. Après condamnation devant les archontes et le conseil, s’il a fait le change sans commission, que l’exécution soit faite au bénéfice du banquier ainsi qu’à celui qui l’aura dénoncé et fait condamner, le banquier ayant le pouvoir d’assurer l’exécution en le faisant arrêter ; s’il l’a fait avec une commission, que l’homme libre paie au très sacré trésor de nos maîtres les très divins empereurs 500 deniers, au peuple 250 deniers, et à celui qui l’aura dénoncé et fait condamner 100 deniers, et que le numéraire d’argent découvert fasse l’objet d’une confiscation au profit du banquier ; après condamnation selon les prescriptions précédentes, que l’esclave soit livré par son maître aux archontes devant le conseil, qu’il reçoive cinquante coups de fouet, qu’il soit mis en prison et maintenu au cachot pendant six mois ; si le maître ne remet son esclave pour subir cette condamnation, qu’il paie lui-même les amendes prévues au très sacré trésor, au peuple et à celui qui l’aura dénoncé et fait condamner ; que le secrétaire des archontes reçoive ces plaintes, et qu’après le dépôt de la plainte il les fasse afficher pendant trois jours de suite dans les lieux sacrés et les lieux publics, l’affiche déclarant explicitement que le conseil est réuni dans ce but ; si les archontes ou le secrétaire négligent l’une quelconque des dispositions du décret ou si, bien que valides et présents dans la cité, les conseillers ne se rendent pas au conseil, que les archontes et le secrétaire frappent chacun d’eux d’une amende au très saint trésor des empereurs chacun 300 deniers, les conseillers, chacun [--- deniers] ; que l’on inscrive ce décret sur une stèle, et qu’on la place sur l’agora à l’endroit le plus en vue, pour qu’on rende ces dispositions manifestes à tout le monde ; en vérité, le salut de la cité est mis en danger par les manœuvres frauduleuses et scélérates de quelques-uns, qui profitent d’elle et détournent les revenus publics, si bien qu’un agio de change distinct de celui de la cité s’est établi sur l’agora, empêchant la cité de disposer des ressources qui lui sont dues, les revenus publics (?) étant en crise et le trésor insuffisamment pourvu, et, pour cette raison, le paiement des impôts à nos maîtres les empereurs prend du retard…”

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• que l’on inscrive ce décret sur une stèle, et qu’on la place sur l’agora à l’endroit le plus en vue, pour qu’on rende ces dispositions manifestes à tout le monde ; en vérité, le salut de la cité est mis en danger par les manœuvres frauduleuses et scélérates de quelques-uns, qui profitent d’elle et détournent les revenus publics, si bien qu’un agio de change distinct de celui de la cité s’est établi sur l’agora, empêchant la cité de disposer des ressources qui lui sont dues, les revenus publics (?) étant en crise et le trésor insuffisamment pourvu, et, pour cette raison, le paiement des impôts à nos maîtres les empereurs prend du retard…”

• (trad. et texte A. Bresson).