The United States Goes to War

WII AlliancesWII AlliancesAlliesAllies

–United StatesUnited States–Great BritainGreat Britain–FranceFrance–Soviet UnionSoviet Union

AxisAxis–GermanyGermany–ItalyItaly–JapanJapan

Map with the Participants in WW IIMap with the Participants in WW II Dark GreenDark Green: Allies before the attack on Pearl Harbor, including colonies and : Allies before the attack on Pearl Harbor, including colonies and

occupied countries. occupied countries. Light GreenLight Green: Allied countries that entered the war after the Japanese attack on : Allied countries that entered the war after the Japanese attack on

Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor. OrangeOrange: Axis Powers : Axis Powers GreyGrey: Neutral countries during WWII : Neutral countries during WWII

– Dark green dots represent countries that initially were neutral but during the Dark green dots represent countries that initially were neutral but during the war were annexed by the USSR war were annexed by the USSR

– Light green dots represent countries that later in the war changed from the Light green dots represent countries that later in the war changed from the Axis to the Allies Axis to the Allies

– Orange dots represent countries that after being conquered by the Axis Orange dots represent countries that after being conquered by the Axis Powers, became puppets of those (Vichy France and several French colonies, Powers, became puppets of those (Vichy France and several French colonies, Croatia) Croatia)

American GI’s Prepare for American GI’s Prepare for WarWar

15 Million 15 Million Americans served Americans served in the Armed in the Armed Services during Services during WWIIWWII

They called They called themselves the themselves the nickname, “GI” nickname, “GI” which was short for which was short for Government-Issued.Government-Issued.

A Diverse (But Segregated) A Diverse (But Segregated) MilitaryMilitary

The Diverse American military included:The Diverse American military included:– 300k Mexican Americans300k Mexican Americans– 25k Native Americans25k Native Americans– 17k Japanese Americans17k Japanese Americans– 1 Million African Americans1 Million African Americans

Most units were segregated by raceMost units were segregated by race– Many of the segregated units were Many of the segregated units were

commended for bravery and valorcommended for bravery and valor All Nisei 442All Nisei 442ndnd

African American 761African American 761stst The Tuskegee Airmen of the 332The Tuskegee Airmen of the 332ndnd and the 99 and the 99th th

Fighter groupsFighter groups– ““Black Eagles” Black Eagles”

Navaho code breakersNavaho code breakers

Women in the Armed Women in the Armed ServicesServices

WACWAC– Women’s Army CorpWomen’s Army Corp– Included women officers and Included women officers and

enlistedenlisted WASPSWASPS

– Women Air Force Service PilotsWomen Air Force Service Pilots– Served on the Homefront and as Served on the Homefront and as

practice pilots during trainingpractice pilots during training WAVESWAVES

– Women Accepted for VoluntEer Women Accepted for VoluntEer ServiceService

– Naval aviatorsNaval aviators

WACWAC

WASPSWASPS

WAVESWAVES

The European TheaterThe European Theater

When the Americans arrived in When the Americans arrived in Europe, the Allied forces were weak Europe, the Allied forces were weak and near defeatand near defeat– London had suffered from the BlitzLondon had suffered from the Blitz– France had been overrun by Nazi forcesFrance had been overrun by Nazi forces

The Battle of the Atlantic proved to The Battle of the Atlantic proved to be the help that the Allies neededbe the help that the Allies needed– Food and supplies once again began to Food and supplies once again began to

make their way into Allied handsmake their way into Allied hands

The Battle of the AtlanticThe Battle of the Atlantic Germany's best Germany's best

hope of defeating hope of defeating Britain lay in Britain lay in winning the Battle winning the Battle of the Atlantic.of the Atlantic.

Used U-boats Used U-boats against Allied forcesagainst Allied forces– Traveled in “Wolf Traveled in “Wolf

packs”packs”– Extremely Extremely

successfully tacticsuccessfully tactic

Losses in AtlanticLosses in Atlantic 1939 1939

– 222 ships sunk 222 ships sunk (114 by (114 by submarine)submarine)

    1940 1940 – 1059 ships sunk 1059 ships sunk

(471 by (471 by submarine)submarine)

  1941 1941 – 1328 ships sunk 1328 ships sunk

(432 by (432 by submarine)submarine)

    1942 1942 – 1661 ships sunk 1661 ships sunk

(1159 by (1159 by submarine)submarine)

19431943– 597 ships sunk 597 ships sunk

(463 by (463 by submarine)submarine)

1944 1944 – 247 ships sunk 247 ships sunk

(132 by (132 by submarine)submarine)

1945 1945 – 105 ships sunk (56 105 ships sunk (56

by submarine)by submarine)

