THE TRUE CELTIC LANGUAGE AND 

The Cromleck of Rennes-les-Bains BY 

the Abbé h. BOUDET PRIEST OF REINDEER-LES-BATHROOM (AUDE)  

  CARCASSONNE IMPRIMERIE FRANÇOISE POMIES, STREET MAiri, 50. 

 

Translation and reproduction rights reserved. 

    FOREWORD

 

  

 The title given to this book seems, at first, too pretentious to be strictly

accurate. It is easy, however, prove truth, since the Celtic language is point one dead, missing language, but a living language, spoken in the world by millions of men.

Could the language of a nation as powerful as it was the nation Gauloise, get lost and without leaving any trace? Is it even surprising that a people of our Europe serve again, to express their thoughts, terms out of the mouth of men to more remote time world? Without

doubt this people seeking today with ardour to renew its broken traditions, wire ignores its valiant ancestors migrations, but with the aid of its national language, it may engage in research, which, undoubtedly, will be successful the happier

The living language, to which we are referring, powerful helped us to discover the magnificent Celtic monument at Rennes-les-Bains, and on its side, this monument study led us with security at étymologiques deductions which seem difficult to refute.

It is as well as the Cromleck de Rennes-les-Bains is intimately linked to the resurrection, or, if it wants to wake up unexpected Celtic language.

  

   PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS

  

 

Concerned in writing to a few remarks on the spa resort of Rennes-les-Bains, where God had called us to exercise the Ministry parish, wishing to revive ancient memories, we thought, wrongly or rightly, that name of Rennes, probably in itself containing the history of the country in the Celtic, time we unaware, a constructive exact, although things interesting for sharp rocks that couronnent our mountains. Two stones inadequate, placed on a hill, edge we requested also to query with a past, moreover, very murky perseverance. But how

2

II 

Enter a local history by interpreting a name consisting in a language unknown, when the history of the ancient Gaul is still plon g d in a tragic dark secret?

Most of the peoples of antiquity have left writings: they had historians, the poëtes, and their stories, or fabulous or strongly empreints of this proud patriotism which overstates them, common to all nations, default can relieve the certainties of their origin and the various phases of their development.

Among the Celts, nothing like this: all share a deep night. Intrepid researchers, famous historians have pushed as far as possible their passionate investigations. All writers of antiquity were interviewed. The sum of knowledge is still very incomplete. Where can I find the torch dissipera these darkness? Is this not in the old language that our fathers have bequeathed us?

"Dialects, said j. de Maistre, proper names of places and men seem to".

III "almost intact mines and that it is possible to draw major philosophical and historical riches. (I).

The languedocien dialect spoken in our countries, does not seem a very safe way so that it can keep hoping to reach an important result in the following. Nevertheless, this road we have travelled with patience, persuasion farm in Divine Providence to voice our steps and we might achieve the goal of our efforts.

When the torch that we were looking with anxiety, was shown to us, its first ray fell on the name of Tectosages, and this radius dazzled us. It was necessary that they do not engage fully in the imagination, and we intend to convince ourselves of the reality of that light to illuminate own Gallic times, we tried to make it reflect from the mirrors of Hebrew, Punic, Basque and Celtic. The result seemed to us seriously, and before we use the language to explain the meaning Tectosagians monu- 

(1) Evenings of St.Petersburg 2 e maintenance.

  

V megalithic ments of Rennes-les-Bains, first object of our research,we applied it to the interpretation of proper names in various languages. This is why is given, first, in this work these tests interpretation; because they are intended to serve as the evidence crucial.    

   CHAPTER I.

  

CELTIC LANGUAGE

I THE FIRST OCCUPATION SPECIFIC  GAULES. 

 It is not without value, believe us, prefixing a quick summary of current

knowledge on the famous nation Gauloise study. Gaul was the central point of the definitive establishment of Celtic family in Western countries of Europe, and even name of Gaul that she has kept demonstrates persistent domination, in this country, its valiant people.

It was between ocean, Pyrenees, Mediterranean, the Alps and the Rhine. The southern part, from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean, has been occupied first by the

2A

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Iberian and Ligurian from the Spanish peninsula.The Gals, descendants of Gomer, son of Japheth, went to Asia Minor at a

time that it is unclear, spread in Gaul by repressing the Iberians to the south, Ligurian eastward, and pervasive of Spain, mingled with the Iberians.

The Aquitaine, Iberian tribes, resisted the encroachments of Gals and retained their position between the ocean, the Pyrenees and the Garonne. Towards the sixteenth century before Jesus Christ, the Gals were the undisputed masters of Gaul.

The conquest of Spain by the Ligurian Gals forced to move, and about the year 1400 BC, after crossing the Alps, founded in Italy in recent domination of Ambras and Shadows, 647 years before the founding of Rome.

At this first part of the Gallic family, that, according Am Thierry, especially ancient historians apply the name Celts.

The Kimris formed the second part of the Gallic family named Kimmerioi The Greeks and Romans called Cimbri.

In the year 631 BC, the people

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Scythian, the report of Herodotus, pounced on the shores of the Palus Maeotis and drove before them Kimris which flocked into the sunset under the leadership of Hu-ar-arm, ascended the Danube and invaded Gaul by the Rhine. Following the traditions kimriques Hu-ar-arms was not established in Gaul, but he crossed the ocean mist on Gals and conquered the island of Albion.

During these migrations and the conquest of Kimris, Ancus king of Rome, victorious over his neighbors, built the city of Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber.

However new tribes successively inundated Kimris Gaul, and "after a huge fight, Gaul is divided between the Gaels and Kimris. (1) Kimris, west, occupying the sides of the sea and the plains of North and Northeast, and Gaels retain eastern and central Gaul.

This is a result of these population movements that historians place the two emigrations of Sigovesus and nephews Bellovesus Ambigatus king or chief Bituriges in the year 587 BC. Bellovesus started for Italy; Sigovesus headed for the Northeast

 

(1) History of France. H. Martin.

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crossed the Rhine, and through the Hercynian forest, settled on the banks of the Danube.

About 300 years before Jesus Christ, a powerful confederation of Kimris, the Belgians, invaded the north of Gaul and captured them. Two Belgic tribes, the Tectosagians Volkes and the Volkes Arecomici Gaul crossed, arms in hand, and stopped in the South, the Volkes Tectosagians on the banks of the Garonne, in Toulouse, they made it their capital, and the Arecomici Volkes, east of the Cevennes, with their center in Nimes.

The Tectosagians Volkes did not stay long at rest in the country they had conquered. About the year 281 BC, a high emigration rejoined, on the banks of the Danube, the Gallic tribes who descended from fellow Sigovesus. Carried away by their warlike spirit, all these Gauls were divided into three bodies and swooped down like a hurricane in Macedonia, Epirus and Thrace. Some of these Tectosages insatiable Adventure, crossed the Bosphorus, divided Asia Minor, and, near their original home, founded a new Gaul, Galatia.

"The Gauls and filled with the clash of their weapons" the old world entirely. The e-

- 5 - 

"Stretched their possessions direct the occupied territory" as a nation by Gallo-Kimris, was immense. If "we take a look at the map of the ancient world to the" first half of the third century BC, it "sees the Gallic race deployed from Erin (Ireland)" to Estonia (a few steps St. 'Petersburg), from the northern tip of the "peninsula Cimbric (Denmark) to the Apennines," from the three Finisterre of Britain, Gaul and "Spain to the borders of the bridge and "Cappadocia, via the Danube they hold" until after the confluence of the Sava, by the "Carpathians, the Alps Illyrian, Hemus and Thrace. The Gaulois hanging over Europe, the ends of Spain "in Pontus." (1)

 II CELTIC LANGUAGE. 

From this brief presentation, we see that the historians involved in the possession of Gaul, first the Gals, and then Kimris

 

 (1) History of France. H. Martin.

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Finally, the Belgians, whom they let down, with no certainty, and Tectosagians Arecomici Volkes.

One might wonder why modern historians call the Gaels Gals or original inhabitants of Gaul, when Julius Caesar (1) tells us that the Gauls in their own language, called Celtae and in the Latin Galli. These two names seem to be synonymous and have a unique meaning, and this is what proves a peremptory Bouisset Abbe, in his paper on the three druidic colleges Lacaune. The term Celtae - Kell - These peoples had a very positive direction pointing to the man, and the term Galli, according to the explanations bright Abbe Bouisset, would contain the same idea.

In Greek mythology, the Gauls were the subjects of Galatians, son of Hercules. The warlike reputation of Galatians was immense, and that of his strength and his virtues. We do not disdain to gather in the middle of allegories of mythology, these details apparently very high, but in reality enormously useful.

 

(1) De Bello Gallico. lib. 1.

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At the time Caesar took the war in Gaul, he shows us occupied by three people: the Belgians, Aquitaine and the Celts. "They all differ, he said, by the language. However, this difference should not be very deep. In a paper on the origin of the Celtic languages and French, Duclos, born in 1704 in Dinan, permanent secretary of the French Academy, says: "A" lack of monuments is to say of written material, we "have no other lights in the Celtic language that the" testimony of some historians, which indicate that "the Celtic language was common to all the Gauls. The "Gaul was divided into several states (civitates), The "statements in country (Pagi) all of which were governed by laws "special, and these statements together formed a body of" republic, which had a common interest in the business' general. They formed the Assemblies or civilian "military called them Comitia armata, "Resembled the backbench. So, need a language "common to have members might confer, discuss" the scope and form of resolutions which were to be "known assistants, and we do not see in any 'author they had need of interpreters. We see, "moreover, that the Druids, being both a function of" priests and judges, were neck-

- 8 - 

"The Custom of assemble, once a year, from Chartres," to render justice to individuals, who came from "all sides to consult. It was therefore necessary that there was a "general language that was familiar to the Druids" all the Gauls ...

There were also several nations, whose language was "to have much in common with the Gauls. It is "probable that the Gauls and Teutons were" not much different these people having the same origin "Celtic were the Germans who settled in the" Gauls and Gauls were each awarded in "Germany, where they had occupied large areas ... "

These sound thoughts lead author of the brief to assert that language differences were observed only by Cesar dialectical differences. We will not follow in these considerations very fair on the considerable alteration produced in the Celtic language of Gaul by the establishment of the Latin family. We note, however, that if he had drawn from his beginnings a necessary consequence, he was led to conclude that the Celtic language had to maintain perfect integrity in a country, of which the Romans have never set foot.

It is proved that the Gauls have no

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gave written monuments, because they may be more confidence in the traditions, and there is no reason to be surprised by this conduct, if we pay attention to the tenacity of tradition among some people of Europe, which we shall later with clarity. However, it is not permissible that the Celtic nation has not left to future ages the memory of his morals, religion and industry. The story of the Gauls is not written in books and is engraved on the very soil they occupied. They gave the tribes, land, mountains, rivers in Gaul names that time itself could not erase. Here is confined their true history.

These appellations certainly have a precise meaning, full of interesting revelations, although all languages seem powerless to explain these puzzles.

The decay of these names of places, people, tribes, was seriously concerned about many minds: we tried to find this language, which has filled our ground indelible names whose significance unknown throws our legitimate curiosity an ongoing challenge.

Sir William Jones, founder of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, had first noticed a certain affinity between Sanskrit, Greek and

- 10 - 

Latin. They should therefore have a common origin and, without daring to say he suspected that the Celtic and the Gothic came from the same source as Sanskrit.

Comparative grammar of European languages François Bopp went on to explain how laws can learn grammar in Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin and Gothic, no longer a simple affinity, but a real community of origin.

Until recently, "Mr. Tregear has read before the" Philosophical Society of Wellington, a study on "Maori in Asia. He cited the language Hindustan modern and "Persian next to the Maori language, showing number" of outstanding agreements between them. The words quoted were "in themselves full of history and have provided evidence of" great space of time elapsed since the Maoris "inhabited India.

Speaking of European languages, he has shown that "hundreds of words similar to those of the tongue" Maori are in Greek, Latin, "Lithuanian Celtic, etc.. etc.. But the most "interesting was that his study noted that the identity" of the Maori and English, not taking into account the "Anglo-Maori words, manufactured words

- 11 - 

"The two languages, since the conquest of the country 'England. "(1).All these successive observations led to the suggestion that the Sanskrit

language may give the key to Celtic language, and it was believed all the more reason that the Celts came from Asia, the cradle of mankind .

We can observe that the dialects spoken in France, Ireland and Scotland should give us the key even more easily than Sanskrit, for the alteration of language does not even now find the same terms Celtic dialects in Irish, Scottish, Welsh and Breton Languedoc. It could be many quotes, but we limit ourselves to a few.

The skin of the wheat ground and passed to the bolter is called, in dialect of Languedoc, bren; Breton bren; Welsh branches, in Irish and Scottish branches. The heather, so common in the Landes of Gaul, called, in the Languedoc brugo; Breton bruk and brug; Welsh consuming and brwg. The French verb is translated into clean by Languedoc ScuraAnd in Scotland by sguradh; By Irish sguradh. The French name of the alder,

 

(1) The Advocate, September 5, 1885, Melbourne newspaper, Aus- lia.

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essence of trees, said to Languedoc Bergne; In Breton and Welsh GwernAnd in Scottish and Irish Fearn. (1)

 III DIALECT AND Tectosages Languedoc It is certain, for some examples of words that are found in the Celtic

language of the descendants of the Celts in Brittany and Languedoc, so we will not hesitate to test the Languedoc dialect, trying to discover the true language Celtic spoken by our ancestors. However, it must seem strange that we choose the Languedoc dialect rather than Breton to put us on track, we invoke a serious reason for this historic and closely examining the emigrations of Volkes Tectosages we fully convinced of the correctness this choice. At one time very indecisive and historians believe they can determine, however, as the fourth century BC, two tribes are said to belong to the Belgians, and Tectosagians Volkes Volkes Aré-

 

(1) Names Breton, Irish, Scottish and Welsh are taken from the work of A. of Chevallet: Origin and formation of the French language. Vol I.

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Hilarious crossed Gaul and settled in Southern Gaul between the Garonne and the Pyrenees and the Rhone. Tectosages made Toulouse their capital and Arecomici placed themselves in the east of Nimes Cevennes with as central to their domination. About the year 281 BC, a large emigration of Tectosagians went to the Rhine and then went down the Danube to join their brothers, as Tectosages who owned the river banks.

Let us now in view of these facts to the information provided by Julius Caesar.

"Long before there was a time when the Gauls excelled the Germans in their military prowess and they went to war to their homes, fields were not enough to feed a population that is too large, they sent colonies over the Rhine. So in the land of Germany's most fertile around the Hercynian forest, that Volkes Tectosagians settled after they conquered. The people so far held this same territory. "(1)

At the time when Caesar wrote these lines, Volkes Tectosagians were therefore established masters

 

(1) Lib. VI. 24. de bello Gallico. 3

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uncontested on the right bank of the Rhine and around the Hercynian forest, that is to say, north of this vast forest, from the Rhine to the Oder and perhaps even beyond, and moreover, they held the left bank of the Danube, which flows south of the same forest. Caesar did not fix the time of the conquests of Tectosagians but the most important thing to observe is that countries along the right bank of the Rhine and conquered from the Germans, they have always belonged.

After Julius Caesar, the authors do mention more Tectosagians. They seem to disappear from the world, both the deep silence fell around their name. We will meet them soon, however, taking as guides the etymology of Tectosagians Volkes and we can still follow the long trail of their warlike expeditions.

Volkes (Volcae) derived verbs to vault (vault), Fluttering, jumping and to cowboy (kau), Intimidate Tectosagians is produced by the other two verbs to take to (Teke to), Is pleased to ... and to sack, loot, plunder. By combining the four verbs constituting the two labels, we are seeing in their various meanings, as Volkes Tectosagians terrified the enemy by the rapidity of its movements in the fight and liked to lay waste and pillage.

- 15 - Do not let this go unnoticed bounding gait, traditionally among the outfield

of the old French armies, and still kept in our Zouaves and Chasseurs, as Volkes are ancestors of the Franks, as can be ascertained when we talk tribes Franks.

The movements were distinguished warriors Volkes thus by speed and carries with it a fear, usually crowned by the victory, followed by the devastation and looting. Summarizing the name of Tectosages Volkes, we see them fast and frightening looters.

The name had nothing but glorious for the people, for the looting, it was war, and we know that the Cimmerians loved him passionately. So this meaning of the term Honourable Pillard has kept it intact in the country occupied by them in the south of France. When a child shows a keen intellect, a soul full of energy, and when this energetic spirit is served by a body whose members were agile and nervous parents talk with pride and call it a "Raider". They go even further into the meaning of this word, if asked about the number of their children, they respond without hesitation, they have "one, two or three Raiders.

- 16 - The story, as we have said, according to Caesar, no longer speaks of

Tectosagians Volkes, and this silence is all the more extraordinary that the people who had sent colonies over the Rhine, around the Hercynian forest on the banks Danube and into Asia could lose so fast the traditions of his adventurous spirit. Always eager for military expeditions, they reappeared with a bang as the Saxons. They declared and openly and in the face of nations, they were the son, the direct descendants Tectosages - to sack, Plunder - its, Son down. It is remarkable that historians still call the Saxon raiders. This designation was in fact their real name, and, unconsciously, historians explain, for the term of looters, the exact meaning of the Saxons.

About the year 446 after Jesus Christ, the head of the Britons on the island of Britain, Worcester Tigern, asked for help to rescue the Saxons of the Picts and Scots who sought to oppress. The Saxons hastened to fly in to Britain under the leadership of two brothers Heng and Horsa, and, after defeating the Picts and have made themselves masters of the island, they exterminated the Britons their allies. Angles - to angle, Angling, - who lived on the shores of the Baltic Sea, came to take with

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Saxon brothers their share of looting and, after forcing the majority of Britons escaped the massacre took refuge in Brittany, they founded the Anglo-Saxon kingdom known as England.

The Tectosages, according to historians, were bred Kimrique, and the Cimbri - Kimbo forked - to harry, Devastating - devastating the split, referring to the horns of urus whose warriors decorated their head - the Cimbri we say, belonged to the Celtic family, they were then, and Cimbri Tectosages speak the language of their family.

The possession of the island of Britain by Tectosages exerted a positive influence on them to preserve their language and their customs. The isolation has preserved the profound changes undergone by the languages of other peoples of Europe, while leaving them free for the most complete remote settlements, which are a special feature of their character.

 IV DIALECT Languedoc CELTIC LANGUAGES AND THE TRUE. Genealogy of the Anglo-Saxons as we present, could still, despite3a

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all appear to some purely hypothetical, but it is easy to support a convincing proof, since the language of Tectosagians has left deep scars in the idiom of Languedoc. A simple comparison between some terms Languedoc and their corresponding Anglo-Saxons suffice to demonstrate the complete analogy between the two languages. Desiring, however, avoid boredom too numerous comparisons, we only give the expressions of the most famous and most used.

 Languedoc dialect. 

Anglo-Saxon language (1)

ALAD evergreen broadleafpersistent.

Alder ell.

Ander, Pins Andiron (andaïeurn), PinsofArréouIn the queue. Array (Arree), Order of battle

size.Baïssel, Vessel, barrel. Vessel, Vessel, barrel.Barata, Barter, exchange to Barter, Barter, sam-

ger.Bouich, Boxwood. Bush (mouth), Bush.Becka, Nod. to Beck, Make a sign of

head.BoloA ball. Ball (Baule)A ball.BoskaA wood. Bosky, Wooded.

  (1) Saxon words were borrowed English-French dictionary Percy Sadler. We hold this

dictionary courtesy of Mr. William O'Farrell. William O'Farrell is the author of an English grammar, an admirable order and clarity.

- 19 - Languedoc dialect. 

Anglo-Saxon language

BraouYoung bull Braw (Braou) front air.Braza, Welded with

Copper.to Braze (Brèze) solder

with copper.BrenHer. BranHer.Bugado, Laundry. Buck (beuk) laundry.Caicho, Cash. Cash, Cash.Cambo, Breeze. Him, Breeze.Catcha , Squeeze, squeeze. WrestlingCapture, Spike.Clapa, Hit. Two Clap, Hit.CloukoPointer cackling. Cluck two, Cluck.Carreto, Charreite. Of, Cart.COST, Price. COST, Price.Costo, Coast, ramp. Coast (diet)coast, shore.Counta, Calculate, count two Count (kaount) calculate.Crinko, Summit. Crinkle, Fold, sinuosity.Dérouca, Limbing, debarking. to Roughcast (reuffcast), Tail-

l coarsely.DespatchHasten. Despatch to, Ship.Escapa, Escape. To Escape (iskepe) escape.Estreita, Narrow. Strait (stretto), Narrow.FlacWithout force. to Flag, To fall from weakness.Flasketo, Powder flask. FlasckA powder horn.FranchimanA French. FrenchmanA French.Fresco, Freshness. Fresco, Freshness.Freighted, Rub. Freight to, Rub.GatA cat. CatA cat.Godo, Nonchalantly. Goad (god) Sting.HaiThe term used to

hurry the horses.to hie (hated), Hurrying,

hurry.

  

- 20 - Languedoc dialect. 

Anglo-Saxon language

Zhuk, Roosting chickens. to Juke (djiouke) Perch.Keck, Stutterer. to Keck(Seldom used) to make

retching.Leit, Bunk bed. to Lie (lai) Lie.Maite, More, more. Might (Maitre), Power, strength.Mayor, Binding. Sight (Maire) Links.NeithNight. Night (Naït) Night.NouzA node. Noose (Nouz), Neck-node

Lant.Panno, Fry pan. Pan, Fry pan.Pasta, Knead. to Paste (Fever) knead.PentenoicNet, to take

wild rabbits.PentShut up, tight.

Pickasso, Ax, hatchet. you Pick, Drill and Axe, hatchet.Préfaïthié, Mercenary Prizefighter (praïzefaïteur)

who fights for money.Rait, Adv. at the right time. Right (raita), Adv. to good

hour.RajaTo flow. Rash, Rash.RaoubFlying. to RobFlying.Raspa, Filing, shredding. to Rasp, Filing, shredding.Reigned, Make a sound to Ring (Rignes), Make a

sound.RockoA rock. RockA rock.RodoA wheel. Road (prowls) Bay harbor.Round, Round, circle. Round, Round, circle.Rank limping. Shrank, Preterite of to shrink,

shorten.Scalféto, Foot warmers. to Scald, Heat feet, Feet

- 21 - Languedoc dialect. 

Anglo-Saxon language

Scaouda, Scald. to Scald (skauld), Scald.Scoutos, spy. Scout (skaout) spy.Scrum skim. to Scum, skim.Scura, clean. Sot court (skaour) clean.Seita seated. To Sit, Sit.Seemed, resemble. Seems to, resemble.Senshorno, unintelligent. Sense intelligence and horn,

private.Shakad, to pieces. to Shake fall to pieces.Shankadi, lame. Shanked, which in the legs.Shépad, maladjusted. to Shape (CHEP), adjusted.Sigur, sure. Secure (sikioure) sure.Sillò, eyebrows. to Seel (Brazil), ignore.Skaïsha, Ecache shreds. to Squash (skouoch) ECA-

expensive crush.Spatarrad, thrown down with

full length.Spatter to, splash, neck-

also open up mud.Spillo, a pin. Spill, a small piece of

wood.Taste taste a liquor. To Taste taste a li-

victor.Trapa, surprise. to Trap surprise.Trounko, trunk. Trunk (treugnk) trunk ar-

ber.Trullo emaciated. Trull lost morals.Up above. Up (eup)The top.Ye, really. Yea (ye) Yes, certainly.

 ====== 

- 22 - This unquestionable kinship between words and their corresponding

Languedoc Anglo-Saxons, demonstrates better than any reasoning that the South Tectosagians Gallic emigrants beyond the Rhine, and the Anglo-Saxons are the same people, and it leads to this absolute consequence that the Anglo-Saxon language is the language spoken by the family Cimmerian.

The explanation of a so-called Druidic tradition reported by Caesar highlighted again this result. "The Gauls, he said, pride themselves down all of Pluto and ensure they hold the belief of the teaching of the Druids is why they have the time not by days but by nights, and they pay attention to indicate days of birth, the beginnings of months and years, so that the day follows the night. (1) Caesar is obviously wrong in saying that the Gauls boasted of descent from Pluto, which the Druids cared as little as Proserpine: Cimmerians, Gomer's children, had brought from the East the custom of counting days by evening and morning, and the Jews have kept up their dispersion as a national body:

 

(1) Lib. VI. 18 de bello Gallico.

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the origin of this custom we revealed in the words of Genesis: "And the evening and morning were the first day. (1) However, Caesar did not err in arguing that the Gauls had time not by days but by nights of the descendants still say Tectosagians fortnight (Fortna) Fourteen nights, to express the elapsed time in two weeks, and se'nnight (sennit) Seven nights to count the days one week.

 V THE NEIMHEID. The identity of the Celtic language with that of Tectosagians becomes quite

obvious from the decomposition of names given to various parts of the Gallic soil and especially the breakdown of tribal names historically transmitted; contain these names, indeed, by interpreting the language Anglo-Saxon, information fair, accurate and confirmed by history.

These designations, which affect the whole country Celtic are certainly not the work of the people there could not be delivered, give serious composition, true and correct these

 

 (1) Genesis. Ch. I. v. 5.

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essential names, caprices without number and without merit. There was certainly a scientific body charged with that duty, and what makes clear, these are the similar names imposed on countries located at both ends of Gaul. To give some examples quite striking, why was there a Aleth formerly in tribe Curiosolites, and another Aleth are there still in the Languedoc? Or these two localities were exercising the same industry or they had a good soil likeness. Why the city of Rennes in Brittany and the spa of Rennes-les-Bains in the department of Aude are they the same name? This is obviously because of the similarity offered by the two countries by their Menir and loose stones. Why still the city of Rennes, covering, according to Strabo, the name of Condate, we found another tribe in Condate Savoyards, and a third in Santones, except that we should teach in these cities the same science, the same truths and the same traditions?

This does not demonstrate he learned that a body was established and highly responsible to give each city and all parts of the field of Celtic rulers, justified by the truth and accuracy of items served?

- 25 - "According to Irish tradition," said H. Martin, Gadhel or "Gael

personification of the race, is the son of Neimheidh. "What this Neimheidh, this mysterious figure who" hangs over our origins? History can not answer. "(1)

Neimheidh is not the name of a Gallic chieftain, it means one who is leading, controlling, driving, and gives names, - to name (nth), Appoint, - to head (hed), To lead, lead - and it was physically impossible for one man to give the country the Celtic names are the cities, tribes, rivers and smaller parcels of land: this was the The work of a learned body and Neimheidh term applied to this elite corps composed of the Druids, an expression of this undeniable truth, since both were Druid priests, judges, chiefs of the Gauls and undisputed charge of transmission of all sciences.

The Druids knew the train excellently Neimheidh proper names of people or places: they used mostly monosyllabic words of their language and placed in an arrangement such that the sound of these monosyl-,

 

 (1) History of France, note 1 on page 1.

- 26 - 

tabes contiguous to each other, could not hurt the ear more sensitive. The decomposition of Celtic words designating the Gallic towns and tributes will be the day most comprehensive way to these scholars, as we shall see later, when we speak of Britons and other peoples of Gaul.     

  CHAPTER II. 

  

Hebrew Language 

 

I THE DIVINE NAMES.

 Desiring to indicate the relations of resemblance between Celtic and Hebrew

languages, we see exposed to considerable lengths and yet necessary. We forgive them; the biblical narratives are themselves a striking interest, and likely to captivate the attention of the more rebellious. The beginnings of humanity are told with admirable accuracy. The sacred historian performs his work faithfully and sincerely, it do not exaggerate the facts generous, it throws light on the point of criminal actions. In its concise language and serious, filled with divine words appear greatness and stateliness, human events take place with utmost clarity, without speech, without digression, with traits

- 28 - 

sublime are not investigated and searched. We would strongly desired to have them out but we had to confine ourselves merely to highlight in our tentative interpretation, the perfect concordance of biblical stories with the meaning contained in the proper names of men they trace the character and life .

A thought that comes naturally to mind is this: assuming the language of Tectosagians as the true Celtic language, it seems essential that the purest expressions of this language is found abundant in the names of leaders this family whose expansion has almost filled the universe. It traces back to Gomer, the eldest son of Japheth, the father of the nation Cimbric Celtic and so one should in the Anglo-Saxon language, as we now call Celtic language, very similar to Hebrew, and in terms two monosyllabic languages, a certain conformity, at least for much of the words that make up the names, if not all of the language. This belief has a foundation too sure that we examine not if the Celtic language may explain the names of the first men named in the books

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Moses, and also in some other books of the Hebrews.Here it is necessary to observe that the prolonged stay of the Hebrews to

Babylon after the captivity had had a disastrous effect on their language. A considerable number of Chaldean phrases have crept into the Hebrew language and she became greatly distorted. After the captivity, Ezra, the doctor skilled in the law of Moses, applying to instruct the people in the law of God, changed the ancient character of writing Hebrew and Chaldean substituted characters to make reading Sacred Scripture easier to Jews already accustomed to these characters. He was therefore obliged not only to translate the Scriptures into known characters of the people, but to translate the ancient Hebrew language purely as most Jews no longer understood in the language spoken at the moment and a mixture Hebrew and Chaldean. This demonstrates the absolute necessity of this translation by Ezra, is the insurmountable difficulties experienced by the historian Josephus, when he sought to interpret the names of the Hebrew language Hebrew-Chaldean so they have generally resisted all efforts of his perspicacity.

4

- 30 - Before testing the Celtic language on the names of men who are, apparently,

contain brief history of the first world age, it just stopped first on the different names given to God , the creator of universe.

Elohim is the name by which men were first appointed to the Lord who created the earth, and has deigned to bless the devoted to his glory. The Hebrew term Elohim, the rabbis say, is put in the plural of respect for God, for it seems strange to Eloha. The Hebrews do derive elStrong and powerful and ala, Force, compel, and because God forces himself obliged, as it to use its power to the conservation of created things. (1)

If we are allowed to speak frankly, we say that the Celtic language better explains the meaning of Elohim.

When God had created man and woman in His own image and can, therefore, bliss, knowledge and love supernatural, he blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful and" multiply and replenish the earth. (2)

So the multiplication of the human race 

(1) Cornelius a Lapide.(2) Genesis, chap. I. 28.

- 31 - 

God wanted to bless the word Elohim in Celtic language does not say anything - Hallow - Heam- Heam (Him) As the child who has not yet emerged, while the verb to hallow (hallo) Means to bless, sanctify

We know the great affinity of the Arabic language with the Hebrew language. The children of Ishmael means God Allah. This term has a striking resemblance to the Celtic word to hallow (hallo) sanctify: is Being par excellence who has the right to bless and sanctify all things. This similarity of meaning and expression, we do not seem to be neglected.

God was still known as Sadd, who voiced the idea of giving creative food and the abundance of things necessary for bodily life by his liberality, as Sadda means broad and liberal. (1)

Interpreting Sadda by the Celtic language, we find that men are satisfied by a God-conscious creatures, - to sate (Sète) satiate - to eye (Ai) keep an eye on ...

Adonai was yet another name given by men to the Almighty is the Lord, the Lord is the Holy Scripture. The Hebrews not writing out of respect, the name

 

(1) Cornelius a Lapide.

- 32 - 

of Jehovah, the usually replaced by Adonai. It was not enough to ensure the goodness of divine Providence, by his food to his creatures, it also gave them the power to possess, according to these words of Genesis: "Be fruitful and multiply and have dominion over the fish "of the sea, the birds of the sky, and all animals" which move on land. "(1)

The power granted by God to possess men is contained in the word Adonai, inexplicable by the Hebrew language - to add, Add to Own (ôn), Possess, - to eye (ai), Keep an eye on.

Jehovah is the sacred name, the real name of the Lord, God revealed himself to Moses. The Hebrews were writing point, however, it was engraved on the gold plate that was attached and held by a ribbon of blue with the High Priest's miter. Josephus relates that when Alexander came before the High Priest Jaddus covered in this moment all his pontifical ornaments, the conqueror of Asia bowed to worship the one whose dreaded name was engraved on the blade of bright gold above front successor of Aaron.

According to the traditions of the Hebrews, Jehovah 

 (1) Genesis, chap. I. 28.

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expressed the trinity of persons in the divine unity. But where was the ability to express in the name of Jehovah the Trinity in Unity? It was necessary to achieve this goal, this divine name in its composition renfermât personal pronouns of the language spoken by Moses.

The I the first person in Hebrew is translated by ani and ANCI and we by anu, nenu And the you and you the second person ate and ATM And the him third person by eua.

The personal pronouns of the Hebrew language does not refer to the four letters i, ET, u, iWhich form the holy name of Jehovah. However thei (IOD) Is among the pronouns, affixes the first person, which correspond to reflexive pronouns and possessive pronouns in the French language.

Put in terms of the four Hebrew letters i, ET, u, iWho make up the divine name revealed to Moses, the personal pronouns of the Celtic language I, ET, we, yeAnd we can be legitimately surprised at the result. Observe in passing that the Hebrew alphabet does not have it, while this is properly contained in the Celtic alphabet. So we actually in the personal pronouns Celtic four letters of the divine name, that is to say, two

4a

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iA ET and we which replaces ouau of the Hebrew language.First i still being written by a I capital is the nominative singular first person

I or I and decides ai.Second i, ye which shall yi, Is the nominative plural of second person You

And the thou or You singular, expressing a disrespectful familiarity, is not usual in Anglo-Saxon, and indeed, in French, in polite language.

The ET, Ruling hi, Is the nominative singular of the third person, Him. As for we whose pronunciation is yes which replaces ouau Hebrew, is the nominative plural first person, We.

In these four letters is thus the designation of the three divine persons by I, You and Him, While We them together, uniting into a single being with a substance, nature, a species common to the three persons, that is to say, one God in three distinct persons.

This We appears several times in the narrative of the history of mankind made by Moses, the servant, who brought with integrity the divine instructions sent to the Hebrew people. First We appears to create

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rights: "Let the Lord says, the man in our" image, after our likeness. "(1)After the disobedience and the fall of Adam and Eve, the We is still recounted in these words full of irony and vengeful God saving their address: "That Adam is become as one of We, Knowing good and "evil. (2) A third time We God is accentuated in the case brought against the pride of men and follow the complete dispersion of the human family by the confusion of early speech: "Come, the Almighty says," go down in this place, and confound- there so their "language, they may not understand each other. (3)

We wrote the name of Jehovah by the letters i, hey, u, i, although the text is Hebrew i, hey, u ET. Cornelius a Lapide tells about it the formula used by the Jews when they are forced to take an oath; to avoid pronouncing the sacred name of God and they speak thus: "I swear by i, hey, u, i, these letters and adds the same Cornelius, form the real name of Jehovah. The marked difference in the fourth letter appears at first very

 

(1) Gen. Ch. I. 26.(2) Gen. Ch. III. 22.(3) Gen. v. XI. 7.

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important, but by looking carefully, it does nothing embarrassing for Celtic in the pronoun ye, youThere was also a y and a eAnd this is, we believe, the crux of the difficulty that modern Hebrew language, reduced to its own strength, can not solve.

Outside of a traditional transmission, long interrupted, it becomes almost impossible to reconstruct the pronunciation of the name of four letters in the mystery of the Holy Trinity. Besides, the Jews themselves are unaware of how Moses and the Jewish priests uttered it before the people assembled for religious ceremonies.

