1514 SPRING 2016

INTERVIEW BY RENÉE OLSON

What about us makes “Restore the Shore” our default response to disaster? Environmental sociologist Diane Bates has the answer.

The Trouble with Sandy

1716 SPRING 2016

If that makes us shore habitués worried about our beloved patch of sand, there’s good reason: “Sea level rise rates are ‘three to four times higher than the global average,’ along a large stretch of the U.S. East Coast, which researchers dubbed a sea level rise ‘hotspot,’” according to the Washington Post in early February of this year.

Why did New Jersey go straight to reconstruction after Sandy? We basically decided not to devote time, energy, and money—both in the public and private sectors—to make public policy on a very complicated problem. But I don’t think it was a conscious decision. Decision-making in modern society involves complex abstract systems we’re not in control of, and that makes us anxious.

interest. A lot of people have a financial interest in making sure that tourism stays healthy.

While money is probably the fundamental thing driving our need for the shore, I would also argue—this is the sociologist in me—that it culturally ties New Jersey together in a way that nothing else does. We’re divided in terms of our urban focus—New York or Philadelphia—and the teams we pull for [I make a little comment in the book about having the Devils, but Jersey isn’t really a hockey state]. But talk to people in New Jersey of all generations, of all age groups, of different races and ethnicities, North Jersey, South Jersey, and they all have shore stories. The shore is uniquely New Jersey and an important cultural anchor for the state.

Is it relevant to even rank the need the

state has to retain the shore as an

economic engine and our social and

cultural need for it?

I don’t think they’re mutually exclusive. One of the important things about the Jersey Shore is that the people who love it don’t want the whole thing to be Island Beach State Park. Most of us have accepted the Jersey Shore as a very socialized environment, which is to say that we don’t expect it to be environmentally pristine.

We accept the boardwalks, we accept that you have to pay for beach badges, we accept the fact that the beaches are crowded. We want the sausage sand-wiches and the ice cream. We expect all the social and economic components attached to it. But most people would also fight tooth-and-nail to preserve places like Sandy Hook and Island Beach State Park. We want that, as well.

Soon after Superstorm Sandy made landfall along the Jersey Shore in 2012, scientists were projecting that by 2050, sea levels would rise 1.5 feet, and by 2100, 3 feet. On March 31, 2016, researchers in Nature upped those 2100 projections—based on unchanged greenhouse gas emissions and a melting Antarctic ice sheet—to 6 feet.

The shore “culturally ties New Jersey together in a way that nothing else does.”

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Yet even as cleanup crews cleared the substantial debris Sandy left behind, rebuilding took off, relegating any other scenario to some distant future.

“These are decisions that we make as a society,” says Diane Bates, professor of sociology and author of Superstorm Sandy: The Inevitable Destruction and Reconstruction of the Jersey Shore (Rutgers, 2016). “Part of my problem is that we really don’t think through them carefully.”

A summer shore baby herself, Bates has strong family and emotional ties to the region, which shape her attitude toward the pull of the shore: Love it, but understand how social factors play an outsize role when it is threatened. Bates spoke to TCNJ Magazine about looking at Sandy through a social lens.

What else makes us shy away from reassessing the shore’s future?Making decisions would require a complete re-evaluation of the way that we use [the shore], and since we’re not at a crisis point, there’s basically no rational reason for us to deal with that right now. We can put it off and put it off until we get Katrina—and then we’ll have to do something. For now, the idea of actually doing what we need to do to face the really troubling aspects of climate change is just more than we can handle politically.

Why do we need the Jersey Shore?Tourism is one of the most important factors in the state’s economy. It also creates a lot of employment, private- sector economic activity, and investment in real estate. The shore is one of the fastest-growing parts of the state in terms of single-family home ownership and second-home ownership, so it’s not just big-business

Not for sociologists Bates, here in Asbury Park, wrote Superstorm Sandy for the general public.

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Tell us more.Ontological security is basically the idea that we feel safe because there’s nothing to make us feel unsafe. If you think about driving, for instance, you will go crazy because of all the possible things that could go wrong with your car. You're basically driving a controlled explosion that propels you at relatively high speeds, using machinery built by people you don’t know.