North Africa and ItalyNorth Africa and Italy The British had been The British had been

battling in North Africa battling in North Africa since 1940since 1940– British General Montgomery British General Montgomery

finally defeated German finally defeated German Field Marshall Erwin Field Marshall Erwin Rommel (The Desert Fox) at Rommel (The Desert Fox) at El AlameinEl Alamein

The American joined The American joined Monty and pushed Monty and pushed eastward through Algeria, eastward through Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia Morocco, and Tunisia towards southern Europetowards southern Europe– Sicily and Italy were seen Sicily and Italy were seen

as the best place to mount as the best place to mount a southern invasiona southern invasion

Rommel

Montgomery

Italy is InvadedItaly is Invaded

General George S. General George S. Patton led a successful Patton led a successful Allied attack on Italy in Allied attack on Italy in 19431943– Mussolini was overthrown Mussolini was overthrown

and executedand executed– Hitler lost most important Hitler lost most important

allyally The Allies won at Anzio The Allies won at Anzio

and then captured Romeand then captured Rome

The War in the USSRThe War in the USSR 3.6 million Germans flowed into 3.6 million Germans flowed into

Soviet territory from 1941-1942Soviet territory from 1941-1942– Luftwaffe (German air force) and Luftwaffe (German air force) and

panzers (German tanks) were superiorpanzers (German tanks) were superior In retaliation Russian/Soviet forces In retaliation Russian/Soviet forces

adopt a “scorched earth policyadopt a “scorched earth policy– As Russian retreated take and burn As Russian retreated take and burn

EVERYTHINGEVERYTHING Battle of Stalingrad was turning Battle of Stalingrad was turning

pointpoint– Russia victory sealed the fate of the Russia victory sealed the fate of the

war in the eastwar in the east

Stalin’s PlanStalin’s Plan ““In case of a forced retreat... all rolling stock In case of a forced retreat... all rolling stock

must be evacuated, the enemy must not be must be evacuated, the enemy must not be left a single engine, a single railway car, not left a single engine, a single railway car, not a single pound of grain or gallon of fuel. The a single pound of grain or gallon of fuel. The collective farmers must drive off all their collective farmers must drive off all their cattle and turn over their grain to the safe cattle and turn over their grain to the safe keeping of the state authorities for keeping of the state authorities for transportation to the rear. All valuable transportation to the rear. All valuable property, including non-ferrous metals, grain property, including non-ferrous metals, grain and fuel that cannot be withdrawn must be and fuel that cannot be withdrawn must be destroyed without fail. In areas occupied by destroyed without fail. In areas occupied by the enemy, guerilla units....must set fire to the enemy, guerilla units....must set fire to forests, stores and transports." forests, stores and transports."

Tremendous Loss of Life in Tremendous Loss of Life in VictoryVictory

The The Battle of StalingradBattle of Stalingrad is considered the bloodiest is considered the bloodiest battle in recorded human battle in recorded human historyhistory

Total casualties are Total casualties are estimated to be over estimated to be over two two millionmillion. .

The Axis powers lost large The Axis powers lost large numbers of men and numbers of men and equipment, and never fully equipment, and never fully recovered from the defeat. recovered from the defeat.

The HolocaustThe Holocaust When Allied When Allied

troops swept troops swept into occupied into occupied Eastern Europe Eastern Europe they were they were horrified at what horrified at what they foundthey found

Concentration Concentration campscamps

Death camps- Death camps- extermination extermination campscamps

Cool site with animation of Cool site with animation of battlesbattles

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/wwtwo/launch_ani_campaign_maps.shtmllaunch_ani_campaign_maps.shtml

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge December 1944December 1944 Nazi Troops squeezed between Soviets and Nazi Troops squeezed between Soviets and

AlliesAllies Hitler launched a surprise offensive in a Hitler launched a surprise offensive in a

weakened part of the lineweakened part of the line Created a “bulge” in the front lineCreated a “bulge” in the front line

Nurses of a field hospital who arrived in France via England and Egypt after three years service." Parker, August 12, 1944.

Allied Victory in EuropeAllied Victory in Europe After “Bulge”, allies After “Bulge”, allies

closed in on Berlinclosed in on Berlin Allies met at Yalta to Allies met at Yalta to

discuss terms of discuss terms of German surrenderGerman surrender

Berlin ended up Berlin ended up under Soviet Controlunder Soviet Control

Hitler Committed Hitler Committed SuicideSuicide

VE Day – Victory in VE Day – Victory in EuropeEurope

Discovery of the Discovery of the death campsdeath camps

The Death of HitlerThe Death of Hitler Hitler committed suicide on Hitler committed suicide on

30 April, 1945, but some 30 April, 1945, but some people dispute how he died. people dispute how he died.

The Nazi leader is generally The Nazi leader is generally believed to have used arsenic believed to have used arsenic to poison himself. But in to poison himself. But in 2004, a United States dealer 2004, a United States dealer offered for sale a pistol which offered for sale a pistol which he said Hitler had used to he said Hitler had used to take his life. take his life.