The ease with which personal pronouns of Anglo-Saxon language explaining the divine name of Jehovah, leads us to believe that the Celts were far from being ignorant and this name and its true meaning, since Gaul relations with Asia was incessant by emigration to the West for new Celtic tribes.

The year 1491 BC saw the revelation of the name of Jehovah to Moses. Forty years later, after the conquest of Palestine made by Joshua in the space of six years from 1451 to 1445 BC, the brilliant feat of arms of He-

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many were carried off their warlike reputation and astonished the Asian peoples, who understood God's protection, which broke the invincible force in the supernatural assistance provided to the descendants of Jacob. The various Celtic tribes, in their slow and continuing to Europe, could therefore know not only exploits the Hebrews, but their tribal organization and the name of their powerful protector, Jehovah. It should not be surprised that, with a sense of the sacred name, the Celts have professed an extreme reverence for the number three, who represented to their minds the Holy Trinity in the Divine Unity.

The name under which the Celts designated the Hebrews clearly affirms their certain knowledge of the name of Jehovah. For children of Gomer, a Hebrew name jew (djiou) That is to say, before which a man was pronounced the name of four letters, and who used the divine name in his prayers and the tributes of his prayers. In fact, children of Gomer had applied to the people protected the name of the protector, and it seems very likely that the expression jew is the holy name of Jehovah containing four letters revealed to Moses.

- 38 - II THE FIRST MAN - ADAM TO NOAH.

 After trying to interpret the divine names by Celtic language, we will also try

this same language in the decomposition of names of people and places.The strain of the human race, the first being with a rational soul, united with

a bodily substance, named Adam. Using this name means man and woman, "because God created them male and female, blessed them and gave them the name of Adam on the day they were created. (1) The name was therefore common to Adam and Eve, and God himself had imposed. The Hebraists want Adam drift adama, Land, because God had formed from the dust of the earth.

Performed by the Celtic language the word Adam, composed of two words, as it presents a summary of the creation of our first parents. Among created beings, Adam had none found it was similar. And

 

(1) Career Bible, Genesis. v. v. 2. We usually give the translation of Scripture from the Bible, because it is very accurate and very appreciated. We note here that in order to avoid having to come back in all our quotes.

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"The Lord said: It is not good that man should be alone;" make him an help meet for him "(1) God made woman and brought her to Adam. According to Scripture, the woman was a creature added to man like him and his support for the multiplication of mankind, that is to say, the mother added to the father, and it Hence the idea offered by the decomposition of the name Adam, - to add, Add damThe mother.

Sacred Scripture gives the first child of Adam, the name of Cain. At birth, Eve, his mother said: "I have a man by the grace of God. "

Cain, in Hebrew, implies the idea of possession, and it comes from the root Kana, Possess. Adam and Eve looked so their son as well and their particular acquisition, the rest, the power of the father of her child she is not a natural right? Eve was very right to call his first son, Cain, possession.

The Celtic language holds, not the verb Kana, Possess, but the verb Can, Power. The meaning of the name of Cain would be the power, the ability to have a man by the grace of God, and this difference is not

 

(1) Gen. C. II. 18.

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sensitive in the thought that Eve had to attach to the words spoken by her at the birth of his son.

In the Hebrew text, Cain is written Qin : Celtic language to corner (coincide with rising) Leads to coin money, invent. Would not this the true meaning of Cain would have imagined, invented the conventional value of currencies? Love too bright for gold and silver suffocates certainly generous sentiments, and deadly weapon usually iron hand of assassins. Cain was a hundred and sixteen when he committed the awful crime that made him curse. We may rightly believe that the men were already numerous, since Cain meets the divine threat, saying: "Whosoever therefore shall find me, kill me." The rapid proliferation of the human race had to be born in the spirit of Cain The idea of replacing trade by a conventional value attached to precious metals, gold and silver.

Abel is the second son of Adam and Eve, but his mother he has not been given this name. Josephus, derived from the Hebrew word ebel mourning for, by the death of Abel, mourning made his first appearance on earth. To grasp the meaning of Abel, as indicated by Josephus, we must not lose sight of

- 41 - 

expression very common in the holy books designating the death and the grave is an expression Inferi, the underworld, while the place of punishment of the damned and cursed is the infernus and it is in the first sense that David, being near to death, recommended to his son Solomon to punish Joab's crime: "You do," he said in his case, as "your wisdom and you will not allow that, after" aging in impunity for his crime, he goes down in peace in the tomb; not deduc canitiem ejus ad "inferos. "(1)

Abel presents the first image of death by the horrible murder of his elder brother, - to ape (spurs), Imitate, present the image of ... hell, Hell. - The term ebel or spelled would be applied to the second son of Adam only after the fratricide of Cain, and the appointment of their son by such an expression had for many years, reviving the soul of his unhappy parents the pain of his loss.

We are committed to follow this interpretation in the sense given by Josephus, however, as the first men were often known by several names with different meanings, we believe power-

 

(1) Third pounds. Kings, c. II. 6.

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see another way to explain the name of Abel, keeping rigorously to the pronunciation given by the Holy Scriptures.

There is no doubt in any thoughtful mind that Adam had received communications from God's most precious, not only on religious truths, but also on human industries needed to the social state, and Adam passed on to his children and religious science and at the same time the principles of industrial arts. "The world, said Origen to Celsus, having been created by Providence, we must" necessarily mean that the human race has been placed in the "beginnings under the tutelage of some spirits" above, and then God will be shown to men. "This is what the Holy Scripture testifies ... and he "was appropriate, in fact, that in the infancy of the world, the species" human received extraordinary relief, until "the invention of the arts would have put in a condition to defend itself," even and no further need of divine intervention. "(1)

Abel was a shepherd, he offered sacrifices to God, choosing for this purpose lambs the finest and fattest of the flock and the Lord looked favorably his present. (2)

 

(1) Nights of St. Petersburg, the second maintains, note VI(2) Gen. v. IV. 2-4.

- 43 - The Holy Scriptures, by scoring with the pastoral care of Abel, suggests the

origin of its name. Abel collected the finest fleeces of his magnificent herd her silky hand spun wool, and the son interlaced, forming and warp and weft, gave an excellent fabric which he could clothe - abb, Wool fabric, - to ell, Measure.

A just and severe punishment followed closely the horrendous crime of Cain. The Lord said to fratricide: "You shall be a fugitive and wanderer on the earth, and the culprit had replied:" You drive me today from the earth "and I'll hide myself in front of your face, and I am fugitive "and a wanderer on the earth. So anyone who meets me, "kill me. "The Lord replied:" No, it will "not be so, but whoever kills Cain will be punished seven times" over. "And the Lord God set a mark upon Cain, so that" those who find not slay point. "

Cain, having retired from the face of the Lord, lived "a fugitive on the earth in the eastern region of Eden. "(1)

The Hebrew text, instead of these words: Cain lived as a fugitive on the earth, bears Cain

 

(1) Gen. v. IV. 14-16.

- 44 - dwelt in the land Nod. Josephus makes a nod instead of proper name,

because he could not get to discover the exact meaning of this expression of the primitive language. The nod term exists in the Anglo-Saxon and it gives the knowledge of the sign of the divine curse attached to Cain; to nod means, nod, lowering his head in salute. The mark of infamy, marked on the person of fratricide, should therefore consist of a nervous and twitching his head, forcing down the Cain shamefully before all those he met. According to tradition, the sign of a curse brought by Cain was a continual tremor of the body, tremor revealing his crime.

Abel, the pure and pious child was replaced by Seth and Eve said: "The Lord gave me another son instead of Abel," Cain slew. "(1) The Hebrew Sutherland and means to place: in the language of Tectosages the verb to set retains the same sense and to place. Seth was the substitute for Abel and destined to become the father of men faithful to their Creator.

Woolen fabrics manufactured by Abel do not reappear in the name of the first men and give way to the reference works

 

(1) Gen. v. IV. 25.

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iron and bronze. Do not go down at great length in the genealogy of Adam's children to meet the science of metals because Malaleel - to mall hit with a mallet - to went away (gone) Mixing the metal - to ell, Measure - was the great grand-son of Seth. Following the usual chronology, when at the age of seventy years Malaleel became the father of Jared, the men lived in the world for only three hundred ninety-five years. Adam was still in the midst of his descendants for his advice and help introduce them to industrial. Because the science of materials is included in Malaleel, does this mean that those who preceded him ignorant of the use of iron and copper alloys and tin up the bronze? We are far from believing, and Adam attended the work of his children, and its presence indicates that enough had the knowledge and whence the impetus for various industries.

It was not possible to write in the name of one man possessed the amount of science behind the world and were gradually etched in the names of heads of household. Malaleel we denote structures of iron and bronze, and so that future generations do not misunderstand and do not see him as a single craftsman, he

5

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called his son Jared, - to jar (Djara) buzz, click, - to head (hed) spearhead, order, - thus proving that he was the head of many metal workers.

The names of men, containing the reference material knowledge of the early days of the created world, and show the progress of human civilization has not been rising and that the stone age and bronze have no prior Iron Age to the cradle of humanity.

The little son of Jared, Methuselah whose longevity has surpassed that of others, introduces us to another branch of industry, the beds were soft, so much in use, these products of a civilization far advanced were replaced by mats on which they took a much needed rest in his home, - to mattAnd cover with mats - to use (ious) Use - lobby, Room, house.

The children of Seth are not only to reveal the secrets of the arts among the first men, and crossing the short line of descendants of Cain, we note Tubalcain "who was skilled in all kinds" works in brass and iron . "(1) However this capita

 

(1) Gen. v. IV. 22.

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lete to work iron and bronze is not written in his name, she is replaced by the words of another acquaintance, that of nautical art.

The men were able to build good ships, and we understand how well they have paid little attention to the ark for Noah and made according to the shape and dimensions given by God himself. Perhaps they have relied on them to try to avoid the effects of divine threats. There was however a sensible difference between the construction of their vessels and that of Noah's ark that would be available. It was a real ship decked protected against the rain of heaven and the great waves of the sea, while the ordinary vessels, completely uncovered were not defended against heavy rains or against the swells. The first word that enters into the composition of the name Tubalcain traces the shape of these early buildings, - tub, Vessels discovered, bowl, bucket, - lobbyHouse - to corner (coincide with rising), Invent.

 

- 48 -  III NOAH AND HIS CHILDREN. Science owned by men led them to revolt against God's boldest. Crimes

against nature accumulated, and, tired of his obstinacy in evil, the Lord said to Noah: "I resolved to destroy" all men have filled the whole land of iniquity, "and I cut them off with everything that lives on earth. "(1)

Noah was just, and having found favor with God, as he became the confidant of his plans of vengeance. He built the ark in the order given by the Lord, and shut himself up with his family and the animals should be kept on land in the vessel placed under divine protection, he was saved from the flood in which all perished male criminals. Noah claims that he had knowledge of the future punishment of men, how it would be imposed and also the knowledge of his own safety and that of his family - to Know (Noh), Know, know, - how (Haou), How, how.

 

(1) Gen. v. VI. 13.

- 49 - After the violent destruction of mankind by the flood, God blessed Noah and

his children and told them: "Be fruitful" and multiply and replenish the earth. Noah was so "three son who came out of the ark, Shem, Ham and Japheth. But "Ham is the father of Canaan. These are the three son of "Noah, and from them there arose the race of men" who are on earth. "(1)

The deluge and the miraculous salvation of Noah and his children were too great events in history that the name of a son of Noah did not reproduced some essential feature. The ark that floated on water for seven months before it hit the top of the mountains of Armenia, Noah wanted to write this interesting recollection in the name of his eldest son, Shem - to swim (souim) Float on water.

The second of his children, rude and impudent, drew on his father's curse posterity by a lamentable lack remained forever his shame and disgrace, and so his name Cham - to shame, Shame, - reiterated his infamous act and the curse that has followed.

The Scripture says very clearly that 

(1) Gen. v. IX. I. 18. 19.5a

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Shem, Ham and Japheth came out the whole race of men who are on earth.It was thought to abandon this starting point quite historic focus on a

different vein, to distinguish the varieties from the human skin color and degrees of the facial angle. It would take too long to list all the classifications put forward, and it seems better to stop the division Cuvier distinguished the following varieties: 1 The White or Caucasian; 2 the Yellow or Mongolian; 3 ° Negro or Ethiopic.

"The variety of white, Caucasian, Arab European is primarily recognizes the oval to the head, the color of the skin more or less white, lips small, regular features. Its main focus is Europe and Asia Minor, Arabia, Persia and India to the Ganges and Africa up to and including the Sahara. "

"The variety Yellow or Mongolian recognizes the square face, flattened nose down over the eyes positioned obliquely, and tanned olive skin. It would somehow his home on the plateau of Great Tartary and Tibet. "

"The variety has Ethiopic Negro or black or dark complexion, the head depressed, flat nose

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and thick lips. It covers most of Africa and some islands of Oceania. "(1)We shall not inquire disadvantages of a classification containing a single

variety Arabs, Abyssinians, Egyptians and many branches Celtic we just have to find by Japheth, third son of Noah, the real and undeniable strain of the variety the whitest man. The children of Shem whose type is the best preserved retraced the Arabs are swarthy complexion or less, but the peculiarity of the family shows itself in the eyes and black hair. It can however be of a general nature and among the Hebrews, descendants of Shem direct, Holy Scripture has been an exception in the person of David, whose hair was red.

In the family of Japheth, the white skin and dark hair usually just join the blue eyes or slightly discolored. The lighter color of the eyes was so sensitive in the third son of Noah that he has kept the name to look faded or Japheth, Iphth in the Hebrew text - eye (ai) Eye to insipid (fede) Discolor.

 

(1) by Geography Maltebrun.

- 52 - Gomer, the eldest son of Japheth, was to present the brand's distinctive look

faded, as has been declared the true heir, - to come (bloke) Become - Heir (er) Heir. It was essential point here favors conferred by birthright and allow the heir usually the eldest son, to offer sacrifices to God, to command his brothers to keep their father's estate, for these rights belonged to seniors of all families. This term applies rather heir to bodily qualities noted in Gomer and transmitted to posterity forming the huge Celtic family.

The men had multiplied greatly after the flood: "There was then a language and a common way of speaking for all men. "Forced they were extended as a result of their rapid growth, they said, 'Come, let us a city and a tower whose top reaches to heaven and make our name famous before we disperse on earth. "(1)

They held this proud language in the plains of Shinar, and they began work, using brick instead of stone and asphalt as a cement.

 

(1) Gen. v. XI. 4.

- 53 - But the Lord was angry working fool, and he said: "They are now one people

and they have all one language, they have begun this work and will not abandon their plan they developed the 'have completely finished. Come, go down in this place, and there confound their language,, so they may not understand each other.

"This is how the Lord scattered them from that place in all countries of the world, and they stopped building the city.

"It is for this reason that this city was called Babel, because there was confused the language of all the earth: and the Lord scattered them then in all parts of the world. "(1)

Babel, after the words of Scripture, brings the idea of the confusion, and the Hebrews, looking carefully Babel in their language, have been recovered BalalConfusion, explaining that they no longer possess Babel. But Balal is far from having the value of the Celtic verb to babble, Babble, talk: babble incoherent, confused, filling shame men who no longer understand the language they understand very well the night before.

 

 (1) Gen. v. XI. 6-9.

- 54 - The primitive language is she disappeared in the middle of this confusion?

We can say with confidence that it remained in use in the mouth of some of the children of Shem and also some of the children of Japheth, and this primitive language is like the starting point for other languages spoken in the world as a source giving rise to innumerable streams that will describe the distance of capricious turns. This language has survived in perfect condition among the Hebrews until the stay of the people of God in Chaldea did that change in a very sensitive.

Children of Gomer have they passed on intact, at least in its essential parts? We will try to demonstrate that the integrity of the original language is preserved in the family of Japheth more surely than in the family of Shem, possibly because of the universal dominion promised by God to the descendants of Japheteh. This demonstration can be done by interpreting the Celtic language proper names of the most famous, preserved in the history of Israel, but we must not forget that the proper name of a man, after the confusion language as the first world age, usually retains the memory of a remarkable action of his life,

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or the memory of a quality, defect injury, and sometimes also represents the state of the mores of the time.

We have seen in the Genesis account men abandoning the construction of the city and the tower of Babel. In this unfinished city, the Nimrod fierce, grand son of Ham, makes his home and founded the kingdom of Babylon. This violent hunter before the Lord not only attacked the deer, he was a hunter of men, oppressing his fellow men, everywhere sowing terror and well deserving the name under which he was known as Nimrod means a scarecrow renowned - name (nth) Reputation - Rawhead (râuhèd) Scarecrow.

The dispersion of men is determined and fixed by Phaleg whose translation in Hebrew, is division, "because the land was divided his time" between people speaking different languages. (1) The language of Tectosagians represents us in Phaleg, men pushed to reduce their excessive concentration in one region of the world - to fall, Decrease, - to egg, Push, stir.

Phaleg was the eldest son of Eber, the Hebrews are the descendants of Eber and it

 

(1) Gen. v. X 25.

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they left his name, to testify that his children had him by inheritance promised blessings to Shem and his direct descendants - Heber consists of: to ebb, Down, - Heir (er) Heir.

  IV Abraham and the Patriarchs.  The great Abraham belonged to the line of Heber and Holy Scripture is

careful to call Abram Hebrew, thereby acknowledging the importance attached to this title. Abram, the first name of the patriarch, is the faithful account of specific orders from God. The Lord told him: "Leave your country, your kindred and your father's house and come into the land I will show you.

"I'll leave you a great nation, I bless you, I will make your name known and you will be blessed.

"I bless those who bless you, and I will curse those who curse you, and all peoples on earth will be blessed in you. Abram

- 57 - 

went out as the Lord commanded him, and Lot followed. "(1)The Hebrew-translated by Father Abram shows Ab-ram, And Abraham the

father of a multitude illustrates Ab-ram-amon. This explanation seems a bit obscure though determined by a fact fully consistent with the truth.

Abram, according to the divine command, would not bear in a foreign land which would be shown by God. Leaving his native soil, his family and the house of his father, he actually became a stranger to the inhabitants of the countries he traversed, he imitated the wanderer, going here and there, waiting for his place of residence was determined with certainty - to ape (Spurs) imitate to errTo wander, go here and there ham, Leg - aperrham. The Arabic expression Berrani, And the term foreign Kabyle aberrans, Serving as foreign, confirm this interpretation of the first name Abram.

Obeying the word of God, Abram passed through the land of Canaan, he had to leave soon because of the famine that raged in the country: he retired to Egypt, still protected in a visible manner, and remained there after

 

(1) Gen. v. XII. 1-4.

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some time, he returned to the land of Canaan, with his wife and everything he owned. He was very rich gold and silver abounded in his tent. Lot went with Abram, and he also had flocks and herds of cattle.

A quarrel having arisen between the pastors of Lot and Abram, the latter said to his nephew: "Let there be no, I beg you, of any dispute between you and me, between your pastors and mine, because we are brothers. You have before you the whole earth: go away, I pray you, from me, if you go to the left, I take the right, and if you choose the right, go to the left. "(1)

That fact of life of Abram earned his nephew Lot name - to lotDivide into lots, portions. - Lot chose the country that seemed the most fertile and settled in Sodom.

The inhabitants of this city and neighboring cities, delivered to the excesses of the most shameless debauchery, had incensed against them divine justice. In a trial of a formidable fairness, the Lord had condemned the destruction by fire and the inhabitants of Sodom and the soil itself, which they had defiled - sodThe ground - to Doom (doum) Judge, condemn.

 

(1) Gen. v. XIII. 1-9.

- 59 - But Lot was righteous and God did not wrap in the punishment of the guilty.

Two angels were sent to him for the lead out of this cursed place. The story of the Scriptures will give us the reason why the small city where Lot found refuge, brought in after the name of Segor.

"At daybreak, the angels urged Lot to leave the city, saying get up, take your wife and two daughters, lest you perish yourself in the ruins of the city.

"Seeing it always differed, they took him by the hand and led him away as his wife and two daughters, because the Lord wanted to save him. They took him well outside the city and said: save your life, do not look behind you and do not stop in the country around, but save you on the mountain, lest you are enveloped in the destruction.

"Lot said to them, Lord, as your servant has found favor with you, and you have shown your great mercy towards him with saving my life, see, I pray that I can not save the mountain, because the danger can surprise me and kill me before.

- 60 - "But there is, near a town where I can hide, it is small and I save, you know

it is not great and save my life."The angel answered: I give this thing also to pray that you make me not to

destroy the city for which you speak. Hurry and save you because I can not do anything until you're entered. That is why we gave this city the name of Segor. The sun rose on the earth when Lot entered Segor. "(1)

The essential thought emerging from this story can be translated as angels urged Lot to leave Sodom, for approaching the time set for the punishment, and Lot, in turn, alleging his weakness, sought to delay the time of the Supreme atonement. It took an angel took his hand, forcing it to follow, and then Lot, desperate to salvage some of the inhabitants of the region, asked to take refuge in the small town called Segor: prayer was heard, but, says the angel, hurry up!

The insistence of the angel to repeat that time was pressing is perfectly reproduced in Segor - to say (se) Repeat - to egg, Push, stir, - hour (Haour) Hour time.

 

(1) Gen. v. XIX

- 61 - Lot was safe in Segor, "and the Lord came down from heaven a shower of

fire and brimstone on Sodom and Gomorrah. (1) "Gomorrah reveals the transformation of a beautiful valley in a swamp with stagnant water: to come (bloke) Become - Moor (mour) A swamp. The waters of this lake seem poisoned: they were so dense that the human body can dip into it completely, their bitterness is extreme and they are saturated salt makes them so heavy that the impetuous wind seems powerless to provide them some movement. The banks have a terrible aridity look no meeting point green foliage of the trees to rest. The image of desolation is painted around the curse of God fell in the valley.

"Many travelers, including Troilo and Arvieux," say they have noticed the remains of walls and palaces "in the waters of the Dead Sea. This report seems "confirmed by Maundrell and Father Christmas. The former are "more positive about it, Josephus, who uses a" poetic expression, said they saw at the edge of the lake "shading Cities destroyed. Strabo gives sixty stages "-turn

 

(1) Gen. v. XIX.6

- 62 - 

"Ruins of Sodom. Tacitus speaks of the debris: as the "lake rises or retires with the seasons, it can hide or" discover the skeletons in turn cities "reprobate. "(1)

A few years before these events formidable, Abram was childless, was asked by Sarai to marry her servant Hagar, to accomplish the divine promises. But Hagar little grateful, began to despise her mistress, it outraged his impudence, first complained to Abram and Hagar punished so severely, she forced her to flee. This accident of life Sarai produced this first name - to say (se), Tell, - row (Rawi) Noise, quarrel, high (hai), And violent.

Agar - to hag, Torment, harass - to Hare (wretch), Running here and there - went into Egypt through the desert when an angel appeared to him and ordered him back to his mistress and humble in his hand. He added: 'I will multiply your descendants so that it will be "innumerable ... You forth a son, and you "will call Ishmael because the Lord has heard your" affliction. (2)

 

(1) Journey from Paris to Jerusalem by the Vicomte de Chateau-Briand.(2) Gen. v. XVI. 9-11.

- 63 - Ishmael is the end of friction products enter Sarai and Hagar, the servant was

freed from abuse by his humble docility under the hand of his mistress - to ease (ise) Issue - to maule (maule) Wrinkle.

In announcing the birth of Ishmael, the angel of the Lord said to Hagar: "It will be a proud man and wild he will raise his hand against everyone and everyone will lift a hand against him and he will draw up their tents vis-à- to all its brothers. (1) This is the true picture of the character of Arabs, descendants of Ishmael. Your nature is fiery and passionate, loving with passion the freedom and independence, they have always sought plunder and adventure. Their goatskin tents are housed just a few moments and soon, clearing obstacles still saddled their horses, they eat in a fast race the burning sands of the desert. Their white blanket thrown over their heads like a veil has designated the anxious glances off to travelers who venture across the country barren and treeless - to Hare (here), Running here and there - abb, Wool weft. - Hard to fatigue easily supporting hunger and thirst, disdaining

 

(1) Gen. v. XVI. 12.

- 64 - 

resting on a soft bed, they earned the name of Bedouins under which they are known - bed, Bed, - to Wean (wah) Deny.

Thirteen years had passed since the birth of Ishmael, God appeared to Abram and said, "I am God Almighty, walk before me and be perfect.

"I will covenant with you and I will multiply your seed to infinity ..."Do not you call more Abram, but Abraham, because I've established to be

the father of many nations. "(1)The change wrought by God in the name of the great patriarch is in full on

the last syllable of Abram is in the composition of the Celtic name, hamLeg, which is transformed into Heam (Him) The child has not yet seen the day, and this Heam contains within itself the assurance of the multiplication of his family. Thus, Abram became Abraham abroad - to apeImitate - to errGo here and there - Heam (Him), The child who has not yet been established, - that is foreign to many descendants.

This interpretation by the Celtic language is easy to understand why the Arabs call-

 

(1) Gen. v. XVII. 1-5.

- 65 = 

Ibrahim slow the patriarch father of Ishmael and strain their families.After prescribed circumcision to Abraham as a sign of his covenant, God,

renewing a promise already made a great posterity, said: "You no longer call your wife Sarai, but Sarah. I will bless you and I give her a son that I will bless too. It will be the father of many nations and kings of people shall be of him. "(1)

After the order given by God to Abraham to call his wife Sara, now called the Holy Scriptures Sara, she wrote Sare - to say (se), Say, - to ray (D) Radiate. This radiation around Sara had come from the beautiful posterity announced by the Lord. Abraham was a hundred-year-old Sara and ninety. The patriarch was greatly troubled at the thought that his age and that his wife would probably be a very big obstacle to the accomplishment of the divine word: he believed, however, this word in the inward persuasion that God would operate it for a miracle .

While he was delivered to these anxieties, God says: "Sarah your wife will give you

 

(1) Gen. v. XVII. 15, 16.6a

- 66 - 

a son and name Isaac. I'll make a pact with himself and his descendants so that my covenant with them is eternal. "(1)

"Sarah conceived and bore a son in his old age, in the time that God had said. Abraham gave the name Isaac to his son who was born of Sarah.

And he circumcised him the eighth day according to the command he had received from God ... And Sarah said, God gave me a smile of joy will know who will attend my smile of happiness. (2)

The Hebrew-Chaldean, Isaac derives from the verb tsachak, satisfied smile, be welcomed, and meaning is in perfect ratio with the scripture. In examining the term in its composition Isaac Celtic, we encounter the unerring fulfillment of divine promises, Abraham insurance to issue all the torments of mind caused by the sight of a natural impossibility - to ease (ise) Issue - to hagAnd torment.

Isaac inherited not only the riches of his father, but also of his faith and his obedience to the Lord. Before birth, both his son Esau and Jacob - to jog,

 

(1) Gen. v. XVII. 19.(2) Gen. v. XXI. 2-6.

- 67 - 

grow, to move - up (eup) At the top, overcoat - clashed in the womb of their mother Rebecca, and it alarmed, consulted the Lord said: "Two nations are in thy womb, two peoples divided against each other in emerge, one of these people will overcome the other people and the elder shall serve the younger. The eldest of two children was hairy and he was named Esau, his brother was named Jacob.

Esau was also called Seir - to say (se) Tell - hair (Her) Hair - confirming the statement in the holy books with strange hair on his body was covered. The name of Esau - to Haze (Heze) Frighten - how (Haou) How how - refers to the fury of which he was seized when his brother Jacob after he had first bought his birthright, steals the paternal blessing. Hatred of Esau became so violent that Jacob, full of terror, was forced to flee his home and take refuge for a time with Laban.

It pushed excited by the insistence and advice of his mother Rebecca - rape (Repe) Action to steal, transport, - to egg, Push, exciting - that Jacob had consented to use

 

(1) Gen. v. XXV. 23.

- 68 - 

the trick to remove the maternal blessing intended for his brother Esau.Jacob spent fourteen years with his uncle Laban - to lap, Wrap, twist, - to

Handball, Seize - before marrying Rachel. This time had been his real vexations painful time he wanted to score in the name of Rachel - to Rack, Harass, torment - to garlic (el) Cause pain.

The torments suffered multiplied in the house of Laban allowed Jacob to truly say to Leah and Rachel: "You know that I served your father with all my strength. "He even made use of deception to me, and changed ten" times what I had to have the reward and yet "God does not permit him to hurt me. "(1)

We know by what particular sequence of events in Egypt God led the patriarch Jacob and his many children. Joseph, the joy of his mother Rachel and the hope of its fertility, (2) to Joy (djoï) Welcome, welcome, safe (SEFEE), Except, off danger - had to give his brother the eastern part of Egypt, and

 

(1) Gen. v. XXXI. 6-7.(2) Gen. v. XXX. 23. 24.

- 69 - 

Hebrews had grown to such an extent that the Pharaoh who ruled more by country ignoring the immense services rendered by Joseph in his kingdom, resolved to stop by all means this spread, worrying for his jealous policy. The measures most iniquitous were decreed against the male children of the Hebrews who came to the world, and was ordered to throw them into the Nile. While the young children were murdered as well, public officials overwhelmed the Hebrews under the weight of overwhelming work and made their life very bitter.

  V MOSES AND THE HEBREWS IN THE DESERT.  Moses was born in the midst of these unfortunate circumstances, and his

mother, after having kept hidden for three months, exposed on the riverbank where God's merciful provision by his Providence, Pharaoh's daughter drew. Touched by the beauty of the child, "she adopted for her son and named him Moses, because, she said, I have withdrawn from the water. "(1)

 

(1) Exodus, c. II. 10.

- 70 - The name of Moses denies a strict interpretation by the Hebrew-Chaldean,

however, this name is an allusion to the peculiar position of the child brought to the court of Pharaoh and the action of removing the king's daughter the child's river banks where it was exposed. The adoption of Moses by Pharaoh's daughter had delivered the fieldwork and also the terrible oppression under which his brother groaned. It was not therefore obliged to harvest, transport harvested in barns arranged for that purpose, and this is the explanation simple and clear the name of Moses by the Celtic language - to mow (mo), Harvesting, mowing, - to ease (ise), Issue. - Josephus noted that the name of Moses, delivered the water, the composition was Egyptian, as he says, mo indicates the water and ise translates issue. It is likely that the Egyptian name given to Moses by Pharaoh's daughter meant she had saved from the Nile, while that by which the Hebrews his brethren knew, related mainly to its education king's court.

We will not dwell on the miraculous event in which God led the Hebrews through the desert to take possession of the land of Canaan at the time

- 71 - 

willed by His providence, we'll just add some words that are a demonstration of very sensible speech at that time by the descendants of Jacob. Engaged in the desert, the people after three days of walking in this arid region, managed by a fountain whose water was unfit for drinking because of their bad taste, and he began to murmur. Moses began to pray and the Lord showed him a bush which he threw the wood in water and they became very soft. The waters of this fountain named Mara were not only bitter, they were still corrupt, and repulsive this alteration is clearly indicated by the word Celtic to March, Mar.

Arriving in the desert not far from Sin Sinai, the Hebrews who had consumed the provisions brought from Egypt, indulged in loud murmurs against their leader, and so Moses said: "Tonight, you'll know it" the Lord, who has learned from Egypt, and tomorrow 'morning you'll burst the glory of the Lord ... Moses' added: The Lord gives you in the evening flesh to eat and in the morning, it will grip you bread. "(1)

 

(1) Exod. v. XVI. 6-8.

- 72 - When evening came, many quail covered the camp, and there appeared the

morning in the desert something like grainy and pounded in a mortar, which looked like white frost that covers his ground during the winter. Thus the Lord made manifest his power in the eyes of the Hebrews and brightness divine power has earned the desert part of the name of Sin - shine (Shaine) Shine. - The people at the sight of this extraordinary food to replace the bread, the food staple, said: "Man hu ? "That is to say, what is that? Because they knew what "was. Moses said: "It is the bread that God" gives to eat. "(1)

Both words man hu are quite worthy to be noticed; man, Celtic, means essential, important, hand (hhld), And hu corresponds to the word Celtic how (Haou), How to order it. The Hebrews had to say so: "Is this really the staple food, hand how ? And they called man the food that God distributed throughout the duration of their stay in the desert. They named so because it was really the essential foundation of their diet, taking

 

(1) Exod. v. XVI. 15.

- 73 - 

instead of wheat they could not collect on their journey. We emphasize that expression of a special way, because the adjective Celtic hand (hhld) Primary key, entered the composition of words Menir, dolmen, Designating Celtic monuments, standing stones, and she becomes a valuable aid to the explanation of these terms until the time covered by a veil impenetrable.

Moses was still in the wilderness of Sin when Jethro his father in law came to bring his wife and children. The name of Jethro, prince and priest of Midian, is interesting and summarizes the advice given to Moses for the establishment of inferior courts to deliver justice for the people in the business easier and more common. Jethro saw Moses hard to do justice to people who appeared to him from morning till night, said: "Why do you act thus in regard of the people? "Why are you sitting alone to judge, so that" all these people waiting from morning till evening? "You do not a good thing.

"You get tired and unwisely, you and your" people, through work useless occupation surpasses the "your forces and you can not sustain it alone.

- 74 - "But listen to the advice I give you, and God be with you. Be Diligent to the

people for things pertaining to God ... and teach him what he must do to please the Lord.

"Choose among the people men and farms" God-fearing, truth and full of enemies of greed, and "give them to the conduct of a thousand men to other 'a hundred, the other fifty, and another ten .

"Whether you reserve for big business and they" consider only the smallest: the burden of "justice being shared with others, you become" lighter. "(1)

Moses followed this advice, whose wisdom was apparent, and distributing the burden of administering justice, he was well protected against an occupation quite overwhelming, he believed he could successfully complete without succumbing.

The name of Jethro accurately reproduces the substance of sensible advice given to the inexperience of Moses - to Shade (chedi), Protect, shelter, - raw (rau) New, inexperienced.

It should not be surprising to see any new Moses in the government of the Hebrews,

 

(1) Exod. v. XVIII. 13-22.

- 75 - 

since God had imposed this heavy burden for six weeks.Forty-eight days after leaving Egypt, the Hebrews reached Sinai. In this

place, the people received the religious precepts of the Lord, and judicial policies that should govern. The law was proclaimed there in the midst of dazzling lights, noise bursts of incessant thunder, and the vast splendor of a mountain on fire. This brilliant device in the proclamation of the law was given to this mountain called Sinai - to shine (Shaine) Shine, sparkle, burst - to eye (ai) Watch, keep an eye on. - At the top of Sinai, where God had called him, Moses was ordered to build the tabernacle and the ark of the covenant, the Lord appointed to his servant, namely the two men he had met with intelligence, wisdom and knowledge for inventing everything that art can do with gold, silver and bronze. The interpretation of Bèzeléel - bezel (bezel), Setting of a ring, - to lay (Lé), Make, project, - to ell, Measure, - and that of Ooliab- wool (ououl) Wool - to eye (ai) Keep an eye on - abb, A web of wool - we learn that Bèzeléel had to beat two gold cherubs - share (shere) Sharing - up (eup) At the top - on either side of the mercy seat, while

- 76 - 

Ooliab that was responsible for carrying the rich embroidery curtains of the tabernacle and clothing for the Department of High Priest. (1)

After more than a year's stay at the foot of Sinai, the Hebrews, led by the hand of God, was led into the great solitude of Paran - to fare (ferred) Move, travel - to Handball, Led by the hand - where his tent remained upright until he was ordered to proceed to the promised land to take possession. Moses had sent explorers, and the Hebrews knew the land of Canaan by Joshua was their relationship to the number of these explorers, and probably their leader, since on that occasion Moses changed the name it was previously that of Joshua . The conduct of the nation was later given to Joshua when Moses shortly before his death, he spoke these words to all the assembled people: "Be strong and courageous, because" it is you who will enter this people into the land that God "swore to their fathers to give them, and it's also you who share lots. (2)

 

(1) Exod. v. XXXI.(2) Deut. v. XXXI. 7.