And you get onto a road built by people who may or may not have known what they were doing—there may be sinkholes, bridges can collapse. There are all these other people in boxes with controlled explosions who may or may not follow the traffic rules. If you think about driving, it’s terrifying, right?

It's hard to function, thinking about every little possibility.Because nothing bad happens when we drive, we start feeling like it’s safe, even though the high level of complexity and the reliance on other people and their expertise in modern systems makes them pretty risky. And when there’s a

When did shore tourism start?Both Long Branch and Cape May can actually document tourism—elite tourism—back to the late 1700s.

It’s easy to spin in circles trying to decide whether rebuilding after Sandy is smart. Last year, to refill Monmouth and Ocean County beaches with sand, the federal government spent $168 million. The amount of money we dump into it is insane. It makes no sense why we keep doing this to ourselves, but this is part of my argument in the book: You can’t treat these things as engineering problems. These are social decisions, and one of the big problems I see is that we don’t think about it that way.

We say, “OK, we need an engineering solution.” Well, the only engineering solution for a barrier island is to not build. That’s simply never going to happen. We talk about things like elevation and hardening of personal property. You know the assumption is, “We just need to build a bigger berm.” What we need to understand is why we

disruption like Superstorm Sandy, we think, “Oh wow, this is a risky system. Maybe we do need to think about these decisions.” But as we go back into our daily routine, all that gets backgrounded again.

You’re basically explaining what

happens after every crisis. We’re very

focused for a while—certainly what

happened in Paris last November was

shattering—but I’m not thinking about

it every day now.

Human beings are actually pretty clever at being able to survive. To not be crazy worried about these things all the time—stress does terrible things to human health, as well as human psychology—we’ve culturally adapted to these highly risky systems through ontological security.

Everything you’ve said about how to

analyze the pressures on the

environmental health of the shore has

been fascinating: the economic,

sociological, and natural sciences.

make the decisions that we do about rebuilding when we know we’re going to have to put millions, if not billions, of dollars into mitigation both at the public and private level.

“Build a bigger berm.” That could be a bumper sticker.There was an article in Science on April 1 about how the future of environ-mental studies requires the incorpora-tion of social science. The science is actually less mysterious and easier to understand than the social science. That’s not to say that science is easy— it’s just that, with environmental issues, what we generally don’t understand is why people continue to make decisions that they do often in the face of pretty unequivocal scientific evidence.

Why don’t we base decisions more on science?I was talking to my TCNJ colleague Nate Magee, a professor of physics who studies global warming. He said there’s really no debate anymore in the scientific community about climate

What will the social sciences add

going forward?

The good thing is that you’re seeing more agreement between the natural sciences and engineers about incorporating the social sciences when seeking answers. It will allow for more practical discussions about what actually causes environmental risk and which combination of solutions might actually fix the problem rather than just provide Band-Aid solutions. Still, it won’t be easy: Social scientists will require us to think about the way social systems—famously resistant to change—are organized. As I write in the book, humans are creatures of habit, and habits provide much-needed security. Restoring the shore may be important symbolically and economi-cally, but the desire to get back to normal is a siren song that drowns out the catastrophic risks inherent in dense coastal development.

Renée Olson is the owner of Squint, a content shop.

change and it makes scientists absolutely crazy that they have such clear evidence and nobody does anything. [For more about Magee, see page 26.]

Did you find it in any way difficult to write the book given the stage of climate change we’re in—foreboding projections, yet this lack of movement? Most of what we’re going to be doing is not stopping climate change, but adapting to it. “What do we need to do to address climate change?” is the wrong question. It’s happening. There’s irreversible damage that’s been done. In the past 100 years, the sea level in New Jersey has increased almost 12 inches.

We were talking about the fact that humans tend to trust that things are OK despite the potential harm in everyday life. In your book, you write about sociologist Anthony Giddens’ concept surrounding this, which he calls “ontological security.”

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Rollercoaster redux Seaside Heights is weighing the expansion of Casino Pier, damaged during Sandy.