The former Soviet Union said The former Soviet Union said it cremated Hitler's body after it cremated Hitler's body after capturing the bunker but the capturing the bunker but the final resting place of the final resting place of the ashes is not knownashes is not known

This girl pays the penalty for having had personal relations with the Germans. Here, in the Montelimar area, France, French civilians shave her head as punishment."

US Strategy in the PacificUS Strategy in the Pacific Pearl Harbor Launched Pearl Harbor Launched

the Pacific Warthe Pacific War American stronghold in American stronghold in

the Philippines was lostthe Philippines was lost– MacArthur – “I shall MacArthur – “I shall

return”return” Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March Island Hopping Island Hopping

CampaignCampaign Doolittle (Tokyo) RaidsDoolittle (Tokyo) Raids

– Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant Colonel James DoolittleJames Doolittle

KAMIKAZESKAMIKAZES

Japanese suicide Japanese suicide squadrons, known as squadrons, known as Kamikaze, flew Kamikaze, flew aircraftaircraftloaded with explosives loaded with explosives directly into U.S. naval directly into U.S. naval vessels, killingvessels, killingthemselves in an themselves in an effort to stop the effort to stop the American advance. American advance. Altogether, they sank Altogether, they sank about 40 shipsabout 40 ships

Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March Approximately 75,000 Filipino and US Approximately 75,000 Filipino and US

soldiers formally surrendered to the soldiers formally surrendered to the Japanese on April 9 1942 Japanese on April 9 1942 – Japan was forced to accept emaciated, sick, and Japan was forced to accept emaciated, sick, and

dying captives outnumbering them. dying captives outnumbering them. Captives were forced to march, beginning Captives were forced to march, beginning

the following day, about 100 kilometers the following day, about 100 kilometers north to Camp O'Donnell, a prison campnorth to Camp O'Donnell, a prison camp

Prisoners of war were beaten randomly and Prisoners of war were beaten randomly and denied food and water for several days. denied food and water for several days. – Those who fell behind were executed through Those who fell behind were executed through

various means: shot, beheaded or bayonetted. various means: shot, beheaded or bayonetted. – The commonly-used Japanese "sun treatment" The commonly-used Japanese "sun treatment"

forced a captive to sit silently in the humid April forced a captive to sit silently in the humid April sun without water or even the shade of his sun without water or even the shade of his helmet helmet

While the Japanese pounded Corregidor (which would surrender on May 6), they led their prisoners on a forced march out of Bataan.

Before the "Death March" was over, those who survived would march more than sixty miles through intense heat with almost no water or food.

Somewhere between 5,000 and 11,000 never made it to Camp O'Donnell, where fresh horrors awaited.

Important Battles in the PacificImportant Battles in the Pacific Battles that helped Battles that helped

establish US control establish US control over skies and over skies and waters of the waters of the PacificPacific

Battle of the Coral Battle of the Coral SeaSea

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway

Battle of Coral SeaBattle of Coral Sea

First battle First battle entirely in airentirely in air

Officially a draw Officially a draw but counts as 1but counts as 1stst major US win in major US win in Pacific because it Pacific because it blocked the blocked the Japanese from Japanese from invading Australiainvading Australia

Battle of Battle of the Coral the Coral SeaSea

The Battle of MidwayThe Battle of Midway

June 1942June 1942 Turning point in the Turning point in the

PacificPacific Japan’s naval fleet was Japan’s naval fleet was

devastasteddevastasted– Was unable to fight on the Was unable to fight on the

offensive for the rest of offensive for the rest of the warthe war

– Fought backwards as US Fought backwards as US pushed closer to the pushed closer to the Japanese mainlandJapanese mainland

The Turning Point- The Turning Point- The Battle of MidwayThe Battle of Midway

Battle of Iwo Jima and OkinawaBattle of Iwo Jima and Okinawa US Island hopped their US Island hopped their

way through the Pacificway through the Pacific Dangers other than Dangers other than

battlebattle– Monsoons, malaria, heat, Monsoons, malaria, heat,

earthquakes, jungle earthquakes, jungle conditionsconditions

Iwo JimaIwo Jima– US losses 6800 killedUS losses 6800 killed– 23,000 wounded 23,000 wounded

OkinawaOkinawa– Costliest engagement Costliest engagement

50,000 casualties50,000 casualties Gave U.S. strong Gave U.S. strong

positions to launch air positions to launch air strikesstrikes

"General MacArthur surveys the beachhead on Leyte Island, soon after American forces swept ashore from a gigantic liberation armada into the central Philippines, at the historic moment when the General made good his promise `I shall return.'"