- 77 -  VI  JOSHUA - JESUS SAVIOR. - DAVID AND GOLIATH. Joshua's mission was clearly defined by these words. It was established

warlord of the Hebrews, was to conquer the land of Canaan and share it out between the tribes, but the authority was receiving no point became hereditary in his family: he was simply holding the office of lieutenant Lord, and God had reserved an absolute command of his people. The direct rule of God on the Israelites took from Egypt to exit when the people asked for a king with the same rights as the king of neighboring nations. Samuel, to whom the people had applied for the monarchy, received this proposal with displeasure and offered his prayers to God to know his will, "and the Lord said to him:" Listen to the voice of the people in the things they tell you, because it is not you, but "they reject me, that I should not reign over them ... "But first, let them understand and expressing their" right of the king who will direct them. Samuel explained to the Hebrews

7

- 78 - 

that would be for them the royal authority they sought so insistently, but "the people refused to listen to these" explanations: No, they said we want a king who "governs us. "(1)

The resistance of Samuel to insult the people addressed to God by his request, the response of the Lord and the obstinacy of the people clearly demonstrate the direct exercise of divine authority over the Hebrews. This theocratic government is engraved in the name of Joshua, or Iehosuah, as is the Hebrew text. The first part of the name consists of letters, i, hey, u, i, enclosed in Jehovah, and the second part includes the word to sway (sty), Govern, control, and both parties in their meeting, produce IosouéIs to say, Government of Jehovah.

Hebrew-Chaldean is powerless to translate literally Joshua. The only words she could advance to its interpretation is iehoscua, Savior, and she is still very far from the exact composition of Joshua. Also the Hebrew translation of Joshua by iehoscua, savior, she is assumed that the name of Jesus, Saviour and Redeemer of the genus

 

(1) First Bk. Kings. v. VIII.

- 79 - 

human, was derived from the same root as the angel appearing to Joseph addressed him: "Joseph son of David, fear not to take with" you Mary your wife, because what is born it is " the work of the Holy Spirit and bear a son who "will give you the name Jesus, because he will save himself," even by delivering his people from their sins. "(1)

The meaning of savior and deliverer must be enclosed in the name of the Lord Jesus, after the explanation of the angel, and the expression of this sense is perfectly rendered by the two verbs Celtic to ease (ise), Issue, to sway (sty) Order, govern, which perfectly match printed in Hebrew characters IssaJesus, and is a significant difference between the name of Joshua and that of Jesus. The Arabic language confirms this difference between the two names, we know that the Arabs translated, Jesus son of Mary, Mariam Ben Aissa.

These interpretations of Hebrew names so easily by the language of Tectosagians we prove that the latter language was that of the first time. To complete the proof and

 

(1) Saint Math. v. I. 21.

- 80 - 

make, so to speak, tangible, we can try again to break the two names of David and Goliath.

Everyone knows the incidents of single combat between David and Goliath. However, it is necessary to recall some details that explain fully the name given by the Hebrews in the Philistine giant. The army of the Philistines and Saul's soldiers were present when standing before Goliath battalions of Israel cried out to them: 'Why are you fight? Am I not the Philistine, and "you servants of Saul? choose a man among you, and he comes to fight alone.

"If he can fight me and beat me, we are your slaves, but if I am myself and that I won the" kill, you will be our slaves and you will serve. "

"And the Philistine said:" I challenged every day "battalions of Israel and I told them: Give me a man," and he comes to fight against me.

"But this Philistine arose to battle the morning 'and evening, and he does so for forty days." (1)

 

(1) First Bk. Kings. v. XVII. 8-16.

- 81 - The goal, the end of the fight was proposed by the Philistine subjugation of

the vanquished to the victor, looking at the stature of the giant, the Hebrews were terrified, and the bold Philistine could throw forty times his challenge to the bravest of Saul's soldiers, without anyone daring to raise - goal (gol), Goal, purpose to eye (ai) See, look - to add, Add. -

But a handsome young man, indignant at these outrages, armed only with a sling and a stick, offered to defeat Goliath in the name of the Lord of hosts. Giant advanced with a sneer, but "David hastened and" ran to battle. He reached into his wallet, he "took a stone, hurled from his sling - davit (Devit) "Reel - and struck the Philistine on the forehead. The stone "sank in front of the Philistine, and he fell face" against the ground, (1) - to va (daive) - Sink - to hit"Hit."

These examples seem to be sufficient to provide strong support for the assertion that the Celtic language and in fact the primitive language, and we will not pursue further this beginning of etymological studies on the descendants of Shem.

 

(1) 1 Liv. Kings. v. XVII. 48, 49.7a

  CHAPTER III 

  

LANGUAGE PUNIC 

 I AFRICA - PHUTH - Numidia and MOORS

 Among the descendants of Ham we will retain only Phuth, his third son,

which commentators believe the Scriptures to be the strain of the first inhabitants of North Africa. The African continent is one of the most striking contrast. In the parts crossed by streams of considerable size, heat joining in soil moisture produced in the trees and plants of vegetation vigor and power admirable, but the regions where rivers have a low volume of water, freshness and fertility disap-

- 83 - 

raissent under the action of a burning sun, and the desert appears with its terrible aridity. In the most extensive of these deserts, the Sahara, the vast plains of burning sand are carried to the eye. The dangers are extreme, as the impetuous of the desert wind, the sand stirred roll like the waves of an angry sea. Woe travelers that simoon in its rapid course, involved in meeting these shores fatal! The sand whipped around them, seized them, buried them under the weight of their bodies piled - afer (éfeur) Wind south-west rick (rik) A heap.

Although it may seem necessary, in speaking of Africa, to deal with the Egyptians, however, we will put aside their monuments and the long list of their kings. The labyrinth of Egypt and Misraim, first king of the country, we just stop for a moment. Misraim, second son of Cham, we offer a proof of the security and veracity of Moses in the counting of heads of people from the three son of Noah and the institutions he attributes to them, claims that are the basis Scientific unshakable. Misraim is famous as the first king of Egypt, it nevertheless deserves to be reported differently because of architectural fantasy bequeathed by him to the ages

- 84 - 

future and which they, in their ingratitude, have forgotten the author.The ancients had built some monuments in different parts called labyrinths,

and most renowned of Crete were attributed to Daedalus, and that of Egypt, whose architect was learned remained unknown. Herodotus Labyrinth Egyptian work of twelve kings, while Pliny think Tithoès one shall claim the glory. From the description given by Herodotus of the building, twelve palaces were enclosed in a single enclosure. Fifteen hundred apartments, interspersed with terraces were arranged around twelve main rooms, and communications were arranged so that those who engaged in the palace were powerless to find the exit. There were still fifteen hundred underground apartments. This construction was it a monument dedicated to the sun, like Pliny seems to think, or was it intended for the burial of kings? Was not it rather a caprice, a whim of a skilful architect whose men had forgotten? Misraim alone can put us on track and show us the end of this labyrinth of assumptions, admitting that he is the author of this strange building, consisting of long rows of apartments and due to fan silent,

- 85 - 

silent on a whim of his mind - Maze (meze) Maze, or else to Maze (meze) Astray, embarrass - row (Rô) Row row, - Whim (houim), Whim, fancy.

If Misraim his secret book without difficulty, it is not the same with Phuth, third son of Ham. This odd name does not present itself, in its monosyllabic form, no sense that the mind can be satisfied with. It should be divided into two syllables, so it offers a reasonable meaning is accurately reporting the character and clothing of peoples and Libya which Gaetules Puth is the father.

Enemies of the Egyptians, they differed in a most sensitive, Libya and Gaetules led a nomadic life, wandering through the meadows - lea (li), Meadow - by (bai), Through, -, and were remarkable for the peculiar shape of their cloaks - to get (watch) Have - hull, An outer cover, a mantle. - The distinctive emblem of the coat of Gaetules was in the hood, and hooded Algeria seems to be a part of traditional clothing worn by Puth and his descendants. The Gaetules have only allowed, by the sight of their coats, hoodies, enter the composition of their ancestor's name Puth - foe (Fo) Enemy - to Hood (Houd), Put a hood.

- 86 - In his writing on the war waged by the Romans against Jugurtha, Sallust

gives the first inhabitants of North Africa, some very interesting details. According to him, Africa was first occupied by the Gaetules and Libya. They were, he said, a tough and uncompromising nature, fed on wild fruits of the soil and the flesh of wild beasts. Laws, leaders, their civilization were unknown wandering to and fro, they stopped in the place where the night was the surprise. But Sallust continues after the death of Hercules, arrived in Spain after the belief of the Africans, his army composed of various peoples and deprived of its head, spread in all directions. The Medes, Persians and the Armenians who were part of his army, crossed the sea in ships and took possession of our coastal sea Persians were directed mainly on the side of the ocean, finding nothing in the fields materials for the construction of their houses, they used the inverted hulls of their ships by way of housing. They mingled with Gaetules gradually through alliances, and because they frequently changed place after the fertility of the country they met, they gave themselves the name of Numidia. Moreover,

- 87 - 

construction Numidian campaign, oblong and covered with arched brick (tile-channel) are called by them mapalia.

The Libya allied with the Medes and Armenians: they occupied the land by the sea African Gaetules while longer lived in the distant land in the land burned by a hot sun. The cities of Libya possessed early, and separated from Spain by a simple strait, they were trading. Gradually Libya impairing its imposing their name and called themselves, in their barbarous language, instead of Medes Moors.

The affairs of Persia were soon become prosperous and shortly after, away from their fathers because of their numbers too great, they occupied under the name of Numidia, the country lying around Carthage and has been called the Numidia. Gradually subjugating their neighbors, they made a name full of glory because Gaetules were more warlike than Libya: Finally, the lower part of Africa fell under the domination of Numidia, and all those whom they conquered , joined them and took their name.

All information given by Sallust is invaluable and spread some light on the origins of these Africans, but we

- 88 - 

are surprised that it deprives them of free laws, and civilization leaders. They might well not have written laws, but it is difficult to deny them the traditions certainly forming the basis of their legislation. It seems difficult, indeed, what has brought significant difference in the lives of these people since they live in the African soil. Always covered with their coats, hoodies, constantly looking for new pastures for their herds that can provide abundant food, preserving through centuries babitudes their nomadic, we still find, at almost exactly, such as Sallust describes . The houses that the author means by Latin mapalia - to map, Trace, - lobby, Home - could not give up much of the population to go in any direction the country to lead the flocks in pastures new and fresh - New (niou) Again - mead (Mid) Meadow.

The owners of Numidia were beautiful horses, and we know with what meticulous care Africans to bring them up with them all the nervous energy and enthusiasm they wish to see in them. However, despite the strength of these great beasts, Numidians were powerless to cross the immense

- 89 - 

deserts of Africa and the camel alone was first proposed to cover these vast deserts, because of its extreme simplicity and singular disposition of his stomach that contains a bag filled with water (1) forming an admirable reserves that will spend several days without water. Camels are very numerous in the West African Moors and the look with reason as the main wealth of a family. Former Libya Gaetules knew very well the reason for the sobriety of the camel and the ease with which he traveled for many days without stopping at a source to quench the thirst, so they used it in preference to horse to venture in the wilderness. This use of the camel in ordinary travel, and the certain knowledge of a pocket full of water in the stomach of this animal are useful because of the name of Moors, given to Libya involved Armenians and Medes of West Africa - maw (Mau) Paunch, crop, - to wear (Ouèrè), Use, have on its own to use. - Expression maw (Mau) Indeed describes the camel, because in the language of Tectosages a cloth made of camel hair called mohair.

Sallust, adopting the belief of African killed Herculean Spain, and claims that its Guer-

 

(1) Daubenton. Cuvier.

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couriers leaving Iberia passed on African soil. For us, we will try to rely on certain facts narrated by mythology, and despite his bouts of insanity, she will miss some light on this historical point. Mauritania was to her the garden of the Hesperides containing trees with golden apples. A hundred-headed dragon was in charge of their care, and constantly open eyes on the precious fruits, he uttered a horrible hiss. Hercules promised to Eurystheus, king of Mycenae, to bring him the golden apples of the Hesperides. He was transported in Mauritania, in the midst of Atlantis, slew the dragon and, seizing the golden apples, he returned triumphantly to offer them to Eurystheus.

By changing the name of the hero of this story, the narrative of Sallust is all lit by the light of the true truth. The Gallic nation is represented here by Hercules, and the mythology itself gives us the theme, saying that the Galatians warrior renowned for his feats and his virtues, and also king of the Gauls, was the son of Hercules. She then insinuates Hercules, that is to say, the heroic Gallic family, like a rising tide and pervasive, having flooded Europe, reached the heart of Spain, and saw its flow inordinate lapse

- 91 - 

the long and stubborn resistance of the Iberians. Only part of the vast army crossed the sea and took over the beautiful valleys at the foot of the Atlas, which grow abundantly in the orange and lemon trees on their splendid golden apples. The Atlantis, Libya and Gaetules have lived with the conquerors and became the Moors and the powerful Numidian cavalry which was so feared by the Romans.

 II THE GENERAL OF CARTHAGE - THE KINGS Numidia. The Numidian later saw a colony of Phoenicians landing on their shores and

to establish settlements. The city of Carthage was built there, 888 years before Jesus Christ, by Dido, Tyrian princess. Addicted to trade, Carthage enriched, grew rapidly and expanded its possessions on the African coast and the coasts of Spain, attractive primarily for its mines of gold and silver. Become a warrior by the obligation incumbent upon it to support her business, she raised armies composed of mercenaries which it could

- 92 - 

hardly be proud. Numidians, Iberians, Gauls abounded, but these warriors of borrowing remained only in his service when able general knew the lead to victory and plunder. A battle lost infuriated these foreign soldiers, and they massacred the unfortunate generals who had failed to conduct their impetuosity. This need to win may be contained in itself the secret of the skill of the brilliant and fearless Carthaginian general.

The Phoenicians who founded Carthage, spoke the language of Canaan, and this language, despite many dissimilarities should show a close relationship with one of Numidia. But is this really the language of Carthage must be attributed the name of Carthage, and that name would belong not it rather than the Numidian and Moorish? We believe that the Numidian language can easily claim it, and, by closely examining the actual language of the Kabyle, ensured that it is made of puns and therefore the only Punic - to pun (Pon) Pun.

This assertion does not seem unfounded, if we compare names of illustrious generals Carthaginians mentioned by history with those Numidian kings, and can be felt in the names

- 93 - 

Carthaginians own some resistance to interpretation, while the names will give in willingly Numidian monosyllables which form them.

Hamilcar, father of the famous Hannibal gave the Romans in Sicily against the clear evidence of military skill. Continuing with a stubborn zeal prosperity and expansion of the empire Carthaginians - to AIM (em), Direct - weal (yes!), Prosperity, - to care (Ker), Taking the trouble to - he submitted the coast of Africa to the Great Ocean, and from Spain, he took the west coast of that country. He had on his repeated insistence, brought with him the young Hannibal, to introduce him to the leadership of an army and science of war. Amilcar was also with him, said Cornelius Nepos, a handsome young man, Hasdrubal, who accused him of loving more than he should have done. Then it happened, the Inquisitor of the mores forbade him to keep his house in Hasdrubal. Amilcar, he decided to give his daughter in marriage to this young man, he was in their habits, they could not defend a son to live with her stepfather. We report this fact, Cornelius Nepos says, because, after the death of Amilcar killed in battle, Hasdrubal became the

 Eight

- 94 - 

Chief of the army. Hannibal did not take command after the death of Hasdrubal assassinated by a slave Lusitanian chief.

The fact told by Cornelius Nepos gives intelligence training named Hasdrubal. Pressed he was by the Inquisitor of the mores, Amilcar trying to stop the noise, however annoying and wanting to keep Hasdrubal with him, hastened to give his daughter in marriage - to haste (hester), Make haste - row (Rawi) Noise - to pall (paul), Cut, weaken.

The presence of Hasdrubal in the house of his father and his elevation to the head of the army after the death of Hamilcar Hannibal had to be a source of trouble, in fact, be under the command of his brother, the growth of his military genius was continuously compressed. So we had rightly called Hannibal, which is to say, tired of carrying the vapid life of a junior officer, - to annoy (Annoyer), Annoy, - to pall (paul) Become insipid.

We just report the exploits of this great captain and are fairly well known and are not also useful to our purpose.

The difficulty of interpretation presented by these names Carthaginian generals no longer exists in those Numidian kings and Celtic expressions take place with greater ease.

- 95 - After the Second Punic War, Carthage had lost everything, his empire, his

wealth, his business: he was just life as Chim, Head of Numidia and ally of the Romans, sought to remove him. The Numidian, who has lived a century, still stood night and day on horseback, at the age of ninety years, harassing the unfortunate Carthaginians without truce or thank you. Cavalier indomitable Chim knew no rest in a house or in the inns which he professed to laugh - mass, Cluster - to inn, Stay in a hostel - to hiss, Mock.

"After the victories over the Carthaginians and the" taking of Syphax - to see (if), Thinking, - to face (FEE) "Confront, brave, - whose empire stretched far into" Africa, the Romans gave to the King Chim "all of the cities and lands he had taken his hand." (1)

The old Numidian was always the faithful ally of the Romans and left his kingdom to his son Micipsa his two other son, and Mastanabal Gulussa had been abducted by the disease. Sallust silent about their lives, merely naming and establishing single-

 

(1) Sallust, Bell. Jug.

- 96 - 

tion that Mastanabal was the father of Jugurtha. Mastanabal probably did not have the wild energy of his father Chim, as its name says terrified of becoming the leader of a nation so great - mass, cluster assembly - Thane (Thene) Head - to Appalachian, .- As Gulussa frightening, its name clearly denoted habits of deception - to gull (gules) Deceive, fool, to use (ious) Used to, use -.

Macipsa, now head of Numidia became known not only by the weakness of his character, letting loose and missing all the favorable opportunities to further expand the extensive land bequeathed by his father - to Miss, Fail, lose, - to heap (hip) Heap - to say (se), Ie, tell-.

This prince had adopted his nephew Jugurtha, and had come into the kingdom shares with his two son Adherbal and Hiempasl. Darling of the Romans because of the war as he had demonstrated at the headquarters of Numancia, where Micipsa sent him with the secret hope to see him die, admired as the most ardent hunter of lions and boldest rider Throughout Africa, Jugurtha was devoured by the ambition to own one of Numidia. Counting on the venality of the Romans, he first murdered

- 97 - 

Hiempsal - to eye (ai) Consider - to AIM (em) Direct - dirty (sele), Sales, market, - the youngest of his rivals.

Adherbal bothered him again, because the Senate was split between him and Numidia Adherbal. Jugurtha adds another crime, attacks, despite opposition from the Romans, Adherbal in a city where he had fled, seized the last heir of Micipsa and destroyed in torment - to addAdd - Heir (Her) Heir - to pall (paul), Shoot-.

Jugurtha was so high, by two horrendous crimes, to the throne of Numidia, and it was only fair that his name rapportât to future generations - to juke (djiouke) Lifted - to Hurt (clash), Harm, to injure -

Delivered to the Romans by the treachery of Bocchus - to balk (Bauke) Wrong - her stepfather, King of Mauritania - maw (Mau) Rumen - to wear (Ouèrè) Wear, have on its own to use, - to hit, Strike - Handball, Hand - Jugurtha was thrown into a dark dungeon where he was put to death by torture of hunger.

After the conquest of Numidia by the Romans, colleges were established in major African cities for the study of Greek and Latin literature: however, the Punic language never ceased to be spoken in its integrity and

8a

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which proves it is the name given to the Punic late fourth century AD, the greatest genius that Africa has ever produced, St. Augustine. At barely twenty-eight years, having taught all human knowledge at the time, he professed brilliantly rhetoric at Carthage and a few years later to Milan, where he was baptized by St. Ambrose in 387. High intelligence, eager for all science and truth above all, subtle and penetrating mind, with a rousing speech and logical reasoning of a steadfast, St. Augustine certainly deserves the name Eagle meetings, which gave fairly and happiness - Hawk (Hauk) Hawk - hustings (heusstings), Assembly hall.

 III Kabyle. It is accepted in history as the Carthaginians were distinguished from other

peoples by the finesse and cunning. Designed to serve their trade, the spirit of cunning trickery produced a black, and the latter vice was so well known that to express the most flagrant bad faith, "said a Punic or Carthaginian faith. However

- 99 - 

bad faith did not belong only to the Carthaginians and Gulussa, son of Chim, we have enough built on deception its usual habits and also those of Numidia.

The Kabyle are the descendants of Numidia and unchallenged by a name affects a different form, the manners of this querulous people show themselves openly accusing the formation of the name of Kabyle - to cavil, Quibble .- The Moors, with respect to the chicane, have nothing to envy the inhabitants of Great Kabylia Southern Atlas.

Each other and take every opportunity to prove how great their dishonesty and perfidy. The Algerian Kabyle mountains deserve rather the name of Berbers, who they are, however, attributed with good reason. In a surprising sobriety, a few figs and some bread sufficient for their food and their homes, an extreme destitution, to mark the manners of a people accustomed to poverty and energy to bear the loss any well-being - to Bear (REO) Bear - to bare (bere) Rob.

The Berbers showed great honesty in their relationships. It comes without

- 100  

doubt that, for several centuries, Christianity has flourished in their country, and this cause is more than sufficient to the mores of a people acknowledge the radical change made by the exact practice of the evangelical precepts. In spite of Muslim despotism that has saturated Mohammedanism, the Berbers had not lost the memory of the Christian religion, and they proudly show the cross tattoos they wear on their hands or their arms. Traditions are a big part of the mores of Algerian Kabyle; trait resemblance to the Celtic family of highly reflects the truth of the assertions of Sallust. You can still see it blossom among them the constitution once governed Gaul and Caesar as described.

"It has been said many times," says General Daumas in his "writing KabyliaThat Kabila was the Switzerland of Algeria. "If this comparison is just at the point of view" topographical, it is not least in terms of "the political constitution. Taken together, the "Kabylie is a conglomeration of tribes that govern" themselves, according to the tradition and principles "were introduced into use manners.

- 101 - 

"But what principally distinguishes the organization" of the Swiss Federal one of Kabylia, is among "the first, the character of permanence. The federation "among the latter being accidental, is reduced to the" proportions of an alliance born of the necessities of the moment "and ceases with them. The dominant character of the constitution Kabyle is the absolute independence of the tribe vis-à-vis other tribes and each tribe, in a word "form a separate state."

This unique organization of Kabyle Algerian clearly reveals the influence exerted Gallic among older Gaetules and Libya, and there is not even their features which confirm the presence of Celts in Northern Africa, because, says General Daumas, "many of Kabyle have blue eyes and red hair." One could attribute these characteristics to the mixture of natural Vandals invaders, but as the last people also belonged to the family of Gomer he had to play stronger characters printed by the Berbers in the first mixture of Gallic blood.

We noticed how easily the Punic language, its puns, knew how to create the proper names of men. Common names

- 102 - 

also offer similar combinations and are associated in several monosyllables, whole sentences with a rigorous and precise. We choose in the Kabyle language some of these expressions that can be observed how carefully the wonderful words, nouns or verbs, are composed.

The former head of North Africa probably does not raise bees, whose swarms propagated freely in the hollow trunks of trees or the rocks. These bees, little accustomed to the proximity of men and animals cruelly tormented travelers who passed by their house and disturbed by their stinging bites of the peace march. This is the meaning of the word bee in Kabyle thizizouith, Plural thizizoua - to Striptease (tize) Torment - ease (ize) Peace, - way (yeah) Path -.

We use this interpretation to the plural thizizouaBut by freeing us own endings in the singular or plural, the meaning of thizizouith becomes even easier and clearer, since it is then the hum of an insect unwelcome and disturbing the peace - to Striptease (tize) Annoy, - ease (ize), Rest - to whiz (houiz) Humming

- 103 - 

ner. The word honey in Kabyle TamentitReproduces the thought that the sweetness always ends tame and tame - to tame (system), Tame, tame, to end, Finish.

The terms are certainly Punic exact expression patterns of these peoples, and that truth manifests itself powerfully in the verb crawl in Kab. mour'edh. For us, it's crawling forward in the manner of the snake, but a Numidian is to engage in the tall grass of swamp and go forward without being seen - Moor (mour), Swamp, - to head (hed) Lead -.

The verb crush in Kab. r'otWe said what the people think of a man who lets himself be surprised by the heat, raw (rau), New, inexperienced, - hot, Hot, hot - it must be, in fact, no experience of their exposure to hot sun for his fires at certain times of day.

When we transmit that Sallust Libya and Gaetules lived as nomads, he forgets to tell us that the bare earth do not they liked to take their rest was really a layer too painful, so they had care of remedy this by extending their weary limbs on a good "mat" in Kab. aguerthil- to ake (Eke), Hurt,

- 104 - 

be painful - Earth (Erth), Earth - to Heal (hil) Address.We might think that the Numidian, because of their fiery nature, liked the

noise and strife, but their language belies that thought for a man engaged in the racket is a man of "vile" amekrouth- to make (Meke) Do - row (Rawi), Noise noise -.

There, in the Kabyle language, many monosyllabic words, in these words and their corresponding Celtic, there is always a striking correlation of ideas. So grind, in Kab. zed, Refers to to sate (Sète), And feast: on fire, in Kab. Tight 'Derives from to sear (sir), Burn: night, in Kab. idh, Has to heed (HID), Beware: vilify, in Kab. Simes, isamCorresponds to to shame (chem) To shame.

This warlike people knew the good sword fight, and restraint in the strong hand of his warriors, the sword fell straight on the head of the enemy with a shrill whistle sword Kab. leads iskim- to hiss, Whistle, - Keen (kin) Acute, sharp .-

The verb in the language retains abdicate Numidian perfect sense: we give, we in this expression taken by itself, meaning

- 105 - 

a voluntary renunciation of sovereign power: the Numidian see it as an heir, sometimes chosen freely, and in many cases received by force, that is to say imposed: abdicate in Kab. leads tekher- to take (Teke), Take, receive - Heir (Her), Heir.

It is not until our common salt, in Kab. thaqsoultWho did the honors of a compound word - to take (Teke), Take - to Salt (sault), Season with salt, salt.

We could add other words Kabyle their decomposition and their significance in the light, but the examples are numerous enough to show in the Punic language a perfect pass that preceded language Babel.

We ought not however conclude this brief overview, without interpreting the term aroumi applied by the Kabyle in French. Taken collectively, the French are known in Kabylia, in the name of Afransis but the French, taken by itself is, the Berber, the man who has subjugated, who surpassed in military valor, to whom he must bow as they bow to the superiority, and to contain a single word in his admiration, the French, is "the Great" - aroumi- roomy (Roumi), Large -.

   CHAPTER IV. 

  

FAMILY Japheth. 

 I GOMER AND HIS SON.

  We have already observed that Gomer, the eldest son of Japheth, was the

heir of Japheth distinguishing physical qualities of his brothers Shem and Ham. Gomer is the strain of the great Celtic family, and St. Jerome and Josephus do not hesitate to call his descendants Gomériens and Cimmerians. The Galatians established in Asia belong, according to St. Jerome, in the same family or Cimmerian Cimbric. Most of these Galatians were Tectosages from the south of Gaul to the pursuit of military adventures.

 - 107 - Three son of Gomer, Asken, Riphath Thogorma and are appointed by the

Scriptures because they were leaders of nations.Some descendants of Asken - to ask, Claim, - Keen (kine), Very cold,

penetrating - Haze (Heze), Fog, mist, - bound for northern Europe, were not afraid to settle in a country with intense fog, Germany, appointed by the Hebrews Asken, while others stood nearby in Asia Medes. They became allies in the war against Babylon, and with the Medes they sacked the city, after these words of Jeremiah: "Call cons Babylonian kings of Ararat, Menni and Asken." (1)

Josephus believed Riphath and children occupied Paphlagonia, on the southern shores of the Euxine, and it seems well qualified for the name of

Riphath indicates a sailor versed in maneuvering related to the sails of ships - to Reef (rif), Make rice, reef the sails, - to addAdd -.

On the same Josephus Thogorma think I lived in the Great Phrygia, his name 

(1) Jer. v. 51. v. 27.

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unveil the inventor of silk fabrics - tow (te) Tow, tow, - to Hawk (Hauk) Peddle - worm (oueurm), Ver.

The other children of Gomer that Genesis does not name, probably stayed with him and formed the great Celtic family, who came to establish the center of its dominance in Gaul, after crossing, along the Danube, the Europe - to errGo here and there - to Hope (Hope) Hope - still uninhabited.

If we could know the former names of Gomer that children have left after them in their slow migration to the West, it seems incredible that these names are easily explained by the language of Tectosagians and provide valuable information on their progress and their various stages throughout Europe.

 II TUBAL and Iberians.

 Among the brothers of Gomer, Tubal is the only one that interests us now.

He had settled with his family or his people at the foot of the Caucasus Mountains between the Black Sea and the Sea

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Caspian. This position was Tubal and his children hardy seamen, and his name justifies this thought, since Tubal means a house, a house-shaped tub - tub (dick) Tub, tank, - lobby (haul) Building, room -.

Ptolemy refers to the descendants of Tubal with the name of Tobéliens, while Josephus knew them as that of Iberians. Some of these Iberians left the country in which they had first spread, and putting himself, according to Basque traditions, under the leadership of Tharsis, nephew of Tubal, they faced the perils of navigation, search 'a new country in which they could settle, retaining their customs and mores specific. It is quite ironic that the name of Tharsis, Iberian emigrants head, due to the Celtic language as well as that of Tubal. He reveals that the vessels of the Iberians, whatever form they might elsewhere, were well paved and in condition to keep the sea - tar, Tar, sailor, - to size (saiz), Coat of slime -.

Iberians were they that name before moving to Spain, or have they received when both Celtic peoples have faced in the south of Gaul? It would be difficult to assert an absolute manner of garlic-

9

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theirs, the solution of this question seems unnecessary. The only thing we wanted to make is that the Iberians were a very thinly scattered population, where the Celts saw and drowned, so to speak, into the sea with their huge nation.

Carried by their vessels on the coast of Hispanic peninsulas, while the Celts slowly followed the Danube, it is not surprising that the Iberians have quietly occupied Spain, and are scattered on the ground Gauls still empty until the arrival of the Celts has gradually driven beyond the Pyrenees.

The Basques are rightly perceive as the true descendants of the Iberians, which fully retained their traditions and a particular language.

A few bold spirits wanted to make these Basques of primitive man, with no report, no association with other human varieties that have preceded them in the world. This idea is in complete contradiction with what we said in Genesis: "Noah had three son who came out of the ark, Shem," Ham and Japheth. These are three of son Noah, and it is "out of them what

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"The whole race of men who are on earth." (1)The Holy Scriptures contain the unalterable truth, it is absolutely necessary

that the Basque language, which we would consider as not related to any other, is in fact one of many branches primitive language .

This language, preserved in the mountains by men of iron, a stubborn and indomitable courage, was perpetuated in a remarkable purity and his training shows in a certain branch of the language spoken by Noah and Japheth since it is a compound whose elements are taken in the primitive language.

The Basque language is thereby unable to give any reasonable description, since each concept form already a complete sentence, and so it no longer possesses the basic words, and come to associate to form new expressions stating various qualities of men or of nature that it would present a true picture. This important fact explains how the Iberians had to undergo

 

(1) Gen. v. IX. v. 18. 19.

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Neimheid names imposed by the Gauls and expressing, through a combination of monosyllables Celtic, they were themselves unable to translate.

Besides, the names of Cantabria, Gascony, and Vardulles Iberians were given to them, are made with so much truth in the heart of their manners, they were unable either to change or reject them.

Before explaining the specific names of these Iberian tribes, we will try to interpret a few words of Basque to his affiliation with the primitive language is unmistakable.

 III BASQUE LANGUAGE.

 It is interesting to note, by the formation of Basque words, what was done at

Babel confusion of language. The new words no longer have the same simplicity, they express the association of primitive terms, the proposals sometimes portrayed, sometimes telling a historical fact and reality. These new combinations are also easily observed in

- 113 - 

Kabyle language in the Basque language, however, it reproduces in greater purity and captures, so to speak, by the way, surprising philosophical thoughts, pictures of manners that leave nothing to be desired.

In the language of the descendants of Tubal, "men, ghizônac, are beings with customs, that is to say, the unwritten laws, and as custom or unwritten law, is the manifestation of will be governed by reason, this definition of man as "ghizônac" relates perfectly to the most accurate definitions that have been made, - As (guaïse), Custom, - to Own (ôn) Possess. - The syllable ac is this word that the plural ending.

These beings customs carefully preserved the memory of the bold actions, courageous and entrusted to the memory of their children to transmit to posterity, and this is the meaning of "history, Konde - to con, Learn by heart, - to dare (sidered), Dare to have the boldness -.

Habit learn by heart the brilliant actions made by the warriors, however, does not prove that writing was not known. The Basque has the verb "to write, ichkiribatzia."

9a

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The existence of this verb in the language clearly presupposes the use of specific character set and transmit speech. We probably do not know the shape of characters, the Basques were using, but this form is irrelevant, since it varies with each nation. We still do not know what paper they drew on the characters of their writing, but it would be unfair to deny them the knowledge and use of a solid and light as what were the thin provided by the Egyptian papyrus. The blades or tunics forming stem of the papyrus numbered about twenty. Each tunic by a sheet, it is conceivable that a single stem of a shrub ten feet high would provide many sheets of any length. The pressed sheets, beaten, stuck, and polished were the subject of extensive trade in the ancient world, and all peoples have the right to use papyrus to write contracts for the sale and purchase, letters and agreements between individuals. We give these details because of the curious phrase "quire" contained in the Basque verb write, "ichkiribatzia." Quire Celtic translates into "a quire of paper" and words together in ichkiribatzia says that writing, c is be

- 115 - 

itching to add, accumulate, piling the hands of paper - to itch, Itching, - quire (qouaïre), A quire of paper, - to heap (Hip) pile up, accumulate, - to addAdd -.

The brown skin that is so easily distinguish the Iberian Celts, is recalled in the word "face, bisaiya" - BICE (BAIC), Pale green - high (hai), Speaking very dark in color.

Among the Celts there were three distinct classes of people: priests, nobles and the people. This constitution is also found in the nation Tubalienne, since the death of a Spaniard, the heir vassal paying a fee to the lord of the fief: this feature is revealed by the term "heriotzea, death" because heriot Celtic language, means the fee paid by the heir to the lord of the fief to the death of the vassal. Moreover, the uses of the Celts seem to revive in the Basque language, so a death is expressed by "hilbat, that is to say an eminence HillA mound: the syllable beats hilbat is in an indefinite article in French to meet and. The expression hilbat announced that the Iberians entrusted their dead to the earth, and yet it is certain that at least some time pen ing, they have delivered to flam-

- 116 - 

Meas. The custom of burning the dead on a pyre has been introduced among the Iberians of Spain, while at the time of the formation of their language they followed the practice of other peoples who buried.

