the toulmin model
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The Toulmin Model. Who was Stephen Toulmin ?. March 1922 – December 2009 Author, Educator, Philosopher Created theories to deal with practical issues using moral reasoning. Developed a system to break down any type of arguments and the assumptions that surround it. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Toulmin Model
Who was Stephen Toulmin? March 1922 – December
2009 Author, Educator,
Philosopher Created theories to deal
with practical issues using moral reasoning.
Developed a system to break down any type of arguments and the assumptions that surround it.
Toulmin has influenced philosophy, rhetoric, and computer science.
The Toulmin Model Structure
Claim
Definition of Claim:An assertion usually supported with evidence. Usually includes a support, refute, or qualify statement.
Example: Cell phones are a distraction in school.
Grounds (Evidence) Definition of
Grounds: Evidence provided to bolster the claim and support the warrant.
Backing: In 2010, cell phone violations were the second most disciplined offense at Crestwood High School.
Warrant (Rule) Definition of Warrant:
the implied statement that creates a logical connection between the claim and the evidence; the warrant explains how the evidence supports the claim
Example: Even though cell phones are banned from school, it is assumed all students carry a cell phone with them.
Backing Definition of Backing:
support or explanation for the warrants, often characterized by the word “because”; backing is the kind of evidence needed
Example: Even though cell phones are banned from school, it is assumed all students carry a cell phone with them because their parents want to be able to reach them.
Rebuttal (Counter argument)
Definition of Rebuttal: an answer that challenges or refutes a claim. Rebuttals may also be offered by writers who anticipate objections to the claims or evidence they offer.
Rebuttal Example: Parents may argue all students should carry cell phones with them in case of an emergency.
Qualifier Definition of Qualifier:
A word, or phrase, that limits the scope of a claim: (Probably, Usually, Sometimes, In most cases, etc.)
Qualifier: In most cases, it is highly unlikely an emergency will happen in school. Furthermore, the school could always contact parents making a phone call using a land line.
Create a Toulmin Model on your own
Qualifier – specific limits to you claim
or warrant.
Grounds – reasons or evidence that
supports the claim.Claim – The
position or claim being argued for.
Warrant – implied or stated principle that connects the
grounds to the claim.
Rebuttal – counter arguments to the claim or warrant
Paperless School Scenario
State a Claim, the Grounds, and a Warrant supporting, refuting, or qualifying a CHS School Board initiative requiring all students to submit papers online or receive a detention.
Paperless School Scenario cont’d Claim:Students should not be required to submit paper online because some families do not have computers and it would cause an undo financial burden for those families. Grounds (Evidence):The average computer costs over $500 and would be unaffordable to many families Warrant (Rule):As a rule, families with children preparing to enter college do not have supplemental funds for large purchases, such as computers.
Please write a Paraphrase of the Toulmin Model of Argumentaion