"U.S. Marine `Raiders' and their dogs, which are used for scouting and running messages, starting off for the jungle front lines on Bougainville."

T.Sgt. J. Sarno, ca. November/December 1943.

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project Key PlayersKey Players

– Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein– Enrico FermiEnrico Fermi– J. Robert J. Robert

OppenheimerOppenheimer White Sands test White Sands test

dropdrop– July 1945July 1945

Hiroshima Hiroshima – August 6, 1945August 6, 1945

NagasakiNagasaki– August 9, 1945August 9, 1945

1111thth airborne airborne watching A-bomb watching A-bomb

testtest

"Col. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., pilot of the ENOLA GAY, the plane that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, waves from his cockpit before the takeoff, 6 August 1945."

Actual photo of

A-bomb over Hiroshima

•August 9, 1945

•A dense column of smoke rises more than 60,000 feet into the air

over the Japanese port of Nagasaki, the result of an atomic bomb, the second ever used in warfare, dropped on the industrial center August 8, 1945, from a U.S. B-29 Superfortress."

HiroshimaHiroshima

Remains of a car. Remains of a car. A strong blast caused A strong blast caused the car to topple sidelong. the car to topple sidelong. (Photo by Tsuneo Tago) (Photo by Tsuneo Tago)

Shadow of a value handle imprinted on a gas tank. The shadow was caused by intense thermal rays.

(Photo by Shunkichi Kikuchi)

A Fatsia A Fatsia japonica near japonica near Meiji Bridge. Meiji Bridge.

The leaves of this The leaves of this Fatsia japonica Fatsia japonica threw a shadow threw a shadow on an electric on an electric pole near the pole near the Meiji Bridge. Meiji Bridge. (Photo by US (Photo by US

Army)Army)

Loss of hair Loss of hair

Japanese Japanese women are women are proud of their proud of their lovely, black lovely, black hair. hair.

Many were Many were reduced to a reduced to a miserable miserable state of state of baldness after baldness after exposure. exposure.

Stone lanterns of the former Gokoku Stone lanterns of the former Gokoku Shrine. Shrine. These lanterns and the tiered stones These lanterns and the tiered stones of their bases were shifted and tilted up by of their bases were shifted and tilted up by the blast (very close to the hypocenter). the blast (very close to the hypocenter).

Correspondents interview `Tokyo Rose.' Iva Toguri, American-born Japanese." September 1945.

Gaunt allied prisoners of war at Aomori camp near Yokohama cheer rescuers from U.S. Navy. Waving flags of the United States, Great Britain and Holland." Japan, August 29, 1945.

At the White House, President Truman announces Japan's surrender. Abbie Rowe, Washington, DC, August 14, 1945

"New York City celebrating the surrender of Japan. They threw anything and kissed anybody in Times Square." Lt. Victor Jorgensen, August 14, 1945

"F4U's and F6F's fly in formation during surrender ceremonies; Tokyo, Japan. USS MISSOURI left foreground." September 2, 1945.

Hideki Tojo of Hideki Tojo of Imperial Japan Imperial Japan

Japanese delegation on USS Missouri

Sept. 2 1945

MacArthur and Hirohito

The End of the WarThe End of the War VJ Day August 14, 1945VJ Day August 14, 1945

The End of the WarThe End of the War CasualtiesCasualties

– http://http://www.accessgenealogy.cwww.accessgenealogy.com/worldwar/om/worldwar/

Country Military Civilian Total

Soviet Union 8,668,000 16,900,000 25,568,000

Germany 3,250,000 3,810,000 7,060,000

Japan 1,506,000 300,000 1,806,000

Italy 330,000 80,000 410,000

Great Britain 326,000 62,000 388,000

USA 295,000 295,000

"Jubilant American soldier hugs motherly English woman and victory smiles light the faces of happy service men and civilians at Piccadilly Circus, London, celebrating Germany's unconditional surrender." Pfc. Melvin Weiss, England, May 7, 1945.

Conference of the Big Three at Yalta makes final plans for the defeat of Germany. Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Premier

Josef Stalin." February 1945.

Effects of the WarEffects of the War Creation of Two World SuperpowersCreation of Two World Superpowers

– US and USSRUS and USSR– Cold WarCold War

Holocaust Holocaust – Creation of IsraelCreation of Israel

Nuremburg Trials and trials of Japanese Nuremburg Trials and trials of Japanese War CriminalsWar Criminals

Division of Germany into 4 partsDivision of Germany into 4 parts– Then 2 parts (East and West Germany)Then 2 parts (East and West Germany)

On the Homefront- Chapter 25On the Homefront- Chapter 25– Japanese Internment CampsJapanese Internment Camps– Wartime EconomyWartime Economy– Women and MinoritiesWomen and Minorities