We know how much these people liked to fight the noise of weapons made him smile, and die on the battlefield was the only ambition of a warrior so there is nothing surprising that the word die " Hiltz hiltzia or "presents the image of the sword - hilt, Handle a sword.

The "iron, Burdines, this heavy metal - to Burden, Load embarrass - formidable warriors in their hands, that was heavy arm of the coward, for he alone was a burden, a burden and an embarrassment.

Private invincible, they could not bear the shame of a defeat to be defeated, it was for them to have to stand shamefully sat on a bench in their home, the insulting jeers of the enemy: this is the meaning picturesque " defeated benzutua - to bench, Sit on a bench - hut, Cabin - Giddy (hiou) Booed -.

What a shame for brave men of being exposed, helpless, insults and derision, while going slightly and proudly among them the triumphant "vain-

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victor, benzutzaïla - to bench, Sit on a bench - hut, Cabin - to sail (Sel), Go slightly -.

Both winners should they be without great pity, since the "massacre, sackaïla" was for them a proud sacking - to sack, Sack, loot, - Highly (Haile), Proudly -.

The Basque language present in the composition of his words of knowledge we dare not even suspect material, and it ensures that some of the ports where they moored the vessel was closed by a lock that is the meaning of " sea Itxasoa - to Hitch, Moor, - sifts, Lock, - to owe (O)Be obliged -.

Bold sailors, the Basques were exposed to disastrous wrecks and they were confined in the expression itself "shipwreck urigaldua, therefore certain, make haste to run directly before the wind - to hurryTo hasten, - to scabies, Running before the wind, - due (dieu) Directly -.

The Iberians had their days of work and also their feast days work, it was exciting to take up arms in haste, as was the "working day, haste eguna "- to hasteTo hasten, - to egg, Excite, -

- 118 - 

gun, Weapon -. But when came the "day of celebration, besta eguna" Woe to him who ran to arms, because he was violently abused by the staff - to pooh (beste) Beaten, abuse, - to egg, Excite, - gun, Gun.

The "dark ilhuntasuna" only interrupted the daily hardships of the chase - to Heal (hil), Appease - to hunt, Hunt - and when, in their wanderings, fatigue forced them to take a temporary rest in the shadowy depths of the woods, the "shadow itzala" devoured their excessive zeal warm - to eat (it) Devour - zeal, Hard - and putting their head under a rock or a tree trunk, they called them the "sleep, loghitea - log, Log, log, - to hit, Touch, reach -.

The homes of the Iberians were what they are today, at least for part of the population most needy. They lived in caves they pierced during the rainy day and "bad weather, dembora tcharra - den, Cave to boron, Drill, - shower (chaoueur) Shower, sleet -.

They adorned the branches of trees when returning the "good weather, embora Ederra - den, Cave, - to boron, Drill, - to EdderGarnish with bundles -.

- 119 - Let no one be surprised at these allegations of the Basque language, since

even in our century, Spain, the poorest families live in caves or caves with their hands. The following correspondence inserted in the newspaper theLightningSo, number of 7 June 1885, gives some details about it are not unimportant. The corresponding traveling Burjasot, following the official commission sent to study measures to be taken against the terrible scourge of cholera, written on 6 June:

"When we arrived, we learned that in the past" twenty-four hours, there were ten cases and six deaths. "You know that this village with just 2,500. "We went to visit some cholera.

"We found an old man in one of these caves" which continues to serve as part of the population "poor. This is an unfortunate feature in the "current circumstances. We first used the "excavations that are already made above the ground" and then enlarging them according to needs and increasing "family etc. .."

This can be seen that there is no need to resort to past centuries to meet troglodytes, and it is useless to imagination

- 120 - 

ner systems at great expense of progressive civilization for humanity.It should not be assumed that the Basques were exclusively hunters.

Agriculture was certainly honor among them, and the term "hildua" which means land that raises the plow digging the groove - Hill, Height, - due (dieu), Suitable - shows that careful and deep plowing they were not unknown. They also preferred the production of precious metals in soil exist in abundance in their country, they shut their eyes open instead of greedily, when in harrowing the fields, their eyes were struck by the brilliance of "money , cilharra "that their work brought to the surface of cultivated land, - to seel (sil), Close your eyes, - to harrow, Harrow -.

The names of a few months of the year also relate to products of the soil and the vital work that was performed. We can briefly examine the composition and meaning of these names.

"January, Urtharrilla." The bad weather in January adopt the work of those who would harrowing in their fields - to Hurt, Harm, - to harrow, Harrowing, - to Will (yes!) Desire, want -.

- 121 - "February, Otsaïla." The heat is sufficient to determine the ice break up the

coasts of the Euxine and lets set sail - hot, Hot, - to sail (sele), Set sail -."Mars, Martchoa." The continual rains of March necessarily change the land

into marshes - marsh, Marsh, marshy, - to owe (O), Duty -."April, Aphirila." Aspire soon as cereals have the image of the ear - to ape,

Present the image - ear (ir) Ear of corn, - to Will (Ouch) desired."May Maiyatza." For the ears are desired call in May, the brilliant

wildflowers - to May (MÉ), Picking flowers, - to addAdd -.«June, Erearoa." Agitated for harrowing in the field - to Hare (wretch), Stir, -

to harrow, Harrowing -."July, Uztaïla." Delaying large meetings, assemblies, probably because of the

heat - to Hustle, Stir together - to while (houaïle), Postponing -."August, Agorilla." The streams cease to flow - ago, Past - to rill, Flowing,

trickling -."September, Bûruïla." Wanting to hide, to shut himself up in caves assigned

to

- 122 - 

Housing - to Burrow (beurrô), Hole up, withdraw underground - to Will (ouch) Want, wish -

«October, urria." To expedite the work in the fields - to hurry (heurri), Hurry.

"November, Hazila." The fog creeps over the hills - to Haze, Make a foggy - HillHill -.

"December, Abendoa." Covering wool garments - abb, Wool fabric, - to endue (endiou), Will take.

The circumlocutions used in the Basque language are even more marked in the expression of some natural phenomena such as sunrise and sunset, sunrise and moonset.

"The sunrise, iruzki atheratzea" presents the following sense: one who is tired, hate to hear buzz in the air - to Hear (hir), Hear - to huzz (heuzz), Zoom, - sky (Skai) Air - to Hatter, Harass, - to hateDetest -.

"The sunset, iruzki Sartze" shows a similar training: the farmer arrived at night, hate to hear buzz in the air - to Hear (hir) Hear - to huzz, Zoom - sky, Air - sart, Cultivated land -.

- 123 - "The rising of the moon, ilhargi atheratzea." The man weary hate to want to

listen to the cries, - to Will (ouch), Will, - to Harcke, Lend an ear - Giddy (hiou), Cry, - to Hatter, Harass, - to hateDetest -.

"The setting of the moon, ilhargi Sartze." The farmer wants to lend an ear to the cries, - to Will (ouch) Desire - to Harcke, Lend an ear - Giddy (hiou), Cry, - sart, Cultivated land -.

Let us consider other expressions whose explanation will serve to place the Basque language in all his days, that is to say, as deriving full of primitive language.

"In the morning Goiz" walk with ease - to go, Walk - ease (ize) Comfortable, easy -

"Midi, eghuerdi" moment when the growth of sunlight and begins its decline - to egg, Push, - hour (Haour), Time, time, - day (de), Day -.

"The evening arratxa" run in haste to the house - to Hare, Running - rathIn haste -.

"Midnight, gaûherdi" go to now, the moment of the day - to goGo, - hour (HaourTime), - day (de), Day -.

"A field, landa beats." - Land, Land - equivalent to a beat."A source, ithurri Begee beats." Begin

- 124 - 

to hasten its course - heat (hit) Race - to hurryHasten - to begin (beguine) Start."A fountain, ithurri beats." Rushing his race, - heat (hit) Race - to hurry,

Precipitate."Cabin Etchola." A crowd of heads under one roof - head (hed), Head -

Shoal (chol), A crowd, a troop."Pin, ichkilin. The extreme cleanliness was far from shining in the inns

where travelers stopped hapless dutifully armed with a pin: it is easy to what disgusting and annoying insects to here, - to itch, Itching, - to kil, Kill - to inn, Stay in a hostel.

"House, etche." A head who meditates - head (hed), Head - to chew (chu), Meditate.

"Cave, sotua." Part of the house where they could become numb to force drink - to foolBecome bewildered by dint of drink - how (Haou), In what way.

"The thunder, ihurtzuria." See above the flash is certain to hurt - high (hated) High - to hurt, hurt - sour (choir) Course - to eye (ai), See.

"The darkness, ilhumbeak." Soothe buzzing, barking and bleating,

- 125 - 

- to Heal (hil), Appease - um, Hum, - to bay (bé), Bark, bleat -."Blind, itxutzea." The eye is closed by the effect of a sudden - to hitGive a

sudden to shut (fall causing) Closing -."To break a leg, beats zango AustersSpoiling the bones of the leg - shankThe bones of the leg - flies, a - to waste

(west) Spoil -."Tears, nigarrac." Deny necessary - to niggardRefuse the necessary -."Rival yelostarria." Pushing cries of horror at the sight of the enemy and

attack for plunder, - to yell, Screaming with horror, - to host, Attack to harry, Loot -.

"Family, maïnada." Add the essential thing is to say, children - hand, Essential - to addAdd -.

"Honor, Ohori." Being forced to have white hair, - to owe (O)Be required - hoar (hore), Which has white hair -.

We can thus interpret a host of other terms, taken in the Basque language, but they are less interesting than those we have cited, we shall pass over in silence, and we will finish this series long enough to prove that an expression of any time the great instruction and

10

- 126 - 

high doctrine led men to glory, loria - lore, Doctrine, training, - to eye (ai), Keep an eye on -.

 IV Cantabria. - The Iberians. THE DANISH KJOEKKEN-MOEDDINGS.

 The language of the Iberians was likely to surprise strongly Celts also

marveled at no point enter the sense they decorated the descendants of Tubal name Cantabrians - to cannot, Talk a certain jargon - abroad (abraud) To the outside - and wrapping in a perfect expression language very curious about people and their arrival by sea in the Hispanic peninsula.

The Iberians, by settling in the South-West Europe, chose to dwell in the Pyrenees in memory of their stay in the Caucasus mountains. This choice had its good reason for changing the country, they did not understand how to change your life. Placed in the Pyrenees, which was for them as a central point, they had, heading toward the North, a wonderful hunting ground

- 127 - 

comprising all the land Gallic yet deserted, where the beasts would not do their fault. Besides, they had all that is necessary for long races. An iron constitution and an indomitable courage and the habit of hunting any species of wild animals. They did not bother to stores; the kill in the hunt enough to many days. Only one thing was needed, when encountering a cavern capable of serving as a temporary shelter, they wanted to prepare a burning hearth, the necessary meal and it was flint, which is the Basque name suarria, that is ie, a spark or flash of light running to and fro by the shock of two objects, one, flint, is leaning to one side, and the other steel or iron, is brandished, - to sway (sty), Tip side, brandishing - to Hare, Running here and there - ray (D) Flash of light.

The weapons used in hunting distant probably not much different from those they had before hand in the ongoing fight against the Gauls, and we can not without injustice to deny them weapons of iron, and that word is in their language. Long months could elapse between the departure of the hunters Iberians and return to the domestic hearth, and they measured their distance to

- 128 - 

using objects such as strips of soft stone, or wood pieces of reindeer, which they marked with lines or notches days already passed since they left their normal place of residence. In the cavern of Bize (Aude), an explorer, Mr. C. Cailhol, received a slice of rock soft enough on the number of notches on the edges of the cave Arignac (Haute-Garonne), Mr. Edward Lartet searching the ground (1860), "it found many bones of the bear" cave of the bison, reindeer, horse, etc. .. "and a platform placed in front of the cave, amid wreckage pieces, "a blade of reindeer" accidentally cut at both ends, one of whose "faces, perfectly polished, offers two sets of lines" across also distanced them, and whose "side edges were marked with notches deeper, "fairly regularly spaced. Mr. Lartet sees these "lines and signs of these cuts count, and Mr." Steinhauer suggested that brands are "hunting." (1)

The accident occurred probably multiplied the Iberians in the pursuit of deer, several

 

(1) The primitive man, by Louis Figuier.

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several have not seen the home and were buried in caves well known hunters. In the Aurignacian cave closed by a slab, "the digger" Bonnemaison discovered in 1852, the remains of seventeen "skeletons." (1) The Cro-Magnon shelter (Dordogne), excavated by Mr. Lartet Louis in 1868, he delivered several human skeletons.

"This shelter," said Louis Figuier, had served, according to Mr. Louis Lartet, appointment hunting, housing and "last place of burial. Seven dead there had been "buried, we could collect the remains of the skeletons," but only three skulls were almost intact.

"Is it permissible," says Louis Figuier, to know "what race the men belonged to the burial of" Cro-Magnon and be, therefore, an idea of the "human race that lived in our countries the time of "great bear and mammoth? The Cro-Magnon "is not so different from all races old" modern thinking that the Broca. Pruner-Bey says, "all the skulls so far described, and referring to the time" the big bear and mammoth, are

 

(1) The primitive man, by Mr. Louis Figuier.10a

- 130 - 

"Analogous to those of the Eskimos and Lapps of our" days. M. Pruner-Bey calls primitive Mongoloid race "These first inhabitants of our land. We shall see "as skulls and debris found in Belgium," by Mr. Dupont, Solutre in Macon, by M. de Ferry and Bruniquel by Mr. Brown, and finally the jaw "from Aurignac and Arcy-sur-Cure, confirm this "conclusion.

"The men belonging to race Mongoloid "primitive heads were generally round face "cut diamond, jaws and teeth a little run 'ahead, finally, in all likelihood, dark complexion and" black hair and hard ... There are still remnants of this "primitive Mongoloid race: what are the Basques ..." (1)

The Iberians were therefore left unequivocal traces of their habits of hunters and the remains of the great bear and mammoth found abundantly in caves show that the flesh of these animals entered their diet. The name borne by the Iberians fully confirms these findings, saying they were hunting bear and the flesh of the bears were their usual food - to eat (it), Eating, - Bear (REO) Bears.

 

(1) The primitive man by Louis Figuier, p. 113.

- 131 - The Iberian nation is not the only one that leaves the soil susceptible traces

its mores. Another people of our Europe, not only hunters but also fishermen abandoned the knowledge of its power to investigate patients scholars. The details given on this subject, by Louis Figuier on shell mounds of Denmark, have a great interest that we can not resist the temptation to cite the most important.

"Being at the last place," said Louis Figuier, by "the extent of its territory and its population," the Danish nation is nonetheless one of the largest in the Europe of the place she has cultivated the "science and the arts. This brave little nation has a "crowd of distinguished men who are a credit to science. "The patient research of its archaeologists and his" antiques searched the dust of ages to "resurrect a bygone world. Their work, controlled by the "observations of naturalists, have cast a brilliant light" on the earliest stages of humanity.

"No land is also cleaner than the" Denmark to such investigations. The antiquities there "at every step: it is only to know the" question to make important revelations involving "

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"Mores, customs and industry people" prehistoric. The Museum of Copenhagen, which contains "the antiques of various Scandinavian states, is unrivaled" in the world.

"Among the items listed in this rich museum, we" noticed a large number from Kjoekken- "moeddings.

"First, what do these kjoekken-moeddings, whose" name is so hard to pronounce for a French mouth, "which tells us that this is enough of the age" stone?

"At various points the Danish coast," particularly in the northern part, where the sea has "cut the narrow and deep cracks known as the" name fiords, We see huge accumulations of "shells. In general, these deposits are higher than a "meter above sea level, but in some" steep places, their altitude is so great ...

"What does one encounter in these clusters? A huge "amount of marine shells, especially shells" of oysters, broken bones of mammals, the remains of "birds and fish, and lastly rough flint" cut.

"We had thought at first that this was not

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"As a bench fossil shells, land formerly" overwhelmed and would have been made apparent by an uprising of the soil, due to a volcanic cause. But there is a Danish scholar, Steenstrup attacked this opinion is "based upon the fact that the shells came from four" species that never live together, and they had to, "therefore, be collected by the man. "Steenstrup was also noted that these" shells belonged, for the most part, to "individuals come to full growth, that there is" almost never saw the young. Such singularity "indicated an intention clearly reasoned, an act of" the human will.

"When they had discovered in kjoekken-moeddings" all the debris that we have listed, when there were "found remains of homes, types of small platforms" which still retained the trace of the fire, they guessed the 'origin' of these huge shell mounds. There was then the "peoples who lived on fishing and hunting, and who" threw their cabins around the remains of their meal, "consisting mainly of shells. Gradually the debris "had accumulated, and had benches made" substantial question. Hence the name kjoekken-"moeddingsComposed of two words:

- 134 - 

"kjoekken, Kitchen, and moedding, Piles of scrap. The "kjoekken-moeddings are the Garbage meals of "primitive populations in Denmark.

"... It is good to note that Denmark has "not the privilege of masses of shellfish. We "discovered in England in the country of Cornwall and" Devonshire, Scotland, and even in France, near "Hyères (Bouches-du-Rhone).

"The species of mollusc shells which form the" almost the entire mass of kjoekken-moeddings are "oysters, cockle, mussel and littorine.

"The bones of fish are in great" abundance in the shell mounds. They belong "herring, cod, flounder and eel. It "may be inferred that the early inhabitants of Denmark does" not afraid to venture on the waves in flimsy "skiffs: herring and cod fishing is not in fact" to a considerable distance from shore.

"The bones of mammals are also quite common" in-kjoekken moeddings. The most common are "those of deer, deer and wild boar, which, according to" Steenstrup, included for the 97 cents. The "others from the urus, the brown bear, wolf,

- 135 - 

"Fox, dog, wild cat, lynx, the" marten, otter, porpoise, seal, water rat, "the beaver and the porcupine.

"In some bird species are collected in the" leftovers within kjoekken-moeddings, most are "water, that is naturally explained by the" situation of man on the edge of the sea "(1)

The interpretation by the Celtic language kjoekken-moeddings confirms and powerfully illuminates the statement of Mr. Louis Figuier on the shell mounds of Denmark. These clusters are really scrap meal, and the word cleverly combined kjoekken-moeddings said with confidence that we reject anything that might have been painful in the mouth, that is to say, the sharp edges, head and entrails of fish - jaw (djâu) Mouth - to ake (Eke), Be painful - Keen (kin), Acute, - maw (Mau), Rumen - head (hed), The head - to ding (worthy), Hurl - jawakekeen-mawheadding -.

The people whose scrap meal produced the shell midden is it so primitive that history does have retained any recollection? Louis Figuier points out rightly the

 

(1) The primitive man by Louis Figuier.

- 136 - 

Similar clusters in England, the country of Cornwall and Devonshire, and it is hardly surprising, since the tribe of fishermen who made the kjoekken-moeddings of Denmark, was able, at least for some time, maintain its old habits when she took possession of England in a definitive manner. This tribe belonged to Tectosagians established between the Rhine and the Oder was that of the Angles - to angle, Angling - and this significant name says too high habitual occupations of the people, so that it can seriously refuse to recognize him as the author of kjoekken-moeddings.

This digression on the shell mounds of Denmark must not make us lose sight of the Iberians and their hunting dangerous big bear cave. The practice of hunting bears has not yet disappeared from the habits of Basques, and, remarkably, in marriage contracts, the fathers, even today, as a dowry to allocate their children from possession of bear or fourth, third or half, depending on the number of children fill. Recipients of the French very familiar with the recording feature, and do not neglect to collect the state's rights on that input value bears.

We know the precise time when the wine-Iberians

- 137 - 

rent land on the Spanish coast. Some historians fix their emigration in the year 523 after the flood is to say, 1824 year BC. This would be in the same age when Inachus, the oldest of all the kings known to the Greeks, founded the kingdom of Argos, while in the East, Abraham left by his death (1821 BC) his son Isaac heir of his faith, his power and divine promises.

 V THE GASCONS. - THE Occitane. AQUITAINE AND THE TRIBES. - Auch. 

BORDEAUX. The Celts had imposed the descendants of Tubal certain names under which

prove that the customs of centuries could not erase. Thus, the name of Vardulles was given an Iberian tribe because of the habit of these people keep on their shoulders, and day and night, a sort of cloak - to wardKeep, - hull, Outer cover, mantean - and we know that the son of Vardulles not derogate from such use.

It does not enter into our thinking to consider all the names of Iberian tribes, must be

- 138 - 

One exception, however well deserved for the Basques or Gascon."According to history, the Basques had the privilege of" form the vanguard

of the Carthaginian armies, and to "measure the former with the enemy." Their reputation for dauntless courage was so well established that " Caesar "not daring to cross the Vascony, as he feared, was" returned to Spain to prevent their meeting, the valley "Aspe, in Beam." (1)

The cadets were given their name to our French Gascony. One can hardly say that their settlement in Aquitaine was an invasion, because Aquitanians for them were brothers, and the cadets came to their aid to fight off the yoke of domination that Clovis was trying to impose on them. We see them first as children of Clovis set up the right bank of the Adour, and later, around the year 626 AD, occupying the entire Novempopulania who now called Gascony.

They got their strange name of the shoe they had adopted specific and that their descendants have not abandoned. Gaskins,

 

(1) French Basque guide by L. Fabre.

- 139 - 

Celtic language, means a large shoe antiquity. This is the sandal that is called Languedoc spardilloIn Catalonia spadrilla, and the Basques call spartinac. It is far from lacking sense spartinac word: it is composed of the verb to spar, Prelude to battle, and the adjective thin (Thinn), Slender, light-seeded, few.

This lightweight shoe Basques allowed to engage in guerrilla warfare: endowed with rare agility, and almost imperceptible, they advanced few, a prelude to the battle by hits that were isolated and singularly surprise their enemies. This term spartinac shows in its true light the character of the military genius of the Basques: they were in those early days they still are guerrillas.

After you give us the meaning of the names of Iberian tribes, the Celtic language we explain with the same ease those tribes living in Aquitaine. In this part of Gaul, the Celtic family has left traces of the largest and strongest of its mixture with the Iberian family. All authors have reproduced the various character traits that separate the Iberians and the Celts: they were those gays, light, eager, loving fighting

- 140 - 

and quick to attack instead the Iberians were serious, serious, almost somber, as loving and supporting the war with invincible obstinacy. When two people met, the shock has been terrible. After fighting for possession of the country, reports Diodorus Siculus, the Celts and the Iberians have lived together, under a peaceful agreement, and they are involved in alliances. From this mix came out Celtiberians nation, in which the Iberian blood remained predominant.

The Aquitaine who, according to their traditions, are not from the Celts, Celtiberians belong to the family because they strongly resemble the Iberians in the features and habits, they have nevertheless adopted the habits and institutions of the Celts. We present evidence in the imposition of soldures, Which seems to be absolutely Celtic though generally attributed to the Iberian nation.

"An institution peculiar to it (in Florida), and" that is alien to the Gauls, "said the highly esteemed author of" History of Gascony, Abbe Monlezun, is that "the solduriens, or rather Saldun (from Escualdunal, zaldi "or saldi, horse Saldun, who has a horse, rider," the eques

- 141 - 

"Roman) was called and the soldiers who devoted themselves to" a leader, shared his fate forever, or rather "identified so much with him there is no example of" only one he ever survived . (1) As soon as the leader "fell, they were seen looking into the fray dead" glorious, and if they could find it there, they returned to "pierce the body of one who had faith."

We can observe that in the narrative of the war against the Aquitaine, Caesar speaks only to the imposition of soldurii, without asserting that soldures also does not exist in other parts of Gaul. This term soldures, which in the Basque language offers no idea in mind, this, on the contrary, in the language of Tectosages meaning perfectly in keeping with the institution itself. It is the soldier devoted to his head, life, death, and he will live or die with him, and the casualties of war do not sever; soldure life will not last more than a life of its leader . - Soul (soil), Life, soul. - to hard (Diouri), Last .-

Even today, the soldier is called Does not soldier, in the Anglo-Saxon? Where does the soldier, if not soldure (soldioure), And com-

 

(1) J. Caesar, Bell. gall. lib. III, 22.11

- 142 - 

ing this term would exist in Anglo-Saxon, if the institution had been of particular soldurii the Iberians? This institution, which, we believe it is common to Celtic-Iberian Celts, tells us how, on the ground Aquitaine, had made the merger of two families.

The name of Occitania was used to designate the Aquitaine. Charles VII, in order for the "erection of Parliament from Toulouse, the name Patria "Occitania: This has been subject to Pope Innocent VI, "in its register, call this country Occitania. But "common and most often it is called in the old acts linuae Occitaniae patria." (1).

The author of Memoirs of the History of the Languedoc would like, because the first syllable of Occitania, apply this term to the Languedoc, but this expression, disassembled and performed by the Celtic language shows us with the clearest evidence that were Occitane the inhabitants of coastline that surround the Bay of Biscay, that is to say, the Aquitaine and the Cantabrian.

The reputation of the Basques and the Cantabrian as intrepid seafarers has never been challenged, and not without reason that they give themselves

 

(1) Memoirs of the History of the Languedoc G. of Catel.

- 143 - 

the honor of having first given the whaling. Besides, if the whales may rarely fell under their blows, he was not the same porpoises, and porpoises in the normal hunting has earned them the name Occitane - hog-sea (Hogs), Porpoise - to hit, Strike - HandballThe hand - hogsihithand. - The term Occitane was therefore a general name referring to the fishermen of the Gulf of Biscay. The Iberian Celts from within the country between the ocean, the Pyrenees and the Garonne, had received another name, too general, that of Aquitana. The Basque call say, their language, Escualdunac: it is the language of horse-tamers, tamers dark and scowling face - scowl (skaoul), Gloomy and frowning, - to down (daoun), Tame - hackHorse .- The title of tamers of horses is not only to Basques, it must be shared by the Aquitaine, and this community of taste and morals seems a remarkable feature of affinity, which must not be overlooked .

It would have been difficult to Aquitanians be poor horsemen because their country was rich in horses known.

The learned Benedictine, Dom Martin, to whom modern writers have borrowed the details

- 144 - 

more curious about the customs, government and religion of the Celts understood that this production of fine horses to have a great influence on the name given to the Aquitaine. As he advances that this country was first called Equitaine, Latin, EquusHorse. The remarkable sagacity of the learned religious were not in default because they were still bold tamers of horses, that Aquitana - hackHorse - to cowboy (kau) Intimidate, - to hit, Strike - Handball, Hand - hackcowhithand. -

The passion of horse is she disappeared from the modern heart of Aquitaine? It certainly still has the same degree of alertness, despite changes in the century habits: exercise any equestrian circus enough, indeed, to excite in the soul of Aquitaine and a Gascon Interest and enthusiasm that can not be contained.

The tribes that lived in the Aquitaine region numbered about forty, nine of which were major way by the Romans in this country the name of Novempopulania. We will review the names of some of these tribes with those of several cities, and we see that they all belong to the Celtic language.

The Tarbelli occupied the shores of the ocean, and

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Ausonius not hesitate to call the Bay of Biscay, the ocean Tarbellien. Strabo claims that their country was a rich gold excellent: yet the gold mines of the country for nothing in the name they bore. Marine careful and prudent, they knew their small boats tarring fight against the destructive action of sea water - to tar tar - to belly, Bomber. - At the end of their territory, near Spain, the city had a Tarbelli, Lapurdum, whose name was later used to designate the country or Labour Labourdan. It is believed to Bayonne (1) Lapurdum, former Bayonne, should be placed on the edge of the sea, since the waves of the ocean Tarbellien reached him, - to lapLicking - ord, Edge - Lapord. -

The Bigerriones mentioned Caesar, occupied the country Tarbes is the capital today.

"In the name came Bigerriones Bigorre which meant" formerly a fortress defending the town of Tarbes. "Two of its first pastors, Aper, in the council" to Agde, and St. Julien in the fourth Council of Orleans, "call themselves, a bishop of the city of Bigorre Civate" Bigorritanae and another bishop

 

(1) History of Biscay by Abbe Monlezun.11a

- 146 - 

'The city Bigerricae. Gregory of Tours does not name "never otherwise." (1)Some authors have felt able to derive Bigorre two Basque words, bisTwo,

gora, Height, but this interpretation by the Basque offers no precise meaning.Ausone bigerri called little people, and it seems that he has given us the real

name, the pronunciation is correct. These mountaineers were devastating, looters whose intrepidity never wavered. This is the trait of manners traced in Bigerri Ausone - bigCourageous, to harry (herri), Pillage, devastate -.

The Auscii formed in Aquitaine the most powerful tribe. The ancient geographers give to their principal town name Climberris. We are confident a mistake on their part they have not grasped the real meaning of this term, a distinctive whole country because Auch never saw it change its name borrowed from Auscii. Moreover, we believe we can discover the truth of the meaning Climberris intended to apply to the entire region including both the city of Auch that are chosen. All countries producing berries and seeds -

 

(1) History of Biscay by Abbe Monlezun. Notes.

- 147 - 

airconditioning, Region, country, - berry, Berry, grain, - Climeberry -. Why would they attributed to a single city production of grain and grape berries, since this was a general development in the region? And do not be surprised to see the berries in the vineyard, the grapes used in the composition of Climberris because the vines were in Gaul in the wild. Considerable time had elapsed, perhaps no one has thought of its culture, and history seems to honor the Greeks to have taught the Celts to make wine, which seems doubtful, moreover, Gauls are as advanced as the Greeks in material civilization, and superior to the son of Javan in science and religious philosophy.

We have already said qu'Auch had borrowed his name to Auscii and was their main city. In seeking to give Auch pronunciation Celtic, we are forced to say Aouch and is probably the real name of this city, being written in Anglo-Saxon OuchAnd deciding Aoutch.

Ouch means gold necklace, a gem of fitment, and Auscii means skilled workers, applied to the working of precious metals and making these magnificent gold necklaces whose warriors decorated their chests in the

- 148 - 

great day of joy for them were the days of fighting - ouch (aoutch), Gold necklace, - hew (hiou) Hack -

The Auscii could easily make themselves skilful in works of gold, the metal was almost at ground level in their region, and various historians claim that the Greeks and Phoenicians greedy merchants, returning to their country, gave to their vessels for the ballast gold collected in the Pyrenees.

The wealth of Aquitaine horses had won a fraction of Bituriges-Cubes (Berry), and they separated themselves from the bulk of the tribe to settle at the mouth of the Gironde. The Bituriges-cubes had the same tastes as Aquitaine. Like them, they were horse breeders, ready to pounce on their horses and clever to use the brake - bit, Brake, bridle, - ure, Use - itch, Itching desire, - to cub, Give birth, produce -.

This part of the tribe Bituriges Cubes, established on both banks of the Gironde took the name Bituriges-Vivisci. The word Vivisci, Celtic bright (vaïvz) Refers to disease of horses, a disease that probably Bituriges treated with great success. They had the main city Burdigala (Bordeaux). This city should be so today as the main

- 149 - 

warehouse trade between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. It is quite instructive to see Burdigala express the idea of a merchant and trader in these so very distant from us - board (Edge) deck of a ship - to higgle, Sell.

Below the left bank of the Gironde, and next-of Bituriges Vivisci, the coastline of the Gulf of Biscay was occupied by the Boii, - bow (bo) Arc - to hew (hiou), Cut -.

These archers placed by unforeseen circumstances on the banks of the sea, became excellent sailors, and this probably later summoned the Boates - boat (bote), Boat launch.

   

  V. 

  

CELTIC LANGUAGE 

 

The ARMORIQUE AND TRIBES. After applying the language of the Basque Tectosagians to interpret, we can

try its effectiveness in explaining Britannic and Celtic names Armorican tribes.The Breton language is believed to be the true Celtic language spoken by our

ancestors. That the Britons have kept a very large number of expressions Gallic is undeniable, but they have not kept that language in its purity, and just take a look at their pronouns to judge the profound alteration of their language. This shows that the open weathering

- 151 - 

tion is the difficulty experienced by Britons themselves to clear their names of ancient tribes, especially the names dearest to their patriotism, those of Britannicus and Brittany.

The Next Gonidec, Breton or Bretoun or better Brizard, just Briz, Which means painted various colors. Lehuerou said that Breton (Brython in Gallic traditions) drift Bro, Country and tuna, ThanOr denMen, that is to say, men of the country, native. That, unfortunately, everything has been unveiled for the Breton etymology of Britannicus. The idiom for Tectosagians be happier, we hope at least, while maintaining a more accurate pronunciation. Britannicus drift to breath (brit), Live, and to annoy (Annoyer), Annoy, annoy. Island Britain would probably be occupied by men living in a way hard and uncomfortable. Caesar, speaking of his military expedition to this island, reported that the former residents were holding the interior, while the coasts of the Belgians were in power from the mainland. The Belgians began to cultivate and plant fields: the island was very crowded, very many herds, and the inland inhabitants lived on milk and meat, do not sowed wheat, and were

- 152 - 

dressed in skins. (1) The voluntary deprivation of wheat and bread, food exclusively from milk and meat, skin clothing had appeared in the eyes of Neimheid be a way of life rather hard and uncomfortable enough to call these islands, Britannicus .

The term Brittany is also a real conundrum in the Breton language. From all the authors, deriving from Brittany ar-morOn Wed Mor in effect, means sea in Breton, but ar, what does it in a safe? And termination ic it is therefore unnecessary and would become a mere ornament she? In the idiom of Tectosages Armorica consists of: - arm, Arms, - bv (gold), Rowing, rowing, - to eke (ike), Extend, refine, - that is to say, an arm that uses very long trains.

This sense of Brittany becomes startling truth, when one recalls the advice given by Caesar in the Venetian navy powerful enough to make this indomitable people. The vessels armoricains Keel challenged the flat bottoms; built in full in the heart of oak, they could play the Spurs clash of Roman and bow their poop very high, admirably resisted going

 

(1) De bell. gall. lib. V. 12. 14.

- 153 - 

guages greatest: the sails were made of skins, so they might not be torn to pieces by the fury of hurricanes and storms. (1)

It is therefore not surprising that building ships edges so high, the sailors of Brittany have had to use very long trains, and this is the origin of their name, Armorica.

Still traverse the land of Armorica so interesting and we will meet again, by the names of their tribes and their cities, many things worthy of the attention.

The most powerful tribe of Armorican confederation was that of the Veneti. These sailors feared were very religious, but they were unaware of the temple to pray, they met in the open air, when filling out their religious exercises, scorning to shelter from bad weather seasons to accomplish the actions more noble life. The name indicates that proud Venetian custom, which was also common to all the Gauls, just as religious as the Veneti - vane (Venezuelan) Temple - to hate (hete) Hate -.

Their main city was Dariorigum, Aujour- 

(1) De bell. gall. lib. III. 13.

- 154 - 

hui of Vannes. We have already noted the ability of Aquitaine and Bituriges raise and tame horses, and now in another part of Gaul, we can convince vigilant care what the Celts around the equine; because Dariorgum leads : daring to carve a horse - to dareTo dare, - to hew (hiou) Carving - rig, Half horse castrated -.

In southern Brittany, near the seacoast, is Carnac, So remarkable for its alignments. The stones are arranged in long rows and are regular lanes whose width varies between four and eight meters. A distance of seven, eight and ten meters is provided between each stone lifted. The paths of the center are larger than the side aisles, and an end, we see a large open space, like a public square.

We have long sought the meaning of these alignments made of stones and measuring several kilometers. If we were allowed to venture an opinion on these alignments, we would be inclined to see, not a religious monument, but rather a place of exercise, where the Gauls were formed to drive with skill, amid obstacles multiplied, their chariots armed with scythes, their

- 155 - 

cobhains- kobHorse - to ahem, Surround - and we know what address the fearsome Celts spread.

Caesar was so impressed that n 'has

could hide his admiration. "The exercises daily, he said, have made them so clever, they know how to stop their horses in the race the most violent, the steepest slopes, and they rotate them short: themselves are accustomed to running on the pole, to take on the yoke, and then jumped to discharge into the tank. "(1)

The alignments of Carnac were willing to train the eye and the hand of young Gauls, forced to drive their carts between the stones they should be studied in turn and avoid.

Besides, what leads us to put forward this hypothesis is the very name of Carnac, meaning a chariot drawn by a young horse - because, Cart, - nagYoung horse. - Is it unacceptable that these long lines of standing stones at Carnac were, so to speak, a racetrack, where the Celts showed their strength and skill playing in the midst of obstacles, young and strong horses?

 

(1) De bell. gall. lib. IV. 33.

- 156 - The fans can see megalithic monuments Locmariaguer among the Veneti, a

covered walkway, called Caesar. Locmariaguer is located near the lake of Vannes. The composition of that name: a lake which prevents hunters - loch(lok) Lake - to March, Preventing - Yager (iagueur), Hunter -.

All authors who have dealt Celtic industries tells us that the hair sieve are Gallic invention, but they did not say where was the place of invention and manufacture. Sarzeau in the peninsula Rhuis instructs us extensively on this subject - Sarce (sars), Screens, woven horsehair, - to sew (sô), Tie, sew.

North of the Veneti, the tribe was established Curiosolites. Their hands fashioned the sails of hides, which was used by sailors of Brittany and had been so surprised Caesar. The Curiosolites were tanners, forced to sew and attach the skins stink - to curry (keurri), Currying, - to owe (O)Be required - to sew (sô), Sewing, tie, - olid, Stinking, foul -. Is this in memory of Curiosolites the city of Saint-Malo is still a great trade of hides and skins?

In this tribe and on the shores of the Sea, Regina existed, the name itself indicates the importance for the Navy Armorican: we

- 157 - 

was cutting the rigging of ships, Rigging (rigguign), Tackle, to hew (hiou) Hack.

In Curiosolites of land nearby, was a city named Aleth, located roughly at the spot now occupied by the city of Saint-Servan. The city of Aleth, went away (gone) Mixture, alloying to etch, To burn etchings on copper, it works manufactured copper and bronze, or, she received this name because of the soil would have contained copper ore? It is difficult to pronounce. However, our Aleth the Aude department could possibly give us information, and the similarity of names is likely to come from the similarity of industry or field containing metals similar in both localities. The steel industry has always been zero in our Aleth, and there is nothing in the traditions that allow even to suspect the operation of its cuprous pyrites.

The Neimheid had to apply a similar name in both places so distant from each other, probably because of their soil containing quantities of copper pyrites mixed with other minerals.

The Breton city Aleth belonged to the tribe Diablintes - to dye (dai), Dye, stain, - Able, Clever - to hintInvent,

12

- 158 - 

suggest - the ingenious and skillful workers who could provide tissue which consisted of clothing Celts, these colorful and varied they liked the brightness.

The Diablintes had another city called Fines - to delicate, Refine, purify, - Haze (Heze), Fog. A t we want in the name of Fine alluding to vapor-like mist rising above the home of maturation? Located near Aleth, Fines might well have homes, intended to purify the copper pyrites from this locality. Accepting this hypothesis, which is not unlikely, a smelting copper or bronze, in the town of Fine, the stoves were never extinguished, especially if it had an obligation to provide the shafts and bronze wheels residents Carife, with the industry to adjust the various parts of carriages Celtic - because, Cart, - to eye (ai), Keep an eye on - to Fay (fe), Adjust -. Carife was ten miles southeast of Aleth.

To the west of the Veneti, in the part of the former county of Cornwall ending at the Cape or spout Raz, Corisopites lived. To try and enjoy this country, it is sufficient to quote the description given by Chateaubriand which con-

- 159 - 

his beloved Brittany was born: "Region sad and lonely," wrapped in fog, wind noise resounding, "and whose coasts were battered rocks bristling with a" Wild Ocean. "These words are faithful and complete translation of Corisopites, - horn, Heart, - hiss, Wheezing, - sob, Sigh, sob, - to hit, Hit, hit -. The shrill whistles, the moans incessant products in the rocks by the fury of the hurricane, they were not likely to strike, to grieve the heart of Corisopites?

The Agnotes, Who occupied the north of Corisopites, the point Armorican called Cape Finisterre, were they too tired and tormented by bad weather and storms - to hag, Torment - Connaught (naut) -. Ill

The Agnotes were included in the tribe or Osismiens Osismii. They received this name because of the abundance of porpoises and piety that frequented their coasts - hog-sea (hog-si), porpoise - smew (smiou) Piette, waterfowl -.

Placed on the right bank of the Loire or ligers - lickerish, Delicious - the tribe had Namnete made famous by his ability to stretch nets, - name, Reputation, fame, - to netTake the net -.

- 160 - According to Ptolemy, the main city of Namnete was Condivicum today

Nantes - to con, Learn by heart, - device (divaïce), Invention -. What inventions had done call this city Condivicum, inventions that are learned by heart? Was there a school where they taught the practice of manual arts, or was it a school of navigation in which the intrepid Venetian sailors came to train and keep abreast of nautical science and inventions? He is always sure Condivicum owned a construction site for the vessels, since in the river bathing the city, were launched by order of Caesar, the Roman galleys to prevent the fleet of the Veneti, who had two hundred and twenty vessels . (1)

 II LES REDON. - LES CELTIC MONUMENTS. - LES DRUID. - LES CARNUTES. North of the tribe Namnete, were the Redones. One can hardly speak of

Redones reminiscent to mind images of 

(1) De bell. gall. lib. III. 9.

- 161 - 

large rocks that Britons have kept the names so carefully. It is interesting to know the thinking of modern science on these monuments, thought that Mr. Louis Figuier was perfectly done and reflected in theMan Primitive. We quote verbatim, in this regard, some important passages of this book.

"A happy circumstance and weird at the time," writes Mr. Louis Figuier, made it extremely easy and even "time certain, the concepts that we present" our readers. These tombs of men of the era of the "polished stone, these monuments have been studied," described, investigated in depth by the "archaeologists and antiquarians, who is the subject of" a multitude of publications and scholarly papers. In "Those tombs are nothing more than"dolmensOr monuments Celtic or DruidAnd they "do not in any way, as it had always" thought, in historical times, is to tell the time "Celts or Gauls, but date back to antiquity" much higher because they belong to the period "prehistoric polished stone.

"We will study, with the given explanation, the" so-called dolmens and other monuments megalithic, Remains "a grand time

12a

- 162 - 

"Shrouded in the mists of time, riddles colossal" necessary to our reason and bite at the highest point "curiosity of the scholar and thinker.

"The dolmens are monuments which consist of" a large rock, more or less flattened, and placed "horizontally across a number of stones," vertically erect themselves to act as "carriers.

"The earth covering these kinds of burial chambers" and formed a mound, but after that time, the "land had often disappeared, one sees only" the bare stones of the burial chamber.

"These are the bare stones that have been taken for"stone altarsAnd that it has related to religious worship "of the Gauls. The so-called Druidic altars are only "ruined dolmens. This is not, as has "always said, to serve the cruel practice of religion" they were raised. It is safe today "that the dolmens are tombs of that time" pre-historic. "

"... He must give up seeing in the dolmens of "Britain, which have been so often described by the" antiquarians, who are among the monuments of "our history,

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"Symbols of the religion of our fathers. We can no longer "look only as burial chambers.

"The dolmens are very numerous in France, much" more than you think. It is generally believed that "it does exist in Britain, and admire the curious" in this respect the so-called Druidic altars so widespread "in this former province of France. But Britain is "far from having the privilege of building" megalithic. They are found in fifty-eight of our "departments, mostly owned by the regions of" the west and south-west ..

"The menhirs were huge blocks of rough stones, "that we did not care earth around the graves. They "were planted singly or in rows, that is to say" circle or avenue.

"When the menhirs are arranged in a circle, single or" multiple, they are called cromlechs. These are large "stone enclosures, usually arranged around a" dolmen. The cult for the dead seems to have converted these "pregnant places of pilgrimage which stood at" some days, public meetings. The pregnant "are sometimes circular, as in England, sometimes" rectangular, as in

- 164 - 

"Germany and include one or more rows."... These stone monuments, we have already said, are "not more than Celtic

Druids. The Celtic peoples "who occupied a portion of Gaul, several centuries" before the Christian era, are totally innocent of "megalithic constructions.

"They found all made during their migration," and, without doubt, they considered them all with "astonishment than us. They took advantage when they "seemed advantageous to use. As for the priests of these "ancient people, as to Druids who picked the mistletoe sacred oak on, they performed their ceremonies "in the depths of the forest. But never dolmen was built in the "depths of the forest and all the stone monuments that exist" today stand in the open part of the country. "We must therefore abandon the old and poetic insight that makes" dolmens altars of the religious cult of our ancestors. "(1)

The view of modern science regarding the dolmens, strangely different ideas arising from the interpretation of names given the large stones, so abundant in Brittany, especially among Redones (Rennes).

 

(1) Primitive Man by Louis Figuier.

- 165 - The tribe formed Redones religious, scholarly, possessing the secret of

raising megalithic monuments scattered throughout Gaul, was the tribe learned stones, - read (red) Scholar - hone, Stone. - The study and science were required to know the purpose of erection of the megaliths, and they alone possessed the intelligence and sense who had learned from the lips of the Druids.

It is worth noting that the department of Ille-et-Vilaine includes most of the territory of former Redones it receives its name from two rivers Ille and Vilaine that take their sources. Ille HillMeans hill Vilaine - to Will (ouch), Will, - to ahemTo surround - attaches to stones placed on the surrounding hills and the tribe Redones. The report and the name of convenience between two rivers and that of Redones are they merely chance? Is not this a striking confirmation of the interpretation given to Redones and suggested by the language of Tectosagians?

The stones isolated H. says Martin called men-hir, "long stone, or peulvan pillar of stone caves" dummy leckh, rock, or fraud-men standing stones (tol "or fraud, elevation) or stone table ( of taol, table): the

- 166 - 

Circles, crom leckh (crom stone circles or "stones). The famous Round towers Ireland were also "Monuments gaëliques, a character a religious group as" well attested their traditional name, Feida-Neimheidh. "

Neimheid, we have already seen, refers to the scientific body which comprised the names. These chosen men as they handed out to the people the main foundation of their food, that is to say, wheat and bread? Feida declares positively puique the verb to feed (fid) Means, feed, feed. Terms Menir, dolmen, Cromleck, refer again to this important fact, which was for the Druids, Celtic to distribute to the people, first religious science, essential to the moral life, and secondly, wheat and bread, essential to material life.

The Menir by its acute and pointed, was the staple food, wheat, - hand (hhld) Principal - ear (ir), Ear of corn .- Strange! In all our villages of Languedoc, there are still a land which is attached the name of Kaïrolo - key, Key, - ear (ir), Ear of corn, - hole, Cottage fields .- In this land, probably, was built the granary Celtic villages. The distribution of wheat was made by the hand of the Druids

- 167 - 

as various authors have clearly recognized and identified as witnessed with the words attached to dolmen, Which was also built as a distribution table, to dole, Distribute, - hand (hhld), Vital -.

It is quite curious and interesting to compare terms and Menir dolmen, the name of the last chief of the Druids Armorican, who lives close Druidic colleges under a decree of the Estates General, chaired by the Bishop Modéran under the first king of Brittany, Conan Meriadech, and held in Rennes, in the year 396 AD. The supreme leader of the druidic order was called Eal-ir-bad, - to Heal (hil), Remedy - ear (ir), Ear of corn, - badSpoiled, bad -: Bridging the spoiled wheat. He was therefore obliged by his duties as Archdruid, not just to distribute wheat in ordinary times, but in the unhappy years, compensate for accidents occurring to crops, distributing, without doubt, wheat prudently held special reserve in the granaries.

The circle of stones, usually round, is the bread Cromleck indeed drift Krum (Kreum) bread and to like (Yaik), Love, taste. In Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains, we see strong round stones, contained bread, placed on top of huge rocks.

- 168 - The loose stones are appointed by the Bretons Roeselare - ruler (Wheeler),

Governor. - They are a sign of divine government and Druid.It was believed, by the accounts of Caesar and the form of dolmens, these

tables served as an altar where the Druids sacrificed human creatures, but the interpretation of the names of all the Celtic stones, bright and easy to interpret by idiom of Tectosages lose these megaliths odious characters attributed to them and makes them go into the class of simple buildings, with a splendid religious significance, however, we will try to explain with clarity in speaking of Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains.

Most indecision reigns over peulven and lichaven. It usually refers to the peulven Menir and the dolmen lichaven. In fact, peulvens lichavens and have a similar idea to that contained in the name of the Veneti, as peulven expresses a feeling of repulsion for the temples, - to sweater (Poull), Tear, - vane (Venezuelan), Temple - and lichaven represents a people lacking in religious buildings, - to LACK, Lack, - vane (Venezuelan) Temple -: it should be written instead of lackven lichaven.

- 169 - It could be observed at about lichaven that, in the idiom of Tectosages, the

verb to like (Yaik) Means love, which would attribute to lichaven a direction opposite to that which we thought we should give, but we must not lose sight that lichavens exist in the tribe of the Veneti as well as in the tribe Redones, that there would be a contradiction quite obvious in the presence of these lichavens (magnet temples) in the middle of the territory occupied by the Veneti (hating the temples), and Neimheid was too clever to commit a mistake as great.

According to Strabo, the largest city of Redones was Condate. It would be very popular with young students of Gaul, because there was learning by heart, science provided by the Druids, - to con, Learn by heart, - death (deth), Death and its aftermath, or else - date (dete) Then -.

Before quoting the statements of Caesar on teaching Druid, it is advantageous to seek the meaning of the word Druid, which has been interpreted so diverse.

It is commonly believed that Druid signifies a man of oak, and Pliny has done much to uphold this explanation. Oak, Languedoc dialect, is expressed by

- 170 - 

garrikAnd in Anglo-Saxon by oak (ok) In Breton by dero, dervishAnd in Wales, by Derwa, Scots and Irish by dair, In Latin, for QuercusAnd in Greek by thick. Pliny, after noticing the Greek expression, believes that just Druid thick: "No sacrifice, he said, without the oak branches (1)

The branch or branches of oak, resulting in Greek, by o druïnos clados this consonance has been thrown into doubt the inevitable error, if ignored, as is likely, the language of so-called barbarian Gauls.

The word Druid, Anglo-Saxon druid (drouid), Contains a meaning far more serious and remarkable. It must be remembered that Caesar, by reporting the names of the Druids, has sought to soften the harsh and guttural sounds of the Celtic language and wrote Druids (drouides) Instead of trouides. This term can easily find the key to the riddle.

It consists of the verb to trow (tro), Imagine, think, believe, and another verb to head (HID), Be careful, be careful - trowhead (trôhid).

For the Druids, according to the meaning of their name, was imposed the obligation to imagine, build, secure expressions, full of

 

(1) Pliny. XVI. C. XLIV.

- 171 - 

truth and appropriateness, the appropriate names to the tribes, cities and all parts of the Celtic territory, and it was a function they fulfilled in the name of Neimheid. They still had their attention on what to think and believe, they were responsible to teach the divine sciences and humanities.

The Druids never wrote point the mysteries of their art: their many followers were getting knowledge, using their memory to remember the many verses in which the doctrine was confined druid. Forcing young people to learn and memorize the science they were sent, "they" prevented them from resting on the writing and also to "neglect the exercise of memory. This usually happens "in fact, that is less applicable to memorize what" that one can learn through books. The "foundation of their doctrine is that souls do not perish "not ... They also deal with movements of the stars, the "grandeur of the universe and the world, the essence of things, the power of gods, and teach" these doctrines to the youth. "(1)

 

(1) Caesar, Bell. gall. lib. VI.14. The explanation of Caesar to the obligation to learn by heart the Druidic science, is far from satisfactory. This obligation must contain a more important reason that escapes us.

- 172 - We see from these words of Caesar, the Neimheid was given with great

accuracy, the City of Redones, Condate name, the name recalling to mind the memory of the doctrines taught by the Druids, youth Gaul, which they cultivated intelligence and memory.

It is not necessary to insist on the physical knowledge possessed by the people Celt. The names of the tribes and cities expressing various professions, the wonderful organization in the entire Celtic, which resemble the tribes to corporations working with an industry unique to each tribe and appropriate products of the soil, amply demonstrate, not only superior civilization of the Celts, but also the perfect understanding of their government, who knew and direct all the productions, to distribute all the works necessary for the preservation and prosperity of Gallic society.

Caesar gives us a few more details about the hierarchy and some druidic functions. This faculty was chaired by a Druid bear the ultimate authority. After the death of the leader, they gave him the successor to the Druid more deserving, and if several were equally worthy of this honor, the highest number of votes obtained by one of them, wore

- 173 - 

power: sometimes, however, the weapons could only determine the final selection. The Druids gathered in a fixed time of the year in a consecrated place on the borders of Carnutes, because this country Carnutes is considered the focal point of all Gaul. Here, assembled from all quarters those who had disputes, and they submitted to the judgments and rulings by the Druids. (1)

The science of law, make judgments, and punishments to be imposed on offenders, was also transmitted by purely oral education: Condom (Gers) attests, - to con, Learn by heart, - to Doom (doum), Try, convict -.

The Carnutes occupied the country Chartres is now the chief town. In disassembling the words that form Carnutes, we will be able to appreciate the skill of the Druids in the composition of names Celtic tribes. Carnutes means new cart full of oats and fresh - because, Cart, - New (niou), New, fresh - Oats (Ost), Oats -.

The country Carnutes he never saw his immense weakening grain production? And Chartres

 

(1). Caesar, Bell. Gall. lib. VI. 13.13

- 174 - 

can quote in the past century, a time when his prodigious grain trading has been temporarily suspended? The Celtic name of Chartres, as the authors engage and Autricum. Autricum This is simply a positive affirmation of the place where were the purchases and sales of new oat - oatrick, Heap of oats -

We do not know if the explanation of proper names by the Armorican language Tectosages bear in mind a conviction sufficient to destroy all doubts. One could argue that this is, perhaps, language kimrique, very different from the Gaeltacht in use among the tribes of eastern and central Gaul.

Let us examine again the value of the idiom of Volkes, in the interpretation of some proper names, taken as part of Gaul possessed by the confederation said gaëlique.

 III THE RHONE. - MARSEILLE - LES ALLOBROGES - LYON. - The Arverni and Vercingetorix.

 A portion of Gaul is occupied by the Gaels watered by the Rhone, Rhodanus.

This expression, Rhodanus, gave rise to some

- 175 - 

Historians believe that Rhodes had founded a city between the mouths of the Rhone. Henri Martin, after having shared this belief, expresses his doubts. "The" name comes from the Rhone yet no Rhoda, as the "Greek and Latin historians have imagined, but the gaëlique"Rhuit-year(Running water). (1)

The Neimheid, naming the river Rhodanus, knew not the shape of the road which was in its mouth, and also the exact number of outlets through which it flowed into the sea Gallic scholars would, of Also, never consented to call this river Rhuit-year, running water, because that would require styling and all the rivers and running waters of Gaul.

Strabo, on the Rhone, the opinion of Timaeus, (2) supporting the Rhodanus jumped into the sea by five different outlets in a harbor, filled by the river worker - Road (rod), Roadstead, where vessels dropped anchor - Handball, Hand, arm end finished by hand into five fingers -.

Timaeus was not in error in giving the Rhone five hydrant, and was indeed the true state of the river when the Neimheid

 

(1) History of France by H. Martin, page 10. Note 3.(2) The ghost towns of the Gulf of Lyons, by Charles Lenthéric.

- 176 - 

has imposed the name Rhodanus. Not forsaking the Rhone without inquiring into Marseille or Massili.

Historians argue that around the year 600 BC, a ship came from Phocea Greek city of Aeolis, anchored near the mouth of the Rhone to the east of this river. These belonged to coast Segobriges: Nann their leader, marrying that day his daughter. Strangers greeted with kindness were allowed to take place among the guests. As usual the Iberians, borrowed by the Ligurian Segobriges, the girl was free to choose her husband among the guests assembled at the table paternal. At the end of the meal, the daughter of Nann between a cup in her hand: she takes a view on the meeting, hesitated a moment, then stops in front of Euxenes, chief of the Greeks, she presents the cut. Nann confirmed the choice of his daughter, and gave as dowry to Euxenes the shores of the Gulf where he had landed, and some land on the coast of the Mediterranean. Euxenes threw a peninsula in its field the foundations of a city he called Massil, and soon, thanks to the many settlers who came to him in Phocis, the Greek city rose to the highest degree of prosperity. (1)

 

(1) History of France, by E. Lefranc. Introduction.

- 177 - This story leaves historians in complete darkness the Segobriges, who

received so cordially Euxenes with Greeks Neimheid the book itself to posterity a very weak information on this tribe. Established at the mouth of the Rhone, the Segobriges were quite unable, in their communications, by the waters of this deep and rapid river. They therefore saw the need to build many bridges, to make easier and their relationship. It is, moreover, any assertion of the Academy Gauloise - to seek (sik), Seek, - to owe (O)Be obliged to - to bridge (brijde), Build a bridge -.

On the coast of the Segobriges, Euxenes laid the foundations of Marseille and made this flourishing city in summoning the Levant trade, but it is very probable that the Neimheid did not abandon the task of naming the city, since all words in in the composition of Massilia, is purely Celtic. Massil in admirable brevity of this term, is a port that receives an infinite number of large vessels that put the band for refit - massA cluster - to heel (hil) To a vessel in the band for the refit, - high (hai), Large -.

Going up the Rhone to the lake and 13a

- 178 - 

on the left bank of the river appear powerful Savoyards. They occupied the Savoy, and Grenoble theirs with the region now included in the department of Isere. The predominant industry of this tribe is not extirpated they had. Liqueurs of Côte Saint-André, the famous ratafias Grenoble, succeeded to the spirits and exciting products manufactured by the Savoyards - to Alloo(Allou), Animate, excite, - brewage (brouedje), A mixture of different beers -. The profession of Allobroges can therefore be concluded that the clear water of the fountains was not the only drink of the Celts.

To the west of the Rhone, in Vivarais Helvii fitting with the address of the weapons, spears, pikes, axes, - to Helve, Inserting - to hew (hiou) Cut - too small industry that had contemptuously rejected Helvetii as unsuitable to their tastes bellicose - to Helve, Inserting - to hate (hete) Detest - to hew (hiou) Cut -. Abandoning Rauraci, Basel, cold storm that - raw (rau), Cold, frozen, - to RackAnd torment - back to the confluence of the Saone and the Rhone, to find Lugdunum, Lyon.

M.A. Chevallet of his gorgeous or-

- 179 - 

VRAG, Origin and formation of the French language, writes:Dune, Mound of sand that lies at the edge of the sea "poop, the highest part of the back of a ship. "These words derive from the Celtic Dun, Meaning "a hill, a hill, as we learn Cleitophon" in a treatise attributed to Plutarch. Here is the passage: "Beside the Arar (Saone), is an eminence" called Lougdounon, and received this name on the grounds that "I am about. Momoros Atepomoros and who "had been dethroned by Seséronéos, undertook to 'the response of an oracle to build a city on the eminence. They had already laid the foundations, "where a multitude of crows directed their flight this" side and came to cover the surrounding trees. Momoros, "versed in the science of omens, gave the city the name of" Lougdounon, since in their language, (the Gauls) call the raven lougon and eminence "dounon".

"This city, as the reader previously thought, is nothing" that the Roman Lugdunum, became our Lyon: she "was first built along the right bank of the Saone, on the" heights which adjoin Peter Scis.

"Dun preserved in the termination of several "other of our cities."

- 180 - The fact reported by Cleitophon seems to be quite real. It was a happy

accident, good fortune Momoros versed in the science of omens, to see a multitude of crows show him, so to speak, the place that was to occupy the city, and the term luck (leuk), Accident, good fortune - Luckdun - Expresses the satisfaction he must have felt. Regarding dunumTerminates the Celtic names of several cities, it does not mean the eminence on which a city could be built, because to DunMeans: annoy a debtor. It is likely that the cities on the termination or Dun dunum were originally from the cities of refuge, where the debtors would get immune to prosecution creditors too intrusive. The scientist Don Martin, in his history of Gaul, has already expressed the thought that the Gallic cities were perhaps just cities of refuge, empty of inhabitants, where they ran to take cover from an imminent danger . Word to Dun, Offers a sense quite clear, precise, perfectly explaining the cause of the stampede of a debtor and its sudden retreat in a remote town.

It is nevertheless certain that the Celts were looking for hills to build their cities and the city Lactora (Lectoure in Gers)

- 181 - 

An example of this choice. Lactora, located atop a steep mountain, at the foot of which flows the Gers, indicates clearly the hill where it sits, as well as the stated preference of the Celts to the heights when they founded a city - to like (laika), Love, taste, - tor(torr), Peak height over -.

Among the tribes included in the confederation said gaëlique, the most famous is that of Arverne. In mentioning the name of Arverne, the mind stops immediately with a painful interest on Vercingetorix, the last defender of the Gallic independence. Ordered by Vercingetorix and fighting in their beloved mountains, Arverne Caesar inflicted a crushing defeat, which stirred bitter memories in the heart of the Roman general, the most savage hatred against his conqueror.

Caesar did not find in his wounded spirit, even a weak sense of admiration for the hero Arverne proudly Romans engaged to save his comrades. The conqueror of Gaul, by throwing him in chains, showed that his heart opened to great ferocity, was closed to most ordinary generosity. We can not think without indignation at the barbaric treatment suffered by magnanimous Arverne, who had six years languishing in chains

- 182 - 

before the ax of lictor has put an end to his torture.Name VercingetorixImposed upon the chief of the Gauls fighting for the

independence of their country, we depicted by a line of fire. This is the warlord forgetting everything, to think only with the dangers facing his country and lead his brothers in combat - war (ouaûr), War - king (kigne) Chief, king - to head (hed), Spearhead, conduct, - to owe (O)Be obliged, must, - Risk, Danger -.

We tried several times to interpret the name of Vercingetorix. That the Generalissimo worm-cinn-cedo-righ, Says a historian who rightly accuses the Latin authors "of" confused as functions with the proper name, "as they have done or chief Brennus Brennus of Gaul." (1) Brenn, in fact, derives from brain (bren), Brain.

Henri Martin, in his History of France, says this about the Celtic hero, "he called Vincingétorix," that is to say, the great leader of a hundred heads, worm-kenn-kedo- "righ".

This explanation stems from the same source 

(1) History of France, by Em Lefranc.

- 183 - 

undecided who gave us ar-fearann, High-ground for Arverne. But what a gulf between this ar-fearann and truth. The Arverne were once again what they are today, ie, hawkers browsing Gaul to sell new goods, - to Hare, Running here and there - ware (Ouèrè), Commodity, something to sell - New (niou) Again - and we could not cite a single city in France where we do find some Arverne enriched by trade.

Is not it a wonderful thing to see Arverni exercise the same industry in the earliest ages of the Celtic history? With what jealous care of the members Neimheid scholars have they not sought to burn exactly the profession of a tribe in the name she bore! After the explanation of the designations made in eastern and central Gaul, where language gaëlique should dominate, does it seem unfair to argue that the Celtic language used by the Academy was a Gallic, and dialectical differences that existed only in popular language? The Neimheid was not established only in Ireland, where he left his name attached to the round towers that still remain. Caesar said the institution was conceived Druid first in the island of Britain, and thence

- 184 - 

introduced in Gaul (1) but is it credible that the good order of the Druids has been a sudden beginning among Breton Island? When the Celts have left Asia, towards the West, Neimheid was doing his job, and the names he had to leave following the course of the Danube, later amply prove, because we firmly confidence that their interpretation by the language of Volkes, will be extremely easy.

We have already disassembled and explained more than two hundred words or names, Hebrew, Punic, Basque and Celtic. Are we not entitled to find the evidence strong enough to argue that the language of Tectosages retained by the Anglo-Saxons, is the true Celtic language? Is it not fair to call it the primary language spoken by Noah, and sent to the patriarch Adam who had received from God as the divine names and first names of men not be interpreted with real clarity as the terms included in this language?

How our memories can Bretons of France to revive them with a good memory has preserved the names of all these monuments

 

(1) Caesar, Bell. gall. lib. VI. 13.

- 185 - 

ing Celtic, regarded with curiosity as real puzzles!We are far from claiming that no error has crept into the explanation of

Celtic names that we tried using the language of Tectosagians but these mistakes are easily corrected or eliminated by the light of local traditions, whose persistence as its radius will project light on the life and history of our ancestors.

This story, moreover, is not she do differently? "These 'primitive Gaels," said Henry Martin (1), tattooed, armed with "knives and stone axes, were to provide" some resemblance to the wild warriors of the "North America. They are shepherds and hunters, they "even have a bit of farming."

To this the answer Neimheid by religious denominations, and industrial designations imposed on cities, tribes and smaller villages whose names reveal many surprising things. We must therefore abandon all these hypotheses of savage and barbarous state, insulting to our ancestors the Gauls, and with justice to the high degree of civilization, religious, moral and material

 

(1) History of France, first flight

- 186 - 

which they have an indisputable right. At the Neimheid response, the reply adds even more serious in our sacred books: "What was once? What should "happen in the future. What was done? What needs to "do it again. Nothing is new under the sun, and no one "can say this is a new thing, because it was already" in the centuries passed before us. "(1)       

      

 

(1) Cleric. C. I. v. 9. 10.

  CHAPTER VI. 

  

THE VOLKER Tectosages AND THE LANGUEDOC 

 I LES VOLKER TECTOSAGES AND ARec. LES BELGEE. - LA GARON. - TOULOUSE. LA GIronda.

 According to several historians, the fourth century BC saw the Volkes

Tectosagians Arecomici and settle in the south of Gaul. William of Catel in his history of Languedoc, says Tectosages were already settled in southern Gaul until the fourth century, for it involves the army Sigovesus about the year 587 BC, formed in large Part of Tectosages while Bellovèze army marching towards Italy, contained Bituriges of Aedui, Arvernes and warriors

- 188 - 

belonging to other tribes of central Gaul. This assertion does not lack merit and it is likely that Caesar refers to his first expedition, wrote in his comments: "Long before there was a" time when the Gauls excelled the Germans in value 'war and they fought against even among them: "fields are no longer sufficient to feed a population that is too" large, they sent colonies beyond the Rhine. "So in the land of Germany's most fertile," around the Hercynian forest, that Tectosagians Volkes "settled after having conquered. These people until "time occupies the same territory." (1)

Julius Caesar shows us the Tectosages set beyond the Rhine first, then around the Hercynian forest, that is to say, also having the banks of the Danube. About the year 281 BC, the Tectosages the south of Gaul, taking with them other tribes presented themselves to their brothers from the Danube, and led

them to Macedonia, Epirus, Thrace and Greece. This expedition, led by Tectosages Toulouse, allied with the Tectosages Danube and the Gauls Sordiques or long sword - Sword (sord), Sword, - to eke

 

(1) Caesar, Bell. gall. lib. VI. 24.

- 189 - 

(ike), Extend - also placed in the Danube region, bringing to two major migrations Tectosagians made since their establishment in the south of Gaul. In the first migration northward, Caesar was represented with no thought of return, the countries conquered from the Germans: in the second expedition to Macedonia, some of these Tectosages insatiable adventures, went to Asia and founded with their allies a new Gaul, Galatia, another part of Tectosagians returned to their homeland, and reported, say the historians, into the gold of Toulouse and the remains of Delphi, Greece.

The Volkes appear, from this, having conquered the south of Gaul, long before the Belgians invaded northern Gaul, which happened to them in the current to the fourth century BC. They would not be a Belgic tribe, although belonging, like the Belgians, family Cimmerian.

The name of Belgians gives no precise indication of their origin, but it defines their war tactics. They knew very careful to combine remarkable courage, and said Caesar, "alone among the Gauls, they" had successfully repulsed the attacks of the Teutons "and Cimbri (probably Volkes set beyond

14

- 190 - 

"Rhine), so they had of themselves and their" ability in the military art very highly. "(1)

The art of science of war, among the Belgians, was primarily a choice of their fortified camps, they knew how to fortify make them impregnable. They found the remains of fortified walls, Mr. Louis Figuier believes to be contemporaneous with the stone age. (2)

"To find, he said, the evidence still standing" wars of men of the Stone Age, we must "move in the shape of Europe" now Belgium. Yes, at the age of stone, beyond "any written tradition, the people of this country" were fighting now, either among themselves or against other "people from outside. We have proof by the "fortified enclosures or Camps entrenched which were "discovered by MM. Hamour and Himelette. These camps "are those of Furfooz, Pont-de-Bonn, Simon," Jemelle, the Hastedon and Poilvache.

"These camps offer a variety of common characteristics. "They are generally established overlooking valleys' slopes, on a massive

 

(1) Caesar, Bell. Gall. bed II. 4.(2) The primitive man, by Louis Figuier.

- 191 - 

"Rocks, forming a sort of promontory, which is connected to the" rest of the country by a narrow passage. A wide gap was "dug in the strip of land, and the whole camp was" surrounded by a thick stone wall just "assembled against each other, without mortar" or cement. In Hastedon camp near Namur, this "wall, which was still well preserved at the time of" discovery, measured three feet wide, on a "height roughly equal. When attacked, "the men gathered in the chamber, rained on 'attackers of stones taken from their wall, which" thus became at once a work of defense and of attack.

"These entrenched positions were chosen so that the" most continued to be occupied during the century "next. We cite an example that Poilvache. "After the Roman citadel, she turned, the" Middle Ages, a castle, which was destroyed only to "the fifteenth century.

"The camps Hastedon Furfooz and also" been used by the Romans."Throughout the ancient walls of the camps, they found" flints and fragments

of pottery, all of which "would suffice to prove the presence of primitive man. "The enor-

- 192 - 

"My walls of these camps show the same 'time he lived on items designated as" cities already numerous. "

The construction of these camps, stated, among the Belgians, the rational choice of tactics, and it was impossible that their name does not bore a trace serious: also by disassembling the syllables that make up Belgae, There are men who know, war, outline their positions in a wall or fence, which could make them immune to a surprise enemy, and terrified by the difficulty or impossible to remove by force their fortified - to blade (pell), Surround, palisade, - to cowboy (kau), Intimidate, frighten, - Pelkaou -.

The Volkes Tectosagians did not conduct a war of this kind. Their order of battle was perfect, if one believes Lers Arecomici, - array (Arree), Order of battle - to come (bloke), Become - to eke (ike), Develop -. Disdaining the shelter of a retrenchment, read based on the enemy, quick as lightning, re-formed their ranks with ease, playing without thought of danger and as assured of victory. We are happy to find people in this strain of Franks, the furia that made the French army so formidable.

This dissimilarity in the genius we warrior

- 193 - 

strongly urges not to consider Volkes Arecomici Tectosagians and Belgians as two tribes, although the verb to cow, frighten, also used in the composition and Volcae Belgae.

The Tectosages Arécomikes, and divided the south of Gaul, the first extending from Beziers to Rhone Nemausus (Nimes), the main town. Nemausus, Celtic, means house of fame, - name (nth), Fame, celebrity - house (haouce), House -. What was that famous house? The square house of Nimes is cited even today as a remarkable monument. But how did this house have become famous for this unique quality of being simple square? This is probably because the houses affecting Gallic round, a square house built in the city has excited general astonishment and determined the name of Nemausus. Can also be all the houses in the city they had the square shape.

Tectosages had placed the seat of their dominance at Tolosa (Toulouse), which already existed and was probably the largest city and largest of southern Gaul. The Garonne River, navigable for a great course, lent his services to boats Gallic, which

14a

- 194 - 

however, was forced to tow them to get to Toulouse, became a commercial center for the south. Were used as tugs magnificent bulls in the country, the horses being in the eyes of animals Gauls too precious to be used for such use. As well, the bull, stronger than the horse, he was more capable of driving boats often involved in the silt of the river - to tow (te) Tow - to Low (lo), Bellow, roar, - ooze (welve) Mud, silt, - towlowooze.

The small town of Tolosa, in Guipuzcoa, surrounded by the Oria, the largest river in the province after the Deva, also saw small boats Cantabria, towed by oxen, to arrive at the foot of their homes.

The Garonne, Garumna, takes its source in the Spanish Pyrenees. This country was occupied by the tribe Garumnites, whose Garumna river took its name. Mountains of Garumnites fed herd of chamois true: the Pyrenean species is known in the region under the name ofchamois. This term, quite Celtic, related to an important detail of the lives of these animals. When the herd grazing, two or three old males station themselves as sentinels on the heights overlooking the pasture, and the first appearance of danger, they

- 195 - 

warned by a shrill whistle; immediately the whole herd rushed to the heights with the speed of lightning - to hiss, Whistle, - hartA deer. The chamois are covered with a woolly coat of a dark brown in winter and a tawny brown in summer. Driven hard, the chamois has won the most inaccessible places in the Pyrenees, to escape the pursuit of Garumnites and of their descendants - station (little), Coarse wool, - Rum (Reum) Strange, funny, weird, - neat (nit) Cattle.

The description of the species, confined within Garumnites, refers to less than the chamois goat. The hairs that are a little longer: the horns curved back are especially remarkable: they are composed of many rings, and the total length is so great among older males, as they reach the end of the tail when their head is raised.

The goats have disappeared from the Pyrenees, they are few in number in the Alps.

At the end of his term and after receiving the Dordogne, the Garonne is called the Gironde. Although early authors call this river by the single name Garumna, yet we see modern geographers, relying on local traditions, also called the Gironde before

- 196 - 

it empties into the sea The first part of this name - to sheer (chir), Run, run, - Clearly, this term naval vessels that Bordeaux have played an important role in the composition of Gironde and the second part derived from to undam (eundam), Releasing a lock, this name would show on the riverfront site of a genuine Gallic ship construction and launching into the waters of a closed basin by a dam.

 II LE LANGUEDOC. - LES WISIGOTHS AND PEOPLES

 DITS BARBARA. The country inhabited by Volkes Tectosagians called the Languedoc. The

dialect spoken in the southern region, long after his accession to France, he has actually caused the name of Languedoc versus Languedoil, Referring to the French language established over the Loire?

We are far from believing, and this division seems quite arbitrary and devoid of serious grounds. William of Catel in his memoirs of the history of Languedoc, printed

- 197 - 

Tolose in 1633, says: "We are now" very little Belgium, which may have been subject to "modern divide what we see of Gaul" two languages or two parts, one which is called the "language * 'Yes, of which Paris is the capital, the other the' Languedoc has Tolose for city ... Charles VIIth "In order for the erection of Parliament" Tolose the Occitania called Patria, which gave about "Pope Innocent IV in his record, calling the country" Occitania. But common and most often it is "appointed in the former acts, patria occitaniae linguae.

"Many felt that the country of Languedoc had" taken its name from the Goths, who have many years held the words "country, especially as Land Germany means the country. And "thus seems Languedoc said country of the Goths, even" Languedoc was formerly called Gothia. But I "think they have not properly met, for the word" Languedoc comes rather from the language that the natives "speak. For countries like those of the French language "are called the language of Ouy, and those of this country" were called Languedoc, that is to say, as we "have seen above, language Oc. "

- 198 - This quotation shows that the starting point taken to explain the term

Languedoc, the interpretation is quite erroneous Occitania. We have already seen that the expression Occitane - hog-sea (hog-si), Porpoise - to-hit, Strike - Handball, Hand - the hand that struck the shark - is attached to dwell on the banks of Bay of Biscay, Cantabria and Aquitaine.

Toulouse has been considered the largest city in the neighboring country of Occitane, however this is not a sufficient reason for that specific name denoting a professional habit will need to apply the language of the Languedoc, differing little from that Aquitanians of the interior, but differ greatly from that of Cantabria. Moreover, the language spoken in the North at the time mentioned Catel employed almost as many words as Celtic and Latin language Toulouse.

There is an error very sensitive ink in the statement of William of Catel Ouy between the language of the Languedoc, Languedoc as is usually paralleled by the various authors, not with the language Ouy, but with the Langue d'Oil, which is a considerable difference. When William of Catel reported that, according to the estimation of many, the Languedoc was so named by the Goths, he

- 199 - 

was far from suspecting the truth, interview by the severalAnd in fact, the Visigoths who speak the Celtic language, the Languedoc was for them the Landok Oak or countries - LandCountry, - oak (dk) - Oak, as opposed to Landoil or country of oil - LandCountry, - oil (o'il) Oil - which encompasses the region inhabited by the Arecomici, and also some parts of Provence.

Both designations attached by the Visigoths in the southern region of France, owned by them, did nothing unusual or contrary to the habits of conquerors. Like all essential names existed long ago in the country, the Visigoths were simply divided their Gallic possessions into two parts, designated by the general features of the products of the soil.

These explanations should not seem quite rash, considering that the Visigoths of Spain, master of the kingdom of Toulouse, spoke the Celtic language, especially as their name makes clear.

Historians have thought it necessary to call the Visigoths and Ostrogoths, Goths West and East, but in reality, their name comes rather warlike qualities or habits they attributed to themselves, and the direction of their march toward a warmer climate than their own. Thus

- 200 - 

Visigoths advanced with caution and skill to the hot lands - Wize (ouaïze), Cautious, clever - to go, Walk - hot, Hot - while, in moving to these countries also preferred, Ostrogoths, disdaining the clever feints, brutally attacked the enemy - to host, Attack - raw (rau) Rude, crude, - to go, Walk - hot, Hot -. This is not a casual manner that the name of the Visigoths and Ostrogoths, interpreted by the Celtic language, since the names of other people who dismembered the Roman Empire can also be explained with equal ease.

The Jutes of Juland - to jut, Forward, protrude - Land, Land - the Angles - to angle, Angling - the Saxons, were part of Tectosagians set beyond the Rhine, and under names previously unknown, ran ravage the lands where their ancestors had multiplied. The Heruli the coats of hair, from the Euxine, - hair (Her), Hair, - hull, Outer cover - Gepidae, who watched carefully to their height and beauty of their bodies - Shape (shep), Size, proportion of body - to head (HID), Be careful, be careful -; or Lombards Lombards, who were eager to fight violent and bleak - to long, Longing, to cope, Fight, -

- 201 - 

hardAnd painful, hard -, the Vandals themselves, who hadent no houses, and utterly destroyed monuments and houses of other people - to want (ouâunt), Not having - lobbyHouse and all, despite their different names, do not let that belong to the same family of Gomer.

   III THE FRANKS. THEIR ORIGIN.

 The Franks formed on the right bank of the Rhine a confederation of tribes,

mingling in a general designation, which was for them as a rallying point. They gloried in a generous and sincere, - frank, Sincere - and had relinquished the former title of looters kept only in one of their tribes. Their feelings of modesty and reserve were burned in the name of Chamavi - shame (sheme), Modesty - to Have, Possess, - included in this confederation. Here is a picture of Franks made by a Latin poet, about the time they began to settle in Gaul: "They have, he said, the tall, very white skin," blue eyes;

- 202 - 

"Their face is clean shaven, except the lip" top where they left two small whiskers grow. "Their hair, cut from behind, along the front, are" a beautiful blond. Their dress is so tight, it leaves "to see the whole shape of their bodies. They cover a wide "belt from which hangs a heavy sword, but extremely" sharp. It is, of all known peoples, who "hears the movement and better developments "Military. They are a singular address, they "always hit where they aim, a lightness if "extraordinary, they fall on the enemy as early as" trait they have launched and finally a daring so much, "nothing surprises them, nor the number of enemies, or the" disadvantage of places, or even death with all its horrors, they may lose their lives, they never lose courage. "(1)

This is a faithful portrait of Volkes, contained elsewhere in their name - to vault- Flit - to cowboy, -. Scare

The country occupied by the Franks was one of the country whose Volkes Tectosagians had seized on the Germans. Their presence in this region is a sure indication of their

 

(1) History of France 'Em Lefranc.

- 203 - 

origin, for no nation has ever managed to dispossess Tectosages of their conquests. The Jutes, Angles, Saxons, Frisians - free (Fri) Independent - its, Son, descendant - belonged to the family Tectosages and Franks, separated by the generosity of their fellow looters Saxons, also show by their position on the right bank of the Rhine, their habits, their formation and their beliefs, the same origin.

The exterior of the Franks differed point outside of the Gauls, their religion had a striking resemblance to Druidism: it was based upon the immortality of the soul, and historians say, their altars were never stained human blood. This last feature of their customs informs us that at the time of the migration Tectosagians Toulouse, human sacrifice existed in Gaul. The military tactics of the Franks detected mainly as the true lineage of Volkes Tectosagians and Arecomici.

They had been singularly because these Cimmerians of old time to take the name Volkes, since, after the Latin poet quoted above, no people hear better movements and military developments that their descendants, the Franks warriors.

- 204 - The Confederacy consisted of tribes Franke deemed Germanic and known as

such by the Roman historians. Tacitus speaks of Cherusci, the Chatti, of Bructeri in the history of the expedition of Germanicus beyond the Rhine. The Chatti, the Chaucer, the Bructeri the Cherusci and others were included among the Franks. These various names are almost synonymous and have the same thought. Thus the warriors Chatti broke everything in their path - to Shatter, Smash -; Chaucer loved the attacks, violent clashes, - to Shock, Attack; the Bructeri in their movements and changing light, cut in pieces the enemy - to brush (Breuches), Go suddenly - to tear (tér) To pieces, and Cherusci greeted with shouts of enthusiasm to share the spoils - to share (dear), Share - to huzza (houzzé), Greeted by shouts of acclamation -. All titles worn with pride by the various tribes are reduced to summarizing as Volkes Tectosagians or devastating to the fast pace. It's always the same people seeking war with its adventures, its dangers awaiting the glorious and equal sharing of booty between the warriors of the expedition.

The history of the vase of Soissons, a testament to what the undisputed right to share the spoils between

- 205 - 

the soldiers. "Clovis," says Em Lefranc (1), "wishing" maintain the good disposition of Gallic clergy, declined "to spend with his army in major cities he had" received the submission. It was the only way to save "the looting monasteries and basilicas which contained" a lot of wealth. However one of the churches of Reims could not escape the rapacity of a band of "Frankish marauders. In their booty was a vase "sacred grandeur and singular beauty.

"The bishop, informed of this fact, deputed to Clovis to" reclaim this vase. Delighted to be agreeable to the prelate, the King said to the envoys, Come with me if some of Soissons and the "booty glad I found the subject, I'll give it back. All the loot "was put together after the campaign, and the fate settled" shared by all. It was not long in discovering the vase "precious among the spoils gathered under a tent," in the middle of the public square of Soissons. My brave "fellow," said Franks Clovisaux, it will be "not unpleasant for me to take the vase, and that I make" people who demand it? Officers and soldiers there, "agreed. Certainly not, "said a warrior brutal and jealous

 

(1) History of France 'Em Lefranc.15

- 206 - 

"You do not take the vase if fate gives you, and" a blow of his ax he broke. Clovis kept "silence, took the vase and went. A year later, as he "reviewed the Franks in a field of Mars," admitted the soldier, whose daring coarse invoked the "law of partition: It is not in any army of weapons "worse kept than yours," he said thy lance,, thy sword, thy ax accuse your negligence and your cowardice and "ripping off his ax, he throws down. The soldier "down to pick it up but suddenly up Clovis' own and split his head is," cried he, what thou hast done to the vase of Soissons. "

This greedy soldier probably belonged to the tribe Cherusci and ignored at this time the title of Frank.

The exact distribution of the booty captured from the enemy was also in use among the Germani. Le Germain is not, as stated in the common interpretation, the man of war, Warman - war (ouâur), War - manMan - but rather the man with a stringent law to share the spoils of the enemy: the Sherméan - to share (dear), Share - May (MÉ), Power - to HandballGive the hand -. This term was first applied to the Germans, and also to be written Tectosagians Volkes-

- 207 - 

taient seized the most fertile lands of Germany, and had adopted the manners, way of life of the Germans conquered and forced back into less fertile land (1), and when Roman historians Tacitus and speak of expeditions conducted beyond the Rhine against the Germans, it means the cons Volkes Tectosagians enveloped by the Romans in the general appellation of Germans.

The confederation of the Franks did not exist even under this title when Cherusci, the Chatti and other tribes exterminated the Roman legions commanded by Varus, ten years after Jesus Christ. The name of the Franks played for the first time in a battle where the emperor Decius died, 251 years after Jesus Christ. Their attacks against the ever-changing frontier of the Roman Empire in Gaul were gradually successful, and, surprisingly, these descendants of former Tolosates, after many years of living beyond the Rhine, captured Gaul, and Toulouse, their birthplace, received (507 AD) as conquerors and aliens.

 

(1) Caesar Bell. gall. lib. VI. 24.

- 208 - IV THE FIRST KINGS FRANKS.

 The descent of the Franks with Volkes Tectosagians becomes even more

striking for the unity of language and, using the language of Volkes, and receives a full day of interpreting the names of the first leaders of the Confederation, Using the language of Volkes.

Marcomir, Pharamond father, had been recognized by the tribes as the sole leader of the Confederates - to Mark, Consider - to owe (O), Duty, - mother (sight), Single, single -. Conquered by Emperor Valentinian II, he had been unable to settle on this side of the Rhine.

Pharamond, his son, was more fortunate. A part of Belgium fell into his hands and, despite some setbacks soon repaired, the Franks gave up more land conquered. Some historians argue that Pharamond never crossed the Rhine, and even its existence is quite problematic. When interpreting Pharamond Tectosagians by language can be a compelling reason, not only its existence can not be doubted, but he would surely have crossed the Rhine with his army, - to fare (ferred) Pass - Amount (amaount) -. All

- 209 - Clodion the Hairy penetrated deep into Belgium, and his head was adorned

with the long hair, distinctive sign of royal authority among the Franks - load (lod) Charge - high (hai) Illustrates, high - to Own (ôn), Possess -.

The royal heir was only allowed to wear their hair long, and this fact, well known and certain, moreover, becomes even more evident by the composition of the name Merovingus, Merovech, the winner of Attila - mother (sight) Alone - to owe (O)Be obliged to - Wig, Hair -. When Merovius died, still young, the possessions of the Franks extended to the Seine.

Childeric was a child, when he was called by the death of his father, to command the nation Franke - child (tchaïld), Child, - Heir (er) Heir - Wig (ouigue), Hair -. He lost the affection and esteem of his people by errors so serious that he was forced into exile. The Franks was entrusted for a time in the direction of Count Roman Œgidius but the king was soon reminded by his subjects, whose resentment had subsided during his absence. Taught by adversity, Childeric bought the mistakes of his youth by boiling actions full of glory.

His son Clovis Hlodowig is regarded as the true founder of French monarchy.

15a

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Recognized leader of the Franks at the age of fifteen years, always accompanied by victory, he conquered most of Gaul, made Paris the capital of the kingdom and became one of the most powerful princes of his time - load (lod) Charge - to owe (O) be obliged to - Wig (ouigue), Hair .-

We should also mention the name of Clotaire IstDepicting two words striking the horrible murder committed on the person of his two nephews, he coolly stabbed to capture the states of the young princes - claw (clau), Claw, greenhouse, - to tear (tér), Tear to pieces -. It was only fair that the Franks stigmatize this criminal action by comparing the deadliest bird of prey, its claws ripping acute a defenseless victim.

These persistent interpretations of proper names of men and tribes are appropriate to indicate the language spoken by all the children of Gomer, who hewed to the environment and kingdoms in the Roman Empire. The Visigoths were owned as well as the Franks in this huge family, and they made up names were taken in the common language of these peoples. This uniformity in the language authorizes us to believe that the names and Landock Landoil have been given by the Visigoths in their possessions in the south of Gaul,

- 211 - 

and that these names, well chosen, moreover, have been met by the Franks, when this region came under their domination.

For years many have seen the southern parts of Gaul keep the Celtic language with remarkable persistence. The Romans unsuccessfully folded populations to their authority. While Latin was honored in the cities, Celtic lived in the countryside, between the alteration a long and passive resistance. The degeneration could not be delayed however, and so-called barbarian invasions have just delayed the full merger of the two languages, since the transaction was already visible in the sixth century AD. The Romance language outcome of this alliance, dominated the kingdom of the Franks, gradually perfecting itself in the northern provinces, is also complicated grammar rules belonging to the mostly Celtic and Latin, sometimes combining to form French expressions, Latin words and other Celtic words, as in soldier or core data - Soul (soil), Soul - data, Data, - capable or clever head, - caputHead - Able, Clever - while in the southern provinces, it maintained a certain integrity, with turn by turn in his sentences of

- 212 - 

Celtic words and Latin words perfectly preserved in their purity, so it is very easy to distinguish them, and to find the expressions used in the mouths of our ancestors the Gauls.

The Latin itself, taken separately, betrays a Celtic character that surprises at first, but which one can easily realize, as the Gauls were masters of much of Italy, where 753 years before Jesus Christ, Rome was built by Romulus, the strange man in the cloak, - Rum (Reum), Bizarre - hull, Cover exterior. - It would be easy to cite in considerable numbers, the expressions contained in Gallic Latin language but we merely reproduce the following: to addAdd, adder in Latin; to know, Known in Latin cognoscere, Know; to endue, Take, Latin induere, Take; AbleCapable, in Latin, habilis, Which has capacity for something; to joke, Joke, Latin, Jocars, joke. The founding of Rome itself was made from the Gallic customs, Romulus, having opened an asylum for vagrants, the disaffected and those fleeing the importunity of their creditors.

We do not believe a neglect to make these brief comments on dialects

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in the southern provinces of France and Languedoc in particular, except to develop them later, alone, in fact, they were able to open a safe path leading to the certain knowledge of the language of our fathers. The mind boggles, when hearing these expressions around you Celtic, now treated with disdain as miserable, rude, it is clear that this was the primitive language transmitted by Adam to his children. Also, we are confident that these dialects precious resist, saved by the spirit of tradition inherent in man, and will never be destroyed.

  V THE KING AND PYRENE BÉBRIX. - HERCULES.THE Sardana. - CAUCOLIBERIS. - Illiberis.THE SORD.

 Before the arrival of Celts, the Pyrenees-Orientales were occupied by the

Iberians.The bears, on regular prosecution of these intrepid hunters, many lived in

these parts. "The 'apparent extension of the Pyrenees, east of" joining with the Montagne Noire and the Cevennes, was held "by a side chain that separates the bottom of the

 

- 214 - 

"Valley of the Tet in French Cerdanya, which is" the special name ofAlbères. (1) In Alberes - lobby(Haulli), Housing, - Bear (REO), A bear, - the beasts were retreats deep and continuing danger presented certainly considerable, as the Iberians faced with courage that distinguished them. The bear hunters were they the same people that Bébriciens, whose main city was Pyrene? It seems certain, if one identifies the historical traditions of all the ornaments that make wonderful recognition.

According to mythology, the Pyrenees Bébrix belonged to the king, when Hercules, with his warriors, stood at the foot of these mountains. There is no doubt that Hercules existed only in Greek and Latin myths: however, it is useful to point out, this hero is a famous real consistency and having the character of truth, since he personifies the Celtic nation and migration of people to the western countries of Europe. Sallust speaks of the death of Hercules in the Iberian Peninsula, and after his death, the Armenians, the Medes and Persians of his army, crossed the

 

(1) Dictionary of Geography, by Hyacinthe Langlois.

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sea to spread in Africa. Diodorus, in turn, tells the violent action against Hercules Pyrene, daughter of King Bébrix, before the heroes come into the Iberia at the head of his troops. We can, using the information, clearly discern the truth through the veil in which she is surrounded.

The Celtic nation, arrived in the Pyrenees regions, met at the Iberians Iberian people, with an average size, experienced the fatigue of hunting most dangerous, have regarded the Gauls without fear of high stature and their strength and daring could prevent the stubborn Gallic Hercules to cross the Pyrenees to die go and die in the heart of the Spanish peninsula. The Iberian people, great by his fearlessness, small in size alongside the giants Celtic, takes a specific form, determined, in the King Bébrix, the courageous child, the adventurous child, who dared to confront, braving the hazards and perils of a struggle with the Gallic Hercules, - Babe (cot), A small child, a toddler - risk, danger, chance -.

The Celts and the Iberians, reports Diodorus of Sicily, after having fought for the possession of the country, lived together and formed an alliance by marriage. The alliance with the Celts and the Iberians have led to the fabulous story-

- 216 - 

leus of Hercules and Pyrene. The name of the city of Pyrene, reflects the merger of the two peoples, for it contains the memory of the efforts made by the Celts, the Iberians to prevent burn their dead, - pyre (pair) Funeral pyre - to rain (ren), Repress, - that name and by extension, later named the entire chain of mountains occupied by bear hunters. The efforts of the Celts have been successful, if we are to believe the name of the city of Caucoliberis Sardana - to Cock, Raise, rectify, - lobby (Haulli), House, room - to eye (ai), See - to bury(Beri) Ended - because the people of this country have raised, in future, the tombs to bury the dead.

Illiberis, Sardanes other city, does not contradict this assertion, he notes only that the pump Iberians deployed in the funeral Highly (Haile), Ambitiously - to bury (Beri), Buried - and in taking account, however rigorous two s located in Illiberis, then this name would be linked to that of Caucoliberis, for it would simply mean a hill built for a burial - Hill, Height, - to eye (ai) See - to bury (Beri) -. Bury A second city of Illiberis existing in Aquitaine, seem to demonstrate that the Gauls had manners

 

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everywhere removed the funeral pyres of bear hunters.The Pyrenees-Orientales Celtiberians were delivered later to a profession

other than hunting big bear cave. They are addicted to various industries and have deserved the name of each Sordes, other than Sardana. They held the coast, setting their houses near the sea, the waves of which attracted the pursuit of fishing. Because of this general condition, they were called Sardan - SardanLittle fish, sardines - it is known, however, how the anchovies and sardines are abundant in the waters of the Gulf of Lyons. Ruscino, their main city, is far from giving the lie to their profession as fishermen, he says, in effect, that the people flocked in crowds to settle in the environment Ruscino, Then go to the sea and soft great white shark - to rush (Reucher) Come in crowds - sean (sin), Great for fishing net, seine -.

The Sordes, however, were set out in the valleys and mountains of the Pyrenees-Orientales. Their industry was very different from that of Sardan they were making war weapons, swords - Sword (sord), Sword -.

This is not only to early times of

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Sordes that has been made of excellent iron in the eastern slope of the mountain watching the Mediterraneans. There are few more years, eighteen furnaces for smelting iron were in full swing and these furnaces produce iron from the so-called Catalan, and bore the name Catalan forges. The commercial treaty with England, under Napoleon III, has been off the furnaces, and the cost was too expensive so that we could engage with the English iron, a struggle which would become disastrous. The last village where we Sorde produced iron, called Gincla. It shows the remains of two forges, a rolling mill and several swifts Desforges, whose foundation gets lost in the mists of centuries. Gincla drift to jingle (djingl '), Buzz, click. It is really surprising that the term applied to a Gincla resort, where, always and every time we heard the clatter of iron, heavy sound of hammers striking the anvil, and making the ringing sound. 

 

- 219 - VI  THE ATACINI. - The AUDE.

 SURVIVAL ON THE AUDE. - Carcassonne.

  Basin did not belong in the Aude Sordes, but other iron producers inhabiting

the country Atax, to Atacini; thereof in the manufacture of swords, axes joined the - to addAdd - axis, Ax -. The nearest village of Sordes and being part of the country occupied by the Aticini, is called AxatAnd this appellation, which is a simple inversion of Atax, marks the exact point of division between the two tribes and Sordes Atacini. Axat is crossed by the River Aude and had a highly regarded manufacturer of steel, where the lights are unfortunately extinct today. The Atacini inhabited the North Slope and also the western slope of the mountains and in which the Aude and Ariège their source. The Catalan forges were more numerous in this region than in the Pyrenees-Orientales, it is fair to say that the country of production was larger, because it included part of the basin of the Aude basin and part of the Ariege.

- 220 - The Atacini should therefore not their name from the River Aude, and if

geographers call Latin Atax, it is only because its waters across the country Atacini. In the manuscripts of the Middle Ages, the Aude is called flumen Aldo. This is indeed his real name; Alda is the same term as Alder, and the Celtic Alder means a yard. This species of tree grows naturally on both banks of the Aude, on a journey of more than eighty kilometers and although riparian owners have shot down most of the yards, there is still enough to prove how truly our ancestors had named this river Alder.

The volume of water from the Alder was considerable, and have pushed for Atacini industry radellerie industry, which tends to disappear every day, not only by the construction of a railway on the edge of Aude, but mainly by the decrease of water and alluvium formed in the riverbed.

Industry floating of timber by the waters of the Alder is the cause of the names given Sault Roquefort and Espéraza.

The village of Roquefort, or Roucafort, pronounced as its inhabitants, is situated on a plateau

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a thousand meters of altitude, surrounded by magnificent pine forests. It is divided into two parts, one called Roquefort, and the other larger, is called Buillac. Rich in flocks of sheep grazing in the meadows constantly cervical Garabelli - station, Coarse wool, - bell, Bells - Buillac Students still large numbers of bulls and horses, - bull (Blvd), Bull, - hackHorse -.

The inhabitants of Roquefort, fewer opportunities facing the ground, working in the forests and cut trees to be transported to Carcassonne floating on the waters of Alder. Roquefort or Roucafort, clearly shows the traditional occupation of these mountaineers: in fact, equivalent to Celtic Roucafort roughcast Forth, Rudely cut off.

The trees, stripped of their bark and branches, were dragged up the Aude whose waters brought to Quillan and Espéraza. A Quillan, Latin Kilianus - Killow-hone, Black earth and black stone - could begin to float on the Alder rafts together into rafts. These rafts are called Carras - because, Cart, - RaftingA raft on the water, a floating carriage -. The construction of these rafts had to be especially

16

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in Esperaza, and there is barely thirty years, the majority of the population of this large village belonged to the corporation of radeliers. It is really amazing that industries and occupations of the Celts were thereby preserved intact until today.

Espéraza that people rightly called Sparassis is called Sperazanus in a bull of Pope Callistus II, dated from 1119, quoted by Dom Vaisette. The texture of Sparassis contains the following words: - spar, Beam - axis, Ax, - Handball, Hand by hand radeliers ended, using the ax, the building of rafts, which form rafts, floated on the waters of the Alder. How safe the natives of this village have not they kept the old term Celtic, when imposing sentence softened Sparassis!

Standing on its square, holding the hand of a long oar placed on the front of the radelier Sparassis was carried away by the waters of the Alder skillfully directing his car floating. His address was soon put to the test, coming at Couiza in the bend of the river bend that has given its name to the village built on these shores. Couiza Kousanus, drift Kove, A small bay, creek,

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and sand, sand kovesand which was made and later Kousanus Couiza.This bend has, indeed, a true resemblance to a small bay and is located above

the bridge Couiza leading to the railway station. The sand heaped by Sals at its junction with the Aude, have been the cause of this particular provision of the course of the River.

The long train of radelier, engaged with its square in this troublesome elbow, was soon due to the difficulty, and the train continued slowly floating journey to the point where it was to land.

Carcassonne was the place where the square usually abandoned the waters of the Alder, because the bed becomes wider, the rafts were experiencing greater difficulty to float. This city could be a storage timber, however, as it was also the market for the sale of swords, axes, manufactured by Atacini, especially the latter ground has weighed in the balance Neimheid Gaul, and he has earned the name of Carcassonne cark, Care, concern, - axis, Ax, - to Own (ôn), Possess -.

 CHAPTER VII

  

Cromleck OF RENNES-LES-BAINS 

 I DESCRIPTION OF DRUNEMETON OR Cromleck

REDON SOUTH GAULS. - Menir, DOLMENS,ROCK OR ROULERS motion. - Goun-DHILL OR SARRAT PLAZENT.

 We have seen the industries of our ancestor listed in indelible characters in

the names of cities and tribes of Gaul. In studying the monuments of Celtic Rennes-les-Bains, we are forced to admire the powerful organization of Neimheid, allowing it to apply to various regions of saplings, far apart from each other, identical names, based on similarity countries.

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The Redones of Armorica is the name given because of Rennes in Brittany, and Languedoc Redones we gave Rennes-les-Bains in the department of Aude. One might ask why the name of Rennes is applied to our resort, we can easily find the reason, when we look closely at this strange land: indeed, its mountains covered with rocks, forming an immense Cromleck sixteen or seventeen -eight kilometers in circumference.

Strabo, in his history of Galatians Tectosagians or Asian, reports that the Gauls had always "drunemeton"Or Cromleck Central. It was the place where the assembled members of the scholarly society known as the Neimheid. It is instructive to see the term used Neimheid simultaneously in Ireland and Asia. The decomposition of Drunemeton throws considerable light on this fine institution Celtic. This name, including the first syllable trow of Drouide, and also the word nemet, Tells us with certainty what were the members composing the Celtic Academy. Word to trow (tro), As we have already seen, means: think, believe, imagine. The second verb to name (nth), Has the sense to appoint, call, and head (hed), Results

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the head, brain, mind, the chief. It is the same meaning we gave to Neimheid Irish and is the head of the nation, weighing carefully and intelligently names whose composition is subject to its science, and applying them with the authority that has a Chief universally recognized and obeyed. Caesar's place on the borders of Carnutes where the Druids pronounced their judgments in disputes and disputes within their authority, but the central Cromleck the drunemeton, where the assembled Neimheid to perform its functions you create scientific names specific or general, he was also on the borders of Carnutes? We think not, the central Cromleck was fixed naturally by the scholarly stones and these stones were erected in the tribe Redones. The North drunemeton must therefore have existed in the Redones of Brittany, embracing a wide range of Gaul to the work of the illustrious assembly. However, another central drunemeton Cromleck or needed in the south, although it was impossible for members of Neimheid Celtiberian scattered throughout the region, meet other members from northern Gaul, and this was physically impossible to give thought build a second, drung

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Meton at the foot of the Pyrenees, on the heights of the valley watered by the Sals and now also by the fact, learned Redones or stones.

If the expression Redones must appoint a full set of stones and needles natural and artificial, it is in Rennes-les-Bains it rightly belongs.

The entrance is at the confluence Cromleck of Rialses with the Sals. The Rialses - real (rial), Real size, - cess, Tax - runs from east to west in a valley whose fertile land could certainly allow people to provide the tax which the Celts beat the grounds of a simple product.

Sals or dirty river, flows from east to west, and after the junction of Blanque toward the center of the Cromleck Redones, continues its course from south to north to the entrance of the gorge begins to draw the first natural needles. Upon receipt of the Rialsés, she turns again toward the west, and headed the Alder to pour its water of bitterness. Near the midpoint of Cromleck in tearing of the mountain and built on the banks of the River Sals, we see the spa town of Rennes-les-Bains, known to many patients who have found a cure or at least ensured

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sensitive to their relief rheumatism.Looking at the map of Rennes-les-Bains, you can easily follow the contours

drawn by the hands of natural or artificial. Their position is characterized by red dots for Menir that still exist, and also red line peaks where Menir were reversed for the most part.

At the opening of Cromleck on the right bank of the River Sals, is a mountain called CardouReaching for the top, begin to develop natural peaks, known in the country under the name of Roko fourkado. In Celtic times, access to the throat was probably very difficult, because a long barrier of rocks plunging into the river, was defending the entrance. In addition, extreme slopes of mountain slopes should inspire fear in some members of Neimheid scientists, responsible for giving a name to this part of the field look so wild. Also, have they asked how she and so he could travel by wagon, by engaging in the parade almost inaccessible? They left their descendants remember the exact thoughts and their momentary embarrassment, calling the mountain Cardou- to cart, Traveling in

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a tank - how (Haou), How? How? - Carthow -. They were not too far behind in civilization, these good Gallic early days of occupation, and they were concerned about traveling by wagon on hillsides with slopes very dangerous. The difficulty they translated by carthow, however, was not insurmountable, they were able to cross the crossing Rialsès opposite the village of Serres, and building their way so that the wagons could pass over these rocks. At the turn of the road and at certain point where you should take in the parade, the Celts must have made an Menir on a rock that bears a stone cross. This cross is placed on the exact location of the stone where it was formerly a Greek cross engraved similar to those that currently exist in Cape Rights, and near the rocks loose.

After rounding the base of the mountain Cardou, and having passed the little creek that separates Cardou Bazel hill, the road begins to climb a gentle slope. He must have a definite width, such as the Gauls knew how to give their roads. This was not, in fact, just narrow paths

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and dangerous, but excellent roads having a width measured exactly. Bazel does not mean anything. By making the term hard enough that the pronunciation should be used, we would have to say Passel. Now pass means a road, and ell the measure of length which is used Celts.

On top of Bazel, we see very strange stones, which help to form the circle of Cromleck from the east. It is almost impossible to describe in detail these large stones are in considerable numbers, and their sum can easily be extended to three or four hundred arranged in order on the crest of a confused or lying on the slope facing south. One of these stones measuring more than eight meters long, two wide and same height: this mass of about thirty two cubic meters has been raised, angled in a desired direction, and clamped at one end so that its enormous weight does not drag them down the steep slope of the mountain. We must see with his own eyes, this huge work, which causes amazement: no description can give an accurate picture of this prodigious work.

On the left bank of the River Sals, the rock begins Cromleck Blancfort. Tip

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nature of this rock was removed in the middle ages, to allow construction of a fort used as an observation post. There are still some remnants of brickwork demonstrating the existence of the fort. This white rock that strikes the eye first, followed by a layer of black rock, extending to Roko Negro. This feature has been given to this white rock, placed at the top of black rocks, the name of Blancfort - blankWhite - ForthIn front -.

By following these rocks of the eye, the eye is soon arrested by a Menir isolated, the tip appears above the oaks that surround it. It bears the name in the cadastre of Sharp Rock: he faced another natural rock set on the side of Cardou and decorated with many very sharp needles. This latter rock, separated from Cardou and offering more points collected by the base, presented to our ancestors the idea of little people and a family component still selected from those who have given birth and have poetically named the needles Lampus. This word derives from lamb, Lamb, or to lamb, Give birth, in speaking of the sheep.

Between the Rock and Sharp Roko Nigga, we distinguish among the oaks other Menir used in the construction of drunemeton. At

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Following Roko Nigga, we still see very well the various foundations that were used to support Menir, but they were overturned and scattered here and there on the slopes of the mountains in the greatest disorder.

Arriving at the creek Bousquet, the foundation of rock disappears and goes back into the mountains towards the source of the stream. On this point very high, we see a meeting of high rock bearing the name of Cugulhou. This mass is not entirely natural labor Celts appears very clearly in the eight or ten large round stones carried and placed on top of the megalith. One might doubt that the Celts have wanted to make Menir, if a small Greek cross engraved on an extension of the base gives notice by his presence the meaning attributed to these large stones. The locals are in the persuasion, very wrong indeed, as the Greek cross engraved on the rocks represent the points of demarcation. The real stone marker indicating the separation of land Coustaussa and Rennes-les-Bains, is stuck in the ground twenty feet away, on the north-west. This terminal is very curious and she is on the side facing Coustaussa, shield, probably that of the lord of the vil-

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lage, and on the opposite side, another shield, the Lord of Rennes, accusing a very large differences with the first. It is useless to insist on the assertion of the inhabitants of the country, compared to the Greek cross, as the name of Cugulhou sheds light on this subject. These rocks are real Menir, but ugly and does not present the usual form of other stones, to Cock, Raise, rectify, - ugly (eugly), Ugly, ugly, ugly, - to hew (hiou), Cut -.

From Cugulhou, reappears a foundation of coarse sandstone rocks, towards the stream of Carlat. This stream whose banks are steep, is filled with boulders that barred its course and form of drops multiplied. It would be more than difficult to draw a roadway along the small stream, our ancestors showed their grief by naming Carlat- because, Cart, - to Loath, Hate, have a repugnance -. They built their way along another direction, that road still exists, is paved with boulders and lined Menir before reaching the plateau of heather. That is not a Roman road, but a Celtic path, leading the inhabitants of the plateau to the center of the Cromleck Redones.

- 234 - The ridge from natural Cugulhou, continues to take shape after exceeding the

Carlat. The inverted Menir are numerous on the flanks of the mountain, and excite surprise by their mass very legitimate. On the ridge, extending from the stream until Carlat Trinque Bottle easily distinguishable obvious marks of human labor, the Celts used their care to make less wide continuity solutions for this natural peak. Opposite the point where the spa and the parish church, the curve made by the foundation of rock called the Cape of Man. A Menir was kept there, and it was in the high, carved in relief, a beautiful head of the Lord Jesus, the Savior of mankind. This sculpture seen in nearly eighteen centuries, has been given to this part of the plateau named Cap de l'Homme (head man), man par excellence, filius hominis.

It is unfortunate that we have been obliged, in December 1884 to remove the beautiful sculpture of the place it was to save her from the ravages produced by the peak of an unfortunate young man, who was far to suspect the meaning and value. (1) Left

 

(1) This carved head of Christ is in the hand of Mr. Cailhol at Alet.

- 235 - 

Menir watching this spa and its parish church was found on rocks adjacent to the Greek cross engraved by the chisel deep, measuring from twenty to thirty and thirty-five centimeters. The cross with equal arms and the number five on this one point, had to be engraved by order of the first Christian missionaries sent into the country. The holy symbol of redemption and diverted for the benefit of the truth, the traditional respect which were the subject Menir such compliance in the state where the deplorable moral conquest of the Roman republic had plunged the Celts' s sent perhaps the stones themselves. All hands to the ridge were probably reversed at that time: we find a considerable amount of broken Menir on the sides and sometimes the bottom of the mountain, and some remnants are still seen in the walls supporting the slopes of vines and cultivated fields. One fact about something similar happened in Britain, where the Gospel has been brought in Redones armoricains. The Menir have not been overthrown, but was placed at the top of the sign hello.

A sixth Greek cross to a large rock, is far enough from the Cape of Man, on the edge of the ridge from the south, leading the field

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Pla de la Coste said, after we crossed the stream of weary Breychos. This small stream was named special stone metal, similar to cast iron, many in his bed. They are usually small, which led to Celtic to use the verb to bray, Grind, to express this small, and the noun shoad (chod), Vein of stone metal, to designate the iron-stone, or rather iron carbonate.

We see two additional Greek crosses, always engraved in stone, along the edge of the plateau to the top of the hill bearing the name ofEyelets- HillHill - head (hed), Head -. The huge rocks piled on the latter excite a real admiration.

At the southern end of the Pla de la Coste, on the edge of the plateau, are placed two stones loose or Roeselare. The way they are raised with evidence indicating an objective pursued and achieved, that of allowing a slight jolt to produce a marked and significant trepidation, but not a deep swing shift the center of gravity, and throw the rock at the bottom of mountain.

Besides the first of these two Roeselare, a

- 237 - 

Menir rears its little blunt: two Menir are reversed right and left. They were simply placed on the ground and not buried in the earth, because the plan has kept their base of small white stones, stuck together with the effect of weight and time, and similar to the gravel ground on which they weighed.

To the right of Roeselare, putting themselves southward, the eye can follow the contours of the ridge that surrounds the stream Trinque Bottle, and gradually loses the land of the dead man.

The brook flows Trinque Bottle constantly, even at the height of summer heat, and we always have the option to draw from and to allay the thirst, - to drinkDrinking - bottleBottle -.

Near where Trinque Bottle pours its waters into the Blanque many points were to rise on the big rocks along the road Bugarach: there exists a single Menir up, having lost the sharpness of its summit .

On the right bank of Trinque Bottle, began the tenement called the dead man. It is a marshy, producing an abundance Gramen whose long pipes are perfectly

17

- 238 - 

ing smooth and without knots: this Gramen door, Languedoc dialect, the name of paillo de bosc, and Celtic, the straw or marsh haummoor- Haume, Straw - Moor (mour), Marsh -. This name Haume-moor, applied in the whole of Gaul, to swampy, was everywhere distorted and misrepresented to become a man dead.

From the top of the ridge that carries the Roeselare, looking south, we can glimpse a long line of sharp rocks of all shapes and sizes, well directed, moreover, from east to west, and extending from the Col of the Sals up to and beyond the Blanque. The number of needles is considerable natural, however, among them a multitude of other rocks are cut in a point picked up by the hand of man, and are real Menir, as one can convince oneself itself, by examining the installation of these large stones, which are of easy access. Fatigue is a little feel good climbing on the slopes of Serbaïrou by unfrequented paths - To Swerve (souerve), Climb, - by-road (Bai-rod), Little-used path - but it is largely compensated when work is in the presence of giant made by our ancestors. That is, indeed,

- 239 - 

the work of giants, and it is surprising that the Greeks invented about these huge stones, which they knew the meaning and placed on hilltops, their tale of giants with long hair, fierce eyes, trying to climb the sky, and on Ossa heaping Pelion on Ossa and Olympus.

The edge of the hill is named for Languedoc Sarrat Plazént (hill kind), and also the Celtic name Goundhill, Which is only Sarrat Plazént literal translation - good (goud), Good, sweet .- HillHill -.

Why the Celts they named this eminence Goundhill? While it is not because of the natural beauty and fertility of the land, since the ground is covered with heather across the north slope of Serbaïrou, while the south slope, very steep, offers to eye lean a copse, done little to inspire the scientists of Neimheid a name enjoyable than Goundhill. This hill, bristling with sharp rocks, could be kind and gentle, because it reminded Gallic goodness of Divine Providence, with distributing wealth, its people, the food staple, an ear of wheat.

South of Goundhill, the gaze is arrested by the mountain Garrosse - werewolves (gareuce), Salty -.

- 240 - A horizontal line across the slope of the north: it is a path leading online

direct SOUGRAIGNE and fountain saltWhere the river begins its course Sals. At the foot of the Garosse, runs a small valley watered by the stream of Goundhill, and on the banks of the Blanque, a farm fixed attention. The barn located near the dwelling house is built on the foundations of a very old blacksmith hammers which were certainly driven by a hydraulic motor, as in the Catalan forges say. One can easily convince oneself by inspection of the roof lowered, leaving the upper basin of water flowing in a river. (1) A ford is very convenient in this place, and allows the traveler down the Garosse directly sue his way without turning aside. This farm is known as the Ferrière. In the name cleverly combined, including the Celts, or the fordOr the blacksmith's marshal-smith who lived in these parts since ferry means a place where we cross a river, and Farrier (farrieur)

 

(1) An excellent old hamlet of Hille told us he found himself in the field located above the bottom-sin, of iron slag, evident traces of the industry carried on in this house.

- 241 - 

means a farrier. Farriers Gallic they were making themselves the iron they need daily? It is highly likely, and it would not be unacceptable is a hypothesis. It is still possible that the small Catalan forge had succeeded in the course of time, that of a blacksmith Gallic.

What determines that we thought, is the piece of wheel arm in cast iron, removed from the ground November 26, 1884 by workmen building below the new-Borde, the construction of the road Rennes les Bains Sougraigne. (A) This part wheel, probably melted at Ferrière is slightly concave, and is fifteen or sixteen inches in radius. It was unfortunately shared by the instrument of the worker who has discovered, and has a fracture similar to that of cast iron, an iron but more porous than existing furnaces. This mill was grinding corn in a perfect manner, and had no need, because many of its pores, to be transplanted, or even in its surface furrowed by grooves corner molding. The rides on horseback with heavy wheels were later replaced burrs arm, and so that their des-

 

(1) This piece of wheel is in the possession of Mr. Constantine Cailhol at Alet.17a

- 242 - 

descendants could not ignore, the Celts have made their way to within Milizac, A village in Brittany - to mill, Grind, - to ease (ize), Lighten - hackHorse - and in Millas, A large village in the Pyrenees-Orientales. - to mill, Grind, - ass, Ass -.

The line of Menir Goundhill does not go beyond the Col of the Sals. At this point, the curve of Cromleck runs northward through the megaliths arranged on the side of Méniès and back up the hill. The existing natural rock at the top of this high place are rudely interrupted in their uprising, and form a very keen edge, arranged by the Celts to be included in the construction of their drunemeton. We remain amazed at the work of these men of steel members, and one wonders what were the machines could have to raise the Gauls, establish and shape of such bodies. With some Menir, which are the traditional form of cones and pyramids, others offer as shapeless rock, very similar to those of Cugulhou located to the west of Rennes, and received the same name as weird Cugulhou - to Cock, Recover, - ugly (eugli), Deformed - to hew (hiou), Cut -.

- 243 - From the east side, the Cromleck is greater than the three points Cugulhou,

the Fajoles and Montferrand, joining the Col de Bazel adjacent to Cardou. All stones erected at the former Fajoles have now reversed, and erratic boulders look like, if the sharp edges of these stones are clearly demonstrated their original destination. These stones were too close to the village houses and Celtic that could leave them up because they were placed above the Bugat part of the Gallic village, inhabited by the poorest people. A small cave or cavern is fairly close to the Menir Reverse of FajolesIt is situated to the north and look Montferrand - to AHF (fadje) Agree - hole, Hollow, cave, small housing -.

Latest Menir completing Cromleck on the east, are on the edge part of which supported the highest castle of Montferrand. The stones cut from the angle determined by the slope of the rock mass uprising, are in great numbers. Besides, all this part of the mountain to the creek Coural, is full of these large stones, some still raised, the other lying miserably on the ground. This land is known of the Cross .- cross, X -.

- 244 - 

That statement led us to look on how the ridge crosses were burned. Unfortunately, the owners neighbors have gathered a huge pile of stones forming a wall, and it has been impossible to discover.

This description imperfect enough, we hoped, to capture the respective positions of countless Menir forming the vast Cromleck Rennes les Bains.

A second Cromleck, to a lesser extent, is confined to that which we have tried to trace. Beginning at the Hamlet Circle, about the middle of the mountainside, it follows by several barriers to Trinque Bottle Creek, then emerges on the slope of Serbaïrou the earliest of rivers Blanque and Sals, resumes at Roukats, ending in front of Le Club, its point of departure. One might rightly wonder of encountering any of these Celtic monuments dolmen. We found seven and five on the flanks of Serbaïrou, and two Roukats. The most remarkable is located opposite the new-Borde, near a large square stone, strangely placed balancing on a rock. This dolmen, closed at one end, is the image of a cave. When standing on the path to

- 245 -

 Sougraigne, the eye can easily distinguish the structure of all its parts. Absolutely at the top, directly above the dolmen, a rock ridge bears a Greek cross inscribed in stone: it is the largest of all those he has been given recognition. In approaching the old way of Bugarach at the same height as that of the dolmen, a huge rock is decorated with a stone fairly strong with the round bread.

               II MEANING OF RELIGIOUS Cromleck,

 Menir OF, AND DOLMENS ROULERS.

 The circles drawn by the stones, the Celts had a profoundly religious. The

Druids, as well as the ancient philosophers, the circular figure looked like the most perfect: it represented to them the Divine perfection, immense, infinite, having neither beginning nor end. Zeno taught that God was spherical, that is to say perfect, and if recommended award of Empedocles, that God is incomprehensible and intellectual sphere whose center is everywhere and circumference

- 246 - 

nowhere, does nothing but excellence and perfection of God's infinite. King David exclaims in the same vein: "The Lord is great and above all praise: there is no end to his greatness." (1)

The symbolism of the circle was not, as you can see, especially the Celts. It must be said however that they were familiar, as is proved by the Cromleck prevalent in all countries inhabited by our ancestors.

The center of Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains is the place appointed by the Gauls themselves, the Circle-. Calling Circle - to circle (cerkl ') Surround, surround - the focal point of the Cromleck Redones, and thus containing a small circle within a larger, Druids have tried to express the idea very clear that they possessed one God, existing in all beings. God is Being itself in essence, it is in all things in the most intimate, as it is the cause of all that exists. The created world is represented here by the small circle enclosed in a larger, and this great circle with its spherical shape, has in mind the idea of the essential perfection of God, in whom all things live and move, that

 

(A) Psalm 144. v. 4.

- 247 - 

contains all things and exists in them, not as part of their essence or accident, but an officer is present to be on which he acts and he reached his virtue.

It should not be unduly surprised that the Celts had very extensive religious knowledge they had brought from the East the most accurate notions on the Divine Being, and they fixed in the soil, using stones, their thought and belief in God, in whom everything lives and moves on God to men by distributing its generous welfare, the food of the living body, wheat and bread. This is indicated by Menir and dolmens that enter into the formation of stone circles, of Cromleck.

In Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains, we see two stones also appear shaky or Roeselare. This indicates the power of God judging and governing its creatures. Men can not escape in no time at this divine authority, whether it gives rewards or exercising the rights of retribution. He never entered the minds of any people to deny the creative activity of God governing his creatures as the Celts being of all people except the old people

- 248 - 

Israel, who had preserved its traditions the purest doctrine, they were careful to keep this essential truth of divine government on humanity.

All this knowledge is primitive, later, driving home because of their gradual revolt against the teaching order, the Druids, and when, as a result of this rebellion, the unit of government and leadership is no longer existed among the tribes, the dominance of the Roman Republic was established by force of arms in the middle of this proud nation, and degradation, increasing its already altered religious worship, idolatrous errors of the conquerors. The pagan ideas, the fruit trade with foreigners, had almost destroyed the ancient Druidic teachings, and had led the people to respect idolatrous against Menir and dolmens, which he no longer understood the meaning high, and c ' here is what has forced the early Christian missionaries to reverse all these stones, and engrave deeply on these big rocks cross, a sign of redemption of mankind by a God Savior.

We have not forgotten the literal meaning of Menir, dolmen, roll and Cromleck. The interpretation of these names pushes far

- 249 - 

The idea of an ordinary burial in dolmens and at the foot of Menir, or even the belief uncertain human sacrifices offered on the tables of stone.

 III THE HUMAN SACRIFICES IN THE GAUL. 

Caesar, in his comments (1) states, without determination of time, that human sacrifices took place in Gaul. "The Druids, he says, President" sacred things, offer sacrifices Public and "individualsThey interpret religious doctrines ... they "award rewards and inflict punishments and they" exclude from participation in those sacrifices, "private individuals or public figures refuse to" submit to their judgments. This penalty is "for Gauls most serious of all: those to whom it" is imposed, are ranked amongst the infidels and "soiled: it prevents their conversation and their presence is" put them out of human rights common justice, and they "no longer receive any honor."

 

(1) De bell. gall. lib. VI. 13.18

- 250 - In these words, nothing further reveals the practice of human sacrifice, and it

initially involves matters that involve sacrifices of animals used in the world. Caesar followed this story, the description of the system of oral teaching of the Druids, then it reports that the order of the lords and knights Celtic was entirely devoted to war, and the number of their vassals was related to wealth more or less considerable lords. Only then he adds: "The 'Gallic nation as a whole is very superstitious and this" pattern, those with severe disease, exposed "to the hazards of combat and other perils, or sacrifice" men as victims or take a vow to sacrifice "they use the ministry of the Druids for the sacrifices they believe they can get favorable" to the immortal gods, that giving life to a man for "the life of a man, and they have publicly instituted sacrifices of this kind. They fill with living men "of huge statues of their gods, made by" the flexible branches of willow: it was set on fire and "men die surrounded by flames. They believe that "the punishment of those who are caught in theft," in a robbery or other crime, are strong-approved

- 251 - 

"Cable to immortal, but when the culprits are missing," they also come to torment innocent people. "(1)

Two very different thoughts emerged from the writings of Caesar. The Gauls offered animal sacrifices, sacrifices surrounded by such a respect that ban to attend the religious ceremony was the most severe of all sentences. That was the true public sacrifice, similar to the traditional and universal nation, and offered to recognize that only God the Druids and the Gauls. The authority of Neimheid having much weakened in recent times, popular superstition will, perhaps, is instituting sacrifices where criminals were slain as victims. In this period of weakness, Druidic order, unwilling to expose the last remnants of his influence, have not dared to resist the foolish ideas of the nation, gradually declined in the polytheism of the Greeks and trade Romans. It has sacrificed the criminals whose punishment was a tribute to true justice, then, the sick, the shy, naturally selfish, have abused the executions of criminals, to vow to immolate human victims,

 

(1) De bell. gall. lib. VI. 16.

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where public justice is unable, because of criminals, put itself in practice this sacrifice. These sacrifices, born of ignorance of the people, the weakening of the authority of Neimheid and attendance of foreigners, have no doubt formed the special sacrifices.

However one should not think that all criminals and perished in the flames, and even Strabo tells us that ordinary criminals were hurled down the rocks. The assertion of this geographer writing after Caesar, testifies to the rarity, or rather the non-existence of the human sacrifices. We can notice in this regard, that Tectosagians the Rhine, the Danube Tectosagians, the Gauls and Galatians Sordiques Asia have never sacrificed human victims.

Caesar says the belief that the misinterpretation would cause these abominable practices: "They think," he says, we can not propitiate the gods' immortal by giving life to a man for life "of a man. "The Roman general, more concerned with himself and his military that religious teachings of the Druids, reported, without noticing it differently, a belief he does not understand the depth. Ourselves

- 253 - 

accustomed to looking at our ancestors as ignorant savages, because we did not even interview monnments they have left us, we are astonished at this speech of Caesar and the Gauls this mysterious doctrine, stating that life a man must redeem the life of man to fully satisfy the divine justice. The world has always been imbued with these truths, however, "that man is degraded and guilty," a satisaction of humanity to the divine justice is absolutely necessary, "a man passes on the merits of his atonement on the head of his brothers "That's life of humanity redeemed by the life of a man, and understood in that sense, the words of Caesar express the ancient tradition of human redemption through the blood tradition that the Celts brought from the East. "The human race could not imagine itself as the blood he needed, was that of a Saviour God, because he did not suspect the immensity of the falls and the immensity of love repairer. "The real" altar was erected in Jerusalem, and "the blood of the victim has bathed the world" (1)

The doctrine of the Druids on the redemption of humanity through the blood, distorted by Caesar, has-

 

(1) Clarification of the sacrifices, J. of Maistre, passim,18a

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VAIT not yet suffered deterioration in the teachings of Neimheid it is certain that if the error was coming from the body Druidic practice of human sacrifice would have been engraved in Celtic names like other beliefs received. Even in times of decadence, the Neimheid never ceased his work, imposing new names in connection with the knowledge or mistakes made by foreigners, and yet the learned society, based on the true traditions, refused to write these abominable sacrilege on earth Gallic. We vainly sought in the composition of all the Celtic words he has been possible to determine a probable evidence, any probability of the true stories of human sacrifice Caesar in Gaul, but our attempts persuade us Neimheid that has not left to posterity the memory of these abhorrent practices that may not exist, or were based on the popular error and not on the truths possessed and transmitted in their entirety.

The punishment usually reserved for criminals, is written on the ground Celtic, and we find in the term Fangallots, meaning a field siitué Rennes-les-Bains, in the steep

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below which the spa is built of Bath-Sweet. FangallotsMeans disappear from the gallows - to saint (feels), Disappear - gallows (galleuce), Gallows, gallows. - The descendants of Tectosages retaining Gallic customs, have always used the stem against criminals, and even today, hanging is the Anglo-Saxons, the only method practiced for the punishment of criminals sentenced by the courts the death penalty.

 IV THE STONE OF HOLE OR CELTIC AXE.

 The large stones erected throughout Gaul, contained a religious sense of

undeniable truth. They were symbols of pure religious knowledge by evoking the memory of God creating the world, commands the earth to produce the grain of wheat, with its privileged creature is fed, distributed by his watchful providence goods necessary for man the governing and governed by the laws of infinite justice.

If the religious system of the Gauls was confined to the knowledge of a creator God and profitable, without deducting any practical consequence for the actions of ordinary life,

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he would not have been complete. The Druids were too educated to ignore or overshadow the findings consistent with the principles issued. Hence, they have short, somehow, the harsh consequences of their doctrine in the service imposed on the polished stone.

The polished stone ax called Celtic, made of jade, serpentine, or diorite, affects various forms. The Languedoc dialect called the stone Hole. It represents what is believe, That is to say, the necessary lessons enrolled in large stones - to trow (tro), Believing -. Hole Stone face with honor on the mantelpieces in the homes of our mountains. A vague idea of religion still clings to the stone, thinking of some, it preserves the lightning, others are inclined to believe it removes some misfortunes.

These fantasies are different, in fact, one remains faithful to the original meaning of the stone hole.

The polished stones found in abundance in the Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains and deposited at the Museum of Narbonne, are usually made of jade and have an edge always blunt. The flints are not valued in our mountains, except as to clean stone

- 257 - 

shoot sparks and ignite the fire. We have in our possession a flint fourteen inches long and three centimeters wide, with numerous indentations on the edges, found in the field of Haume-moor, near the site of an ancient Gallic house. That is not for us, a stone hole.

The polished jade stones, not very well known everywhere, it is quite possible that the religious idea attached to the stone hole has also affected the simple flint, which, in turn, would have been still in mind core religious beliefs. This thought is suggested by the discovery at Pressigny-le-Grand, Indre-et-Loire, the manufacturing center of Flint. This discovery is due to Dr. Leveille, the town doctor. (1)

"Indeed," writes Louis Figuier is less a center of manufacturing a series of workshops spread throughout "the entire region circumjacent Pressigny.

"At the time of this discovery in 1864, the flint" found by the thousands at the soil surface in the thickness "of the plant layer, over a range of five to six" ha.

 

(1) The primitive man, by Louis Figuier.

- 258 - "Mr. Abbe Chevalier, reflecting the curious "discovery to the Academy of

Sciences in Paris, wrote:" You can take a step without stepping on one of these "objects."

"The workshops Grand Pressigny have a fairly" large variety of instruments. It shows all axes to "the degree of implementation, since the draft's most" rough up the gun perfectly polished. It also sees "long bursts, or flint knives, Removed one 'hit with surprising skill.

"A strange objection was raised against the seniority" axes, knives and weapons of Pressigny. Mr. Eugene Robert argued that these flints were other "thing that used siliceous masses at the end of" last century, and especially at the beginning of the century "current, manufacture of gun flints! Abbe 'Bourgeois, M. Penguilly the Haridon and John Evans had "not had much difficulty in showing the little" basis for such criticism. In the department of "Loir-et-Cher, where the industry of flint are" still, the residue from the manufacture are unlike "no way to nuclei Pressigny they are much "less bulky, and do not exhibit the same forms" constant and regular. In addition, they are never "re-cut on

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"Edges, as many pieces of the workshops of the" Touraine."But an argument quite compelling, is that the" Flint Pressigny-le-Grand, its

very "texture, would be unsuitable for the manufacture of gun flints. "As the archives of the artillery depot, as did" said Mr. Penguilly the Haridon, librarian of the "Museum of artillery, did not they mention that the resort" Pressigny ever been used for this purpose ".

This last remark by Louis Figuier prevents attributed to Flint Pressigny the Great vulgar use of a flint. What was their destination? What was their purpose?

Note that these flints were made in TuronesAnd the name of this tribe - tower, Travel, - hone, Cut stone - said they were already cut by a particular form and in order to take with you when traveling. However, the word Turones not disclose why the flint Touraine were to enter the crew of the passenger.

The town of Pressigny, which popular tradition has attached an idea of greatness seemed quite harmless, in the name-

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Pressigny ming-le-Grand, the resort Pressigny we say, declare openly that do not express Turones, ie, that the stone cut trips made PressignyRepresents, mean demand and prayer rising to the heights of heaven - to Pray (meadow), Pray, ask - to sign, Represent, serve, - high (hai), High, high -.

The Flint Pressigny-le-Grand, as well as our polished jade stones, excellently deserved the name of stone Hole or stones of belief because they contained in their meaning the act most essential of religion by which man recognizes his entire dependence of God, the Sovereign Ruler.

It was not enough to believe the Gauls immutable truth: their belief came apart in the external actions of life, addressing the prayer to his eternal principle. The Celts would not always and in every country under their eyes, large stones to heighten their desire to gratitude to the Creator, bringing them to seek and to thank, while the stone hole, an port easy, warning them persistently religious duties to perform, the divine assistance to be constantly, especially in

travel full of adventures and dangers they liked to entreprendre.

- 261 - It is hardly surprising that prayer has formed as the central point of religion

among the Celts, as it is an act of practical reason and consequently, the essence of the reasonable man. The Druids prided themselves on science and logic in their teaching, and did not hesitate to put their actions in harmony with the abiding principles of their religious philosophy and traditional truths.

The presence of flint and polished stones in the tombs of the Celts, fully confirms the idea of religion attached to stones Hole. In the tumulus of the peninsula Rhuis (Morbihan), alongside a human skeleton, probably that of an arch-druid, and under the stones of a dolmen, we collected thirty polished jade stones. We can, on this, invoke a very interesting passage of memory Leguay on the graves of Parisii, memory cited by Louis Figuier. (1) "All these" stones, "said Leguay common to three types of" burials, I have a votive award, meaning "they represent, for the time, the crowns of" immortal or other objects that today "we lay on the graves of our parents and

 

(1) The primitive man, p. 302.

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"Our friends, following a custom which is lost in the night" time."And that can not laugh too much of this idea that I think" fair enough. Men

can change, they can "disappear, but they always pass on to their" replacements, to those who follow the practices of their "time, which is changing at the same time that" the disappearance of the causes which have produced . It is not "and the end of man, which does not change, and that happens" always with its attendant sorrows and regrets. A "any time whatsoever, to any degree of civilization that has happened, he feels the need" to testify his regret, and if now a little money "is enough to express our own, at these times remote "each offering its molded, cut a flint, and the" carried himself.

"This explains the diversity of forms of flint" placed in and around the graves, especially the simplicity of a "great number of parts, all made with the" same matter, reveal a uniquely practiced " variously by many hands more or less "exercised.

"It is probably this idea that we must attribute votive 'deposit in the burials,

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"These beautiful pieces that adorn the collections, only" major axes cut raw and knives "of the second period, are in the third period," replaced by polished axes, often "handles, and by knives much "great and worked better."

These explanations Leguay are truly remarkable. For us, we go much further into the meaning of the stones cut or polished in Celtic tombs. In our view, the flint stones Pressigny and polished hole, placed in a mound next to human remains, loudly proclaim unshakable belief of the Gauls, the immortality of the soul, and the excellence of prayer addressed to God for those who had preceded them in eternity.

 V Secondary meaning of standing stones.THE EUBATES.

 The stones were lifted Celtic to yet another secondary meaning that we have

already stated, and it is worth remembering. The or-

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dre Druidic priesthood was invested with important functions, and its members met as ministers and representatives of God among men. "The Druids, Caesar says, ministers of the divine," president of public and private sacrifices, interpret "the religious doctrines and retain the deposit." (1)

In their capacity as scientists, as part of Neimheid, they were instructed to identify, to imagine the most accurate descriptions apply to all parts of the Gallic soil.

Governing and dispensing justice, were their toughest assignments, and loose stone, the Roll, beautifully balanced and placed on all points of the Celtic country, figured their government, their exact and impartial justice, not allowing themselves never influence or bribe in his actions and decisions.

But their most laborious was to ensure the people's staple food, wheat and bread, and under-Feida Neimheid, Menir, dolmen and Cromleck, all relate to the office of their ministry. The Celts were so accustomed to see their spiritual leaders, the Druids, their distribution

 

(1) Caesar, bell gall. lib. VI.

- 265 - 

that food, that when Christianity was brought to Gaul, Christian bishops found themselves responsible for virtually the same function, so changing spiritual leaders, the people do not change their habits. Besides, the Druids, already educated by their traditions of the fundamental truths of the true religion, were the first to embrace Christianity, whose doctrines were complementary to the truths they had preserved intact, and came as a result of their conversion into the Christian sacerdotal order, they liked to keep their office distributors wheat, which allied itself so well with the precepts of the Gospel of charity.

In their new position of Christian pastors, they even kept the robes they wore previously, that is to say, the white robe and headdress known as the Eastern miter. It is quite interesting to find the miter in the name ofEubates worn by the Druids, when they presided over religious ceremonies - up (eup), Above, - hat, Hairdressing -.

The Ministry of the Druids among populations was so overloaded with heavy work, they had to do to ensure food body, the duties of justice, the instructions

19

- 266 - 

gious and propagation of natural sciences. All their lessons were formulated in oral and worms that reached the number of twenty thousand. Also, their followers were forced to spend many years with them, to acquire the complete knowledge that they were custodians. Many authors believe that it took twenty years of studies have continued to reach full druidic science.

 VI THE ART OF HEALING AT THE DRUIDS. - WATER

THERMAL AND MINERAL DE RENNES-LES -BAINS. - SOURCES OF COLD IRONSTONESCromleck

 Dion Chrysostom attributes to Druids the science of healing arts, this art,

"said another author, consisted of little more than the prescription of some baths, and Pliny described with complacency the names of medicinal plants which the Celts made use, with the bizarre practices used to collect them. One can easily admit that the Druids know-

- 267 - 

saient the healing arts, and that their auxiliary facilities were the safest and best.It is quite remarkable that the enclosure of Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains,

encloses all the mineral springs, hot and cold of the country. The Celts had fountains in high esteem, and had been delighted to meet a country, lending itself perfectly to the construction of a Celtic monument complete in all its aspects.

What faith, what secret symbolism veiled these gushing waters, maintaining at all times their volume, temperature, and escaping without noise from the bowels of the earth? Was this image favors continuing the generous Providence pours on his creatures, or else, having represented by standing stones and dolmens Menir, the essential gifts of wheat and bread that God gave them to appease the Hunger, the Celts did they show their gratitude that the Lord also gave fountains clean and clear water, to quench the thirst? The stone wall surrounding the mineral springs, she stated that God, nurturing its people, still awake to the relief and healing of physical diseases, by the beneficial properties contained in these waters?

- 268 - 

It is difficult to say with certainty. However, we are far from attributing to the Celts of Gaul first occupancy, idolatrous veneration for the fountains, that alone could have the Gauls of decadence, deceived by the doctrines of pagan Greek and Phoenician merchants.

The fountains enclosed inside the Cromleck are very numerous: three hot to varying degrees of temperature. The source said the Bath-Fort, has a temperature of 51 degrees centigrade, while the other two, known as the Queen and the Bath-Sweet, reach + 41 + 40 degrees centigrade.

It is easy to appreciate the extreme depth of the trap leading to the surface the water mineralization and the high degrees of heat. It is generally known that the temperature varies in a most sensitive in the interior of the earth, according to the different depths at which one can achieve. Taking as its starting point the cellars of the Paris Observatory, who are twenty-eight meters below the ground, where the thermometer registered 11 degrees centigrade + constant, we found an average level of more heat every thirty feet deep, penetrating deeper into the interior of the earth. The water bath-Fort-March

- 269 - 

about + 51 degrees centigrade, which fell to 40, since we must subtract the constant eleven degrees marked by the thermometer at twenty-eight meters below the ground, in the cellars of the Paris Observatory, the point of depth extreme would siphon at about twelve hundred and thirty meters apart, however, any loss of heat produced by secondary causes and accidental. As for the sources of the queen and the Bath-Sweet, their degree of temperature accuse nine hundred and thirty nine hundred meters deep.

The mineral water for principles mineralizing iron oxide, carbonate of lime, magnesia, sodium chloride, magnesium, and sulfates of sodium, magnesium, calcium and iron. We, moreover, under the eyes, as a pure curiosity, Chart analysis done at the Academy of Medicine of Paris in 1839.

    

   

19a

- 270 - 

AMOUNT OF CHEMICAL SALTS 1.000 GRAMS FOR MINERAL WATER. 

   BathFort. 

 BathofQueen. 

 BathSweet.

       Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . 51 ° c. 41 ° c. 40 ° c.Carbonic acid. . . . . . . 162 v. v. 155 v. v. 148 c. v.Hydrogen sulphide. . . . . . " Traces "Carbonate of lime. . . . . . 0 gr. 250 0 gr. 120 0 gr. 140- Magnesia. . . . . . 0, 070 0, 100 0 030Sodium chloride. . . . . . 0 071 0, 285 0 181- Potassium. . . . . . Traces. Traces. Traces.- Magnesium. . . . . 0 280 0, 320 0, 244Sulphate of soda and my-nated. . . . . . . . . . . . .

 0, 090

 0, 200

 0, 120

- Lime. . . . . . . . . 0 162 0 170 0 180Silica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      Alumina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0, 049 0, 040 0, 037Phosphates and alumina      lime. . . . . . . . . . . . .      Carbonate and iron oxideprobably crenata. . . .

 0, 031

 0, 006

 0, 002

Manganese. . . . . . . . . . . . Traces. Traces. Traces.Organic matter. . . . . . . 0, 040 0, 020 0, 020

     

Total. . . . . . . 1 gr. 043 1 gr. 261 0 gr. 954

 

- 271 - This analysis, by revealing the principles of thermal waters mineralizing

ferruginous Rennes, she says the effects will occur as a result of their use? Certainly not. Was extracted by analyzing the elements of water, but it took, using reagents, separate, separate them, force them to take combinations that are known and they can easily distinguish. Before their forced separation, what was the true combination of acids and bases in these mineral waters, which gave them the secret principle effectiveness noticed in them? It seems impossible that define with certainty. We can only make guesses and assumptions that the effects will often contradict. The observation of results achieved by the use of water is a guide to safer and more accurate, which we must rely with some confidence. It also results in the healing of rheumatism, that the thermal waters of Rennes-les-Bains each year attract many patients. Without doubt, many other human infirmities may disappear under the influence of these healing waters, but in general, we see rush of rheumatic and at all levels in all forms affected by muscle and joint rheumatism.

- 272 - This quality, this property of thermal and mineral water trapped in the

Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains, it was known to scholars of Neimheid? What could be the source in this busy time? The term escatadosApplied to land between Bath and the Bath-Sweet-Fort tells us nothing certain, because this word means only warm water. The name of the Queen, Distinguishing the hot springs located between the Fort and Bath-Bath-Sweet, might be supposed that it was the greatest source estimated the true fountain of Redones - Rennes Queen - without telling us the healing power those waters, according to the thinking of members of Neimheid. However, we hardly admit that the effects achieved by immersion in water and mineral spa, have escaped their vision. Rheumatic pain should not be rare among the old Celtic warriors because of their constant fatigue, but also because of their injuries multiplied, so they did not withdraw from combat without signs of wear resistance from the enemy. Is it credible that, with a cure so effective, so as to give them a new vigor by the easing of suffering, they have neglected or despised?

It is unfortunate that the names of Celtic

- 273 - 

Mineral springs, hot or cold, are not reached us by tradition. Only one has been preserved, and it applies to a source of cold iron Cromleck. This fountain, located on the right bank of the Blanque is located at a distance of about one kilometer south of the spa. It designates a few years since under the name the MadeleineBut his Celtic name reproduced in the cadastre, is the fountain of Gode. The water from this source, emerging with plenty of lower fault of a large sandstone rock, is very ferruginous, and a taste atramentaire strongly pronounced.

A few meters from the fountain, on the same plane, runs a second source, scanty and saturated with salt is iron sulfate, iron peroxide. We found this chemical salt deposited on the ground, dried by evaporation under the action of air, produced by water seeping along the sandstone rocks under which this spring is born. These rocks contain abundant sandstone plots of iron sulfide. It is easy to see the work of decomposition of iron sulfide, a large rock whose base immersed in water of Blanque, and located on the right side of the fountain. In some respects, the rock splits easily by

- 274 - 

scales, and we see the iron sulfide changed into sulphate of iron of a green color, while on other points, we still see the iron sulfate peroxide fully formed, with the appearance of a coarsely crystalline white salt .

These two sources of iron cold were called Celts Gode- to Goad (god), Spur, arouse, animate -. When giving a mineralized water with iron, such a name is that the properties in are well known, and we know without a doubt, in which case the disease must have Use this water to goad, incite, animate the whole economy.

One can not sufficiently regret that the names of sources BridgeOf Circle and warm waters, are completely lost, they would surely have informed us about the degree of medical science of the Druids, as regards the therapeutic action of mineral water which they used. The waters of two fountains the Madeleine or the Gode have not yet been analyzed. They should be much closer to the kind of Circle and Bridge, which following the analysis at the Academy of Medicine of Paris in 1839.

- 275 -    

CIRCLE. 

 BRIDGE.

Carbonic acid ......................... Undetermined.

indeterminate.

Carbonate of lime ..................... 0 gr. 060 0 gr. 140- Magnesia ................. "" 0, 070Sodium chloride ..................... 0, 050 0, 060- Magnesium ............. 0 140 0, 150Sodium sulphate and magnesium ... 0, 100 0, 120Sulphate of lime .......................... 0, 084 0, 025- Iron ............................... 0, 150 ""Aluminum phosphate and Lime ...........................................

 0, 017

 0, 050

Carbonate and iron oxide withoutcrenata doubt .............................

 0, 002

 0, 003

Organic matter ........................ Undetermined.

0, 003

   

Total ............................ 0 gr. 603 0 648 g.     

  This table is fully aware of the content of cold water, and suspect that they

must possess activity in the various cases where it is known to use them.On the occasion of the fountains Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains, we would

give, in a very different vein, a striking example of the valuable benefits we offer the names

- 276 - 

Celtic Springs to discover many facts lost tradition and hidden in the obscurity of local stories.

 VII FOUNTAIN OF OUR LADY OF Marceille.

 We are fortunate to have in our countries, a mile north of Limoux, a

sanctuary dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, visited assiduously, and surrounded by a reverence that has never wavered. Fort near the banks of the River Aude with calm waters, and placed on a hill overlooking the valley, this temple strikes the eye that is easily fixed complacently on this blessed place, where the sweet Mother of the Saviour and distributes its consolations assistance to all worshipers of His Son, coming up with her to ask and beg. The petitions were never empty, and exvoto hanging around the venerated image, are sufficient evidence of joy and gratitude of the unfortunate who received the favors requested.

The shrine is guarded by the children of St. Vincent de Paul, the saint whose heart belonged to orphans and the needy, and under the

- 277 - 

direction of these pious and learned missionaries, worthy inheritors of the virtues and charity of their blessed founder, the temple has seen a privileged crowd, larger than ever, kneel and pray in the sacred precincts.

A short distance up the ramp (a) lined with green trees leading to the shrine, leaving a fountain drip clear water in a marble basin. For the heavy rains, the drops of water continues to fall with consistency, and time of severe drought does not dry up. Countless Christians who will pay homage to the Blessed Virgin, stop for a moment at the fountain, and after a prayer, draw a few drops of water that they wet their eyes.

Why are they doing? Most do not know, but the mother teaches her son, and those they send their children to the pious practice to use the fountain of Notre Dame Marceille. So that means the fountain the old chroniclers, however, have known trout of Our Lady Marsilla.

At the time of the first occupation of Gaul, 

(1) The ramp is named Way Sacred.

- 278 - 

This fountain dribbling, had to make the ground muddy, and consequently, full of reeds and grass that found in all moist soils: that was what the Celts called the Haume-moor , a term they have written on all parts of the country Gallic, wherever their eyes showed a more or less swampy ground. The small source, unnamed as all those whose water is too scarce to form a small creek, barely enough to make a lot Haume-moor, however, traced to their minds a definite and venerable.

Later, when the Gauls, gradually losing their pure belief in the disastrous influence of foreigners, were fallen into the idolatrous worship, they began to worship what once was simply held in reverence, especially the fountains, which were making their eyes obscured the attributes of a beneficent Providence.

The first Christian missionaries, including difficulty to remove from the hearts of the people idolatrous veneration for fountains, did what they had done for Menir on which they had carved the sign of redemption. They placed among the sources, crosses, statues of the Blessed Virgin

- 279 - 

seeking to make the purity beliefs in enlightening minds.The fountain Marceille ought, like others, be adorned with a statue of the

Blessed Virgin. Is it the one that lost amid the turmoil of the Saracen invasions, was later found and placed with honor in the sanctuary to house it? This seems to us very likely. This image of the Blessed Virgin holding in her arms her divine Son and carved into a wood blackSays from his East: its position near a fountain, and it is in a field near the little spring that was found, we appoint the early days of Christianity in Gaul. These probabilities take a still more serious, if we seek to grasp the meaning of the name of Our Lady of Marceille or Marsilla.

The new Christians, trusting in the kindness of the Mother of the Lord Jesus, will come to ask, kneeling at the feet of his image placed near the fountain, the cure or alleviation of their suffering injury, and the Gauls, have expressed in the word Marsilla favors the sum obtained from the most ordinary goodness of the Holy Virgin, it was for them Our Lady of Marsilla, Or eyes spoiled, damaged and closed by the dis-

- 280 - 

die - to March, Mar, damage, - to seel (sil), Ignore -. Ignorance of the pronunciation of Celtic words alone could lead, in the course of time, say marseel(Marceille) for Marsil.

We might also mention the name of another sanctuary of our lands, near Caunes and called Our Lady of Cros. Again, above the beautiful fountain that springs at the foot of the mountain, we had marked a cross - cross, X -. A statue of the Blessed Virgin was later replaced the cross beside the fountain, and the shrine built at a little distance, was named Notre Dame du Cros Our Lady of the Cross.

 VIII THE RIVER AND SALTED MOLLUSCS FOSSILS.

 The fountains enclosed in Cromleck of Redones could aspire, like Marceille

the honor of seeing a large sanctuary with them, the healing powers of its waters was quite natural. Their reputation would be very extensive, however, since the Greek and Latin geographers, in speaking of the

- 281 - 

Narbonne Gaul, do not fail to note in this region a fountain very salty.William of Catel in his memoirs, wonders if this is the fountain that empties

into the lake of Leucate. "From Leucate, he said, came great number of" big eels that are sold throughout the Languedoc, "called eels Leucate, I do not think" that this place yet found in fields in "digging the earth, the ancient fish called"pisces Fossil; However, that several authors have "noticed as Mela, Strabo, Athenaeus in Book" Eighth, for me being informed that of the country, "they told me not to have seen the earth dried up having to causes "great heat."

The reluctance of William Catel is perfectly legitimate, since it is not the fountain of Leucate, near the lake of Leucate, which must enforce compliance of the ancient geographers, but the Sals, Salt River, which crosses the Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains. The valley of the Sals in fact contains molluscs and fossil Corals in prodigious numbers, and thereby we can understand that the salt fountain mentioned by geographers in the region pisces fossils, is the river current in the Sals Cromleck surrounding its Menir and dolmens

20 

- 282 - 

thermal and mineral waters of Rennes-les-Bains.At the time of Strabo (20 AD) and Pomponius Mela (43 AD), wrote their

treatises on geography, the south of Gaul was part of the Roman Empire under the name of Provincia and mineral waters were busy Redones by the conquerors, this explains how these geographers spoke of fossils found on the banks of the River salt.

 IX PRAISE THE GUI.

 The treatment of certain diseases by the waters of Redones was too simple

and too easy to not being familiar to the Druids. The Druids understood the science knowledge of remedies in connection with the limited number of infirmities of men full of vigor and health, and the baths were a valuable resource for them, which certainly they used intelligently. However, the baths would not have been, for the Druids, a good remedy in use, whether to lend credence to the writings of Pliny,

- 283 - 

which requires relatively little in them of medical science to believe they would be right for all human diseases through the simple use of mistletoe, omnia sanantem. (1)

Mistletoe, keeping the heart of winter's dark green leaves, while trees are bare, it was just in the eyes of the Druids the symbol of the immortality of the soul and future life or had he really in their minds some efficacy for curing diseases? His Celtic name will show, while rejecting the opinions ventured far and singular of the Latin writers.

"It was usually in February that the Druids as" doing research. At the news that the plant "precious struck eyes the people entered in" crowd in the forest, surrounded the tree of choice for the "keep vigilant, and the sixth day of the moon of Mars (the sixth day of the moon among the Gauls opened "Always month, year and century) druid dress" white cut with a pruning knife of gold, the sacred plant, "lest it touch the ground, falling and was "sullied by contact profane. The ceremony will be "reproduced in every tribe. "

 

(1) Pliny. lib. 16.

- 284 - "The old custom of running the streets, the first day of the year," the cry the

mistletoe the new year, Was connected with the cult of "Gauls." (1)So they sacrificed victims (two white bulls), praying God to his present

beneficial to those who have the advantage of possessing (2) The feast began then, and the rest of the day was devoted to revelry

"We find," said the abbot Monlezun, (3) a part of this "ancient custom in the district of Lectoure. "Only by crossing times and Christian countries," he had s'empreindre of Christianity. Few days before the "Christmas, young people come at night to" each house, singing Aguillouné, The mistletoe the new year. "

The celebration of the aguillouné occur also in Provence and mingle in the festival of Christmas. In England, on Christmas day (Christmas) presents all the tables on the famous plum pudding adorned with a sprig of mistletoe.

In Britain, the cry was famous eguinané which is synonymous with gifts, because it is the signal the distribution of gifts. (4) "This cry,

 

(1) History of France, by Em Lefranc.(2) Pliny, lib. 26. Cpl. 44.(3) History of Biscay.(4) Emile Souvestre, the Latest Britons.

- 285 - 

"Said Henri Martin (1) was preserved with the same meaning," in parts of France where the Celtic language "disappeared for many centuries. M. Augustin Thierry us "Blois told that he had yet heard kids' name theaguilanlé a holiday where they search for 'coins on an apple stuck after a "wand Wrapped."

According to the author of Latter Britons, or rather Eguinané enghin-year-eit, mean wheat germ. The term aguilanlé heard to Blois has no idea in mind, while aguillouné sung Lectoure gives us, despite a slight change in pronunciation, the true expression of which is used by our Celtic ancestors.

Mistletoe is a parasitic plant called viscum by the Latins and mistletoe (mizzlto) By the Anglo-Saxons. Mistletoe is a part of the word aguillouné, and in this last expression is shut the whole belief of the Druids on the virtues of this plant famous. They attributed to him, wrongly or rightly, the ability to prevent or cure the ague, and the precious quality of the surround was a special favor. Aguillouné consists of: - ague

 

(1) History of France, note 1. page 72.20a

- 286 - 

(éguiou), Intermittent fever, - nay (born), No negative adverb - éguiouné -. According to this interpretation, the mistletoe was a condom absolute intermittent fever, and it was used as an infusion in water, herbal tea, no doubt, greatly extended.

Mistletoe does not freed from all evils, as argued by Pliny, but only a singularly dreadful disease for the Gauls, for the hardships of war prepared, so to speak, their body's invasion of fever intermittent. Thanks to the support enjoyed by this plant, and this favor was perhaps not undeserved, we have preserved the syllable éguiouné mistletoe which now refers to the mistletoe the Celts.

Allow us to make a simple ob servation on everything Pliny tells about the sacred mistletoe. This author, very concerned about the Greek term thick meaning the oak from which it was probably derived the name of Druids, sees that all the oaks in druidic ceremonies. The Druids are the men of the oak, sacrifices were held under the branches of this tree, except in countries where the oaks are replaced by fir or beech, and the mistletoe must absolutely grow on an oak tree, though nobody, not even the famous botanist De Candolle, has never been able to discover.

- 287 - In addition, the relationship of Pliny the viscum faces a physical

impossibility. Henceforth this plant delivered from all evil, and a plant of mistletoe growing on oak was such a rarity, we instituted the public celebrations and sacrifices for the day of picking up your gui extraordinary that It was also found in every tribe, because in each place had the same ceremonies, the Celts were inevitably doomed to never be cured of their disease, evidently a single plant of mistletoe by tribe, could not satisfy the millions of people locked in Gaul. It is therefore necessary to seek another explanation of druidic rites on the mistletoe, sacred words.

The ceremonies mentioned by Pliny, the festivities were reserved by the Druids to set one day, the sixth day of the moon of Mars. They thus appear to relate primarily to the opening of a new year, and secondly, to gather the mistletoe. The Druid in white robes, which cut the mistletoe pruning its gold, did nothing but give the signal for a very valuable crop, and then, the Gauls were in the area of the country, look for it, gather all the trees that feed, and make a provision for the unfortunate instances where foot inter-

- 288 - 

mittent would seize and frustrate the most distressing.This interpretation is losing its sacredness to mistletoe, but he keeps under

the Gauls attributed to its infusion for the recovery or preservation of intermittent fever.

We will not examine it, if medical science of the Druids was in default, when dealing with intermittent fever sticky liqueur obtained by maceration length mistletoe in the water we just see that this plant famous n ' was not, as Pliny says, a universal panacea, and that the Druids knew very well apply to a particular disease a particular remedy, opposing the mistletoe to intermittent fever, and baths with other diseases as fearsome.

  

 CHAPTER VIII.

  

CELTIC VILLAGE OF RENNES-LES BAINS 

 I                DWELLINGS CELTIC - THE ROAD TOTRUCKS.

 In the seaside town of Rennes, the hot spring, which the Celts made the most

use, is that of the Queen or Rennes. By following the chain of tradition on the effectiveness of water Redones, the Romans felt they had to build their spas from this source, and then constructs sumptuous, he still remains, were built in the valley the Sals.

Well before the ownership of land by the Romans, Gauls homes were not, as now, grouped close

- 290 - 

Hot Springs, they were built on the slope appointed Artigues- hearth (Harth) Home - to eke (ike), Develop -.

The term Tribe- Tribe (traïbe), Tribe, nation -; designating land south of Montferrand, shows that the bulk of the population lived in the valley where the stream runs Coume. The stream ofAlby- lobby, Home, - by (bai) Next - which empties into that of Coume, crossed the Gallic village. The Celts were taking advantage of the slope angle in part to build their houses in the soil, which they gave the round shape. They were, say the authors, very spacious, built of wood and mud, thatched with straw or chopped and kneaded in clay.

It is possible that the poorest houses were well covered, but it is difficult to believe that the Gauls might know do not use tiles, they gave us the name rajol- rash, Rash, and dialect of Languedoc, flow - hole, Small apartment - which now refers to the brick.

Close to Artigues and above Bugat, part of the land is called

- 291 - 

scarrajols- square (skouère), Square - rash, Flow, - lobby (Haulli), House -. It is there, the tile square brackets, which is in considerable quantity, at several points in the Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains. Tile channel is also seen among the debris of tiles hooks. Without doubt, the Scarajols does not tell us the time more or less distant when these tiles were manufactured, but why would you refuse stubbornly to the Celts the lowest ebb of civilization and have, without reason and without cause, an ignorance that constantly contradicts their language? The enemy, no report of Sallust, do they not cover their mapalia tile channel? It matters little, moreover, that the scarrajols was a tile or a house covered with tiles, it suffices to note that the Gauls could be used interchangeably with thatch or tiles for draining rainwater from the roof their homes.

We arrived at the Gaulish village by the path traced at the foot of the mountain of Cardou and rises gently to the front of the spa where she will arrive at the center of Artigues. This path had a constant width, as we learn the name of

- 292 - 

Col de Bazel, and trucks could reach well into the interior of the village.Constructions made of wood and clay were not, certainly, very expensive, so

many they existed in the country. In the middle of the eastern slope of the mountain that looks Rennes les Bains, and a point fairly close to the village circle, we find a large rock, cut deeply to form three sides of a square house. The terrain in which the rock is understood, is called Gléizole- clay (key), Clay, - to ease (ize), Issue - lobby (Haulli), House -. This house, cleared the clay commonly used in the construction of houses Gallic, accused by the square shape the Gallo-Roman.

In the north-west of Borde-Neuve, between FoucilheThe hill embarrassed - was (feuss), Embarrassment, - HillHill - and the Roucats, The portion of land called Siala- to see (if), See - lobbyHouse - had no doubt, as its name indicates, some de_meures Celtic. Word Artigue, Assigned to the houses of the Celts, still exists in the dialect of Languedoc, and when a farmer clears a portion of a timber, it says it does

- 293 - 

a artigot, Although he now intends to establish a field, rather than to build a house.

At the foot of the Celtic village of Artigues, and near the stream of Coume, we see a location called the circular Salasse- dirty, Market, - axis, Ax -. It was the market, the public square or were regular exchanges, sales and purchases of domestic trade.

The Roucats- (to ronghcast) Sketch - that we have cited, speaking of Siala, extends to the right bank of the River Sals, is filled Menir sketched, Tables of stone superimposed on each other, and is part of the inner circle contained in the Cromleck Redones. On the banks of the Sals and the Roucats, there are a part of the path which led to Celtic Bugarach. We can easily measure the width of the road by Menir that border again. The exact point where the road, along the river in wooden pé_nètre Roucats, we see two rocks, placed to the right and left of the road Gaulish, Greek crosses several small, moss-covered, and make known, Without a doubt, the importance of many Menir scattered on the slopes of the hill.

- 294 - II FOOD OF THE CELTS. GAULOISES BEVERAGES

 The Gauls, the report by some historians, ate fruit from hunting and fishing,

which they added acorns and beech nuts probably the beech: they cultivated wheat, when the Phoenicians had imported the in the West.

He would, we believe, impossible to prove such allegations. The Celts came from Asia Minor, where wheat, was certainly not unknown: their communications with the East were the continual flow of new peoples moving ever toward the setting sun: the Neimheid this scientific body that governed the march of Celtic migration, was entirely composed of Druids, that does not invalidate Caesar when he wrote: "We believe that" the institution found in Druid of Britain was of "transported there in Gaul." (1) Is it acceptable that integrates Neimheid, distributor of wheat, the food staple, has been bold enough to give Menir, dolmens and Cromleck their particular names and distinctive while the Gauls had only acorns and beechnuts to replace wheat and bread? Acorns

 

(1) De bell. Gall. lib. VI. 13.

- 295 - 

and beechnuts beech may well have been used formerly as now, food for pigs, and there is no reason to wonder at this fact, but ensure free and without evidence, that the fruit forests entered in the ordinary food of the Celts, is to misunderstand entirely the real conditions of material life of our ancestors.

We can say with certainty that they cultivated wheat, since the food was being distributed and unbiased kaïrolo - key (ki) Key, - ear (ir), Ear of corn. - holeHollow, small house - the attic and perhaps the underground silo or grain containing the precious, still existed among centers housing Celtic. There is little, indeed, the village that owns land that name of the kaïrolo Redones was south of Montferrand near the road leading to the creek and Coume Artigues. Production of wheat was also very abundant in certain privileged regions, were resorted to foreign hands in these countries to reap more expeditiously. The Redones hesitate to praise and their arms to the important work of the harvest, and the name of Montferrand certify their periodic trips to this effect - to mow (mo), Harvesting, - to Own (ôn), Claim, - to fare (ferred), Travel, - Handball, Hand -.

- 296 - Flocks of sheep were very numerous in the village of Redones. The

Campbelle = to camp, Stay, - bell, = Bell, the Berke = to bay (bé), Bleating, barking, - to heark (herk), Listen = on Grauzilhou = to graze (Grèze) - Graze, graze, Hill, = Hill, rather denote the presence of herds in the country. Without such evidence upon the ground itself, it remains in the idiom of the Languedoc, an expression stating the possession of sheep among the Gauls. The flesh of the sheep was even their most ordinary food, for hunting and fishing were not enough to feed a large population. The sheep, in the Languedoc dialect, is designated by the expression FEDO- to feed (fid) Feed -: this food was decent, and they characterized it probably chunk, since the term chik, Marking the smallest dimension of a piece in the same dialect, corresponds Celtic language chick (tckick) Chicken, small portion, indeed, the appetite for these men to gigantic size.

Greek mythology had noticed in Hercules, Celtic personification of the people, and some voracious eater of oxen had known. She said the Argonauts sailing to Colchis to capture the fleece

- 297 - 

gold, took first Hercules with them, but when they were witnesses to his robust appetite, they forced him to abandon ship, fearing to see him eat alone, all their provisions. She reported that the hero still ate in one meal, a beef taken from a farmer. How pitiful mine had done in front of Hercules miserable acorns to assuage his hunger!

The food of the Gauls was not to be despised as their drink, and tell us Allobroges their delicacy on this point. Moreover, throughout the Celtic country, the manufacture of beverages peculiar to the country, is engraved in the name of various cities. Normandy cider does not date from yesterday, and Rotomage (Rouen) by delivery - to burp, Spoil, - to owe (O), Duty, - to mash (mache), Crush, mix, - Rotowemash -; The City of VindomageAmong Arecomici Volkes, well knew how to make wine, - wine (ouaïne), Wine, - to do (dou) Do - to mash, Crush - and the bizarre movements of fullers grape are very accurately reproduced in Sostomage (1), a small town not far from Toulouse, - to Soss, Waddle, - to do (dou), Act, make an action - to mash (mache), Trample, crush -.

 

(1) Castelnaudary (Aude).21

- 298 - The Gauls had even Languedoc pushed the art of making wine to a

remarkable degree, since it was the grape meeting fullers corporate, near Carcassonne, in a place where people still carry the same today Occupation . This village is called by its own inhabitants Bilomacho- to Will, Desire, want, - to mash (mache), Crush, mix - and it is known in French under the name of Villemoustaussou simple translation of the Celtic Romance Willmash.

 III IN THE BOAR Ghass

 Hunting was a distraction for Celtic in connection with their physical

activity, rather than an occupation necessary to provide an absolute way to their livelihood. The Gauls were using their excellent hunting hounds, needed to monitor and harass the deer of their forests. The Coume das houn - Hound (haound) Hound, hound, - and the fountain das houn, Guarantors of this assertion, are located north of the moor Haume, very close to two of Roeselare Cromleck of Rennes

- 299 - 

les-Bains. The inhabitants of the country, somewhat Celtiberians, had not lost the habit of hunting for bear, as shown in Clot das Hourc, Very close to the Borde-Neuve, and called today Loubatière. However, this beast has become quite rare, did not the object of the favorite sport of the Celts. The Gallic preferences were reserved for wild boar, widespread throughout the country, the hunting Celtic had serious dangers.

The boar, when not attacking innocent point becomes formidable when he recognized the assailant, and turned against him furiously. The feeling of strength makes him confident, and he boldly faces the danger. He runs away, however when he feels the impossibility of successful resistance, reserving his revenge for when, pressed by a strong pack, he stands up, pierces its ranks and rushed to the hunter and hitting his terrible battering. Despite the number of hunters, and seasoned hounds used to hunt the animal, accidents have always been frequent. The weapon Celtic boar hunting was the spear, and the weapon, rather short, making the hunter face to face with the beast, would expose him to all his rage.

"Jacques du Fouilloux, who wrote in the sixteenth

- 300 - 

Century and was a brave fighter, does not seem too "reassured when dealing with the boars. It ensures to have "chased one that alone massacred in a few moments," forty of fifty dogs. In short, it does not advise to run a good pack "such "kinds of beasts, for, he said, if the other species' esgratignent or bite, there are ways to "cure their bite, but wild boar, if it hurts a" dog's tooth trunk of the body, n 'in cuida never "escaped." And yet he adds: "If a" pack of dogs is once pitched for the boar, "they no longer want to run the small beasts, because they were" accustomed to hunt closely, and have great sense "of their beast." (1).

The Gallic predilection for hunting wild boar was known to ancient Greeks, and according to their habit of personifying the qualities of the Gallic nation in Hercules, they have included among the twelve labors of the hero, his battle against the boar of FYROM. The return on Greek mythology about Hercules too instructive not just to cite a few lines. It may be noted the unspeakable terror that inspired the Celtic nation of Greece.

 

(1) Store Picturesque - Year 1834

- 301 - "Eurystheus, king of Mycenae, jealous of the reputation of" Hercules, the

relentlessly persecuted, and took care of him "giving sufficient employment outside their states to take away the" means to disturb his government. He exerted his great courage in companies also sensitive and "dangerous: this is called the work of Hercules. "They say that Hercules, Eurystheus became so formidable that," despite the power he had sweats that hero, he dared to appear "before him, and he had prepared a ton of brass' s go there to hide if necessary. He did not enter Hercule in the city: he brought the monsters were "left outside the walls, and Eurystheus sent him his orders" by a herald. "(1).

Erymanthos, mountains of Arcadia, was the asylum of a boar whose fury filled him with horror the whole country. Eurystheus asked Hercules to rescue the country from this host feared. Hercules goes wild boar, is alive, and the load on his shoulders to bring it to Eurystheus. It is seized with such terror, he will hide under its famous bronze vessel.

The history of the boar is painting Erymanthos fabulous hunts boar so dear to the Gauls.

 

(1) Dictionary of Fable Br Christmas - Paris, 1803.21a

- 302 - The Neimheid not left in the dark memories of the hunts dangerous, and all

the mountains covered with deep woods and capable of safe refuge for wild boars, they found land called pijole or pijoulet- pig, Pig, - to Jole, Struck with the head -. The Pijole Rennes-les-Bains has its place Serbaïrou, south of the two rocks Roeselare or trembling.

Despite the strength of the Gauls, fatigue and depression were invading their strong limbs, especially when accidents multiplied the ground in a mountainous country, added difficulties to the hardships of a difficult hunt itself.

Back at the domestic hearth, they took a while to rest is essential in a pile of dry leaves which served as their bed. According to the assertions ordinary historians, this pile of dry leaves was the only sleeper of the Celts. We dare not believe, however, that the Gauls had previously pushed their indifference to the health and vigor of the body. We know in the Canton of Limoux, a mountain grown, in part, and crossed by a road leading from the village of Saint-André Chalabre mountain decorated name Matalin- to mattAnd cover with mats - lobbyRoom - to inn, Stay in a hostel -. The soil of belonging

- 303 - 

ment where the travelers settled down to rest in the inn of Matalin, was then covered with mats. Can you imagine that this was an isolated and specific to a house built on a mountain in a country otherwise very poor and little-used passenger? Rather, the true indication of the use of mats and rugs for the rest of the night in the homes of our ancestors, bench seats and backs to the wall used only for meals.

The Celts, endowed with a generous nature, were | not prone to theft and robbery, and they were few who were guilty of such misdeeds. Besides, justice was swift and severe, and the Fangallots Redones - to saint (feels) Disappear, - Gallows (Galleuce), Gallows, gallows, - reminded local residents that hanging was the just punishment of criminals.

The names of various sports fields Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains, evoke memories of the funeral not Celtic, because they are already written to the country Sordes to Caucoliberis and Illiberis. Julius Caesar praises the magnificence extreme. The unadulterated belief in the truth of the immortality of the soul, led the Celts to deploy a large pump in the religious

- 304 - 

last duties returned to their parents and their friends. They buried the dead in tombs made of earth and stones, and high cone known as the barrow- barrow (barro) Tomb mound -.

 IV THE ROMANS AND THE SOURCE OF THE QUEEN SPA.

IN THE CROSS OF Cromleck REDON. We saw the explanation of Celtic monuments Redones southern Gaul, what

were the religious beliefs of the Celts. When foreigners, under the veil of trade and alliance, have set foot in Gaul, these beliefs began to weaken in the minds of the population. The leaders of various tribes, and disregard the supreme authority of Neimheid, advanced decay, and when the nation, defeated by Caesar, is now part of the Roman Empire, ancient and pure religious beliefs taught by Druids, have given way to the idolatrous propagated by the victors. The temples of false gods have defiled the Celtic land, and the people fell to perverted worship Teutates, and Belenus Ogmius or Oghan.

- 305 - We can not resign ourselves to study the names of these false gods and

idolatrous beliefs of Gauls degenerate. The abyss into which they were trained is too horrible for us to dwell on the probe.

At that time villain who preceded the arrival of the necessary and immediate Saviour awaited by the nations, the true meaning and religious Cromleck disappears from all the memories. The countries of southern Redones had long been part of the Provincia, and the Romans had built a shrine in the valley of the Sals, and the baths at the source of the Queen. A new village was built on the plateau overlooking the spa Villanova's northeast side.

The Romans left many traces of their extended stay in Cromleck, medals and coins of gold, silver and bronze, from the triumvirate of Antony, Octavius and Lepidus, until the reign of Emperor Gratian whole amphorae, fragments of statues carved in white marble capitals and bases of columns carved inscriptions engraved in stone consular.

The South Redones spent a relatively short time in senseless superstitions of paganism. The proconsul Sergius Paulus, a disciple of the Apostle St. Paul was come to bring the Gospel to the south of Gaul and had established its headquarters in

- 306 - 

Narbonne. Christian missionaries sent by the illustrious and holy Bishop to conquer the truth minds and hearts of Gaul of Narbonne, understood, by entering the Cromleck of Redones, that respect which surrounded these stones cut or lifted, was respect become idolatrous, and they did burn crosses Greek on all points of this circle of stones at the entrance of Cromleck, the Crosse, Roukats at Serbaïrou on the crest of the Pla de la Coste de las Brugos Cugulhou and sunset.

Then, to the edge of the cape of the man on top of a Menir in front of the pagan temple converted into a Christian church later destroyed by fire, was carved with a beautiful head of the Savior looking the valley, and dominating all these Celtic monuments that had lost their teachings. The cross, victory of paganism, has not ceased to reign in the Cromleck Rennes-les-Bains, and still maintains, etched into the religious heart of its inhabitants, the precepts of life offered in the world by the Eternal Truth.

 

CONTENTS

 REMARKS

   

CHAPTER. 

CELTIC LANGUAGE 

pageI. Summary of main occupation of Gaul ... 1II. Celtic Language .......................................... 5III. The dialect of Languedoc and Tectosages ... 12IV. The dialect of Languedoc and the true Celtic

language .......................................... .......... 17

V. The Neimheid ................................................ . 23  CHAPTER II. 

Hebrew Language I. The divine names ........................................... 27II. The first men. - Adam to Noah. 38III. Noah and his children ....................................... 48

- 308 - IV. Abraham and the Patriarchs ........................... 56 V. Moses and the Israelites in the desert ............ 69VI. Joshua. - Jesus Saviour. - Goliath and David. 77

 CHAPTER III. 

LANGUAGE PUNIC I. Africa. - Phuth. - Numidian and Moorish ......... 82II. The generals of Carthage. - The Numidian kings. 91III. Kabyle language ................................................ . 98

 CHAPTER IV. 

FAMILY Japheth I. Gomer and his son .......................................... 106II. Tubal and Iberians ....................................... 108III. Basque ............................................ 112IV. Cantabria. - The Iberians. - The Kjoekken-

Moeddings Denmark ..........................  126

V. The cadets. - The Occitane. - The Aqui-tain, and their tribes .- Auch. - Bordeaux.

 137

 V. 

CELTIC LANGUAGE I. The Brittany and its tribes ............................. 150II. The Redones. - Monuments .- The Celtic Druids.

- The Carnutes .....................  160

- 309 - III. The Rhone. - Marseilles. - The Savoyards. -

Lyon. - The Arverne and Vercingetorix ......... 174

 CHAPTER VI. THE VOLKER Tectosages AND THE LANGUEDOC I. The Volkes Tectosagians and Arecomici. -

Belgians. - The Garonne. - Toulouse. - The Gironde ............................................... .........

  187

II. Languedoc. - Las Visigoths and the people called barbarians .......................................... ...

 196

III. The Franks. - Their Origin ............................ 201IV. The first kings Franks ................................. 208V. King Bébrix and Pyrene. - Hercules. - The

Sardanes. - Gaucoliberis. - Illiberis .- The Sordes ............................................ .....

  213

VI. The Atacini. - Aude. - The rafts on the River Aude. - Carcassonne ................................

 219

 CHAPTER VII. Cromleck OF RENNES-LES-BAINS I. Description Drunemeton or Cromleck Redones

of Southern Gaul - Menir, dolmens, Roeselare or loose rocks. - The Gun-dhill or Sarrat plazént ...................................

 

II. Religious significance of Cromleck, mecha- 224  souvenirs, dolmens and

Roeselare ................................. 245

- 310 - III. Human sacrifice in Gaul .............. 24IV. The hole or stone ax Celtic ............... 255V. Secondary meaning of stones .- The

Eubates ......................................... ......  263

VI. The art of healing from the Druids. - Thermal and mineral waters of Rennes-les-Bains. Sources of ferruginous Cromleck cold.

  266

VII. Fountain of Our Lady of Marceille .............. 276VIII The Salt River and shellfish fossils ......... 280IX. The guy sacred ............................................... .... 282

 CHAPTER VIII. CELTIC VILLAGE OF RENNES-LES-BAINS I. Celtic Homes .- The road for

trucks ........................................ ............... 289

II. Food of the Celts. - Beverages Gauloises .. 294III. Hunting Boar ..................................... 298IV. The Romans and the hot springs of the Queen. -

The cross in the Cromleck Redones.  304

   END.