THE UNIVERSE-OUR EARTH IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM

PREPARED BY: KAVITA JAISWAL

PAWAR PUBLIC SCHOOL

KANDIVALI

THE UNIVERSE AND ITS ORIGINWhen you look at the sky and think about the Sun, moon and stars

Q1 What holds up all these Heavenly bodies up in the sky?

Q2 Why do stars twinkle only at night?

Q3 Why are some stars bigger and some small?

Q4 Why does the shape of the moon keeps on changing?

CONTD…Limitless expanse in sky is called space

Universe is everything that exists in space- (Stars, Planets, and vast spaces between them)

Natural objects in the sky-The sun, moon, stars, planets , satellities, asteriods, meteors, comets are called celestial bodies.

Can we measure vast space between two heavenly bodies in units of measurement like KM?

We use light year.

ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

The Big Bang Theory

NEBULA

G I A N T C L O U D S O F G A S A N D D U S T P A R T I C L E S T H A T C A N B E S E E N F L O A T I N G I N T H E S P A C E A R E C A L L E D N E B U L A E .

S O M E N E B U L A E G I V E O U T B R I G H T L I G H T .

N E B U L A E W I T H H E A V Y M A S S S T A R T S G L O W I N G . A N D I T S C A L L E D P R O T O S T A R .

A P R O T O S T A R I S T H E E A R L Y S T A G E S F O R T H E F O R M A T I O N O F A S T A R . T H E R E F O R E N E B U L A E I S A L S O C A L L E D B I R T H P L A C E O F S T A R S .

Nebula has a spinning motion. It has its own gravity

STARS They were formed when fragments of nebulae collided with one another at a

great speed.

The are made up of hot gases that produce their own heat and light.

They Twinkle when their light passes through different layers of the earth’s atmosphere.

Sun is also medium sized star that was born 4.6 bn yrs ago (nearest to earth i.e 149.6 mn km).

2nd closest star to earth is Proxima Centauri (4.2 light years away from Earth).

A bright star which remained at a fixed position in the sky above the north pole is called north pole or pole star (helps locating north direction during the night).

CONSTELLATIONS

A G R O U P O F B R I G H T S TA R S F O R M I N G A F I X E D PAT T E R N I N T H E S K Y I S C A L L E D C O N S T E L L AT I O N ( 8 8 C O N S T E L L AT I O N S I N T H E S K Y )

GALAXIES

It is made up of stars,dust and dark matter all held together by force of gravity & float through space in clusters.

They have mostly spiral shape.Our earth is a part of Milkyway galaxy (50 galaxies). Akash Ganga ancient name of milky way.

THE SOLAR SYSTEMS U N I S T H E C E N T R E O F S O L A R S Y S T E M .

L I G H T T A K E S 8 M I N & 2 0 S E C T O T R A V E L F R O M S U N T O E A R T H .

I T H A S A P O W E R F U L F O R C E O F G R A V I T Y T H A T H O L D S I N P L A C E , A L L T H E P L A N E T S A N D C E L E S T I A L B O D I E S R E V O LV I N G A R O U N D I T I N F I X E D O R B I T S .

T H E S U R FA C E H A S D A R K S P O T S K N O W N A S S U N S P O T S

B R I G H T H U G E F L A M E S K N O W N A S S O L A R F L A R E S S U D D E N LY E R U P T F R O M T H E S U R FA C E O F T H E S U N .

PLANETS (CONTD…)

Planets revolve around the sun,on their on axis, Axis is imaginary line along which a planet rotates.

Planets are placed in two groups

Dwarf Planet: Acc to International Astronomical Union( IAU) it has following features

a) Orbits the sun

b) Has enough mass to form a nearly round shape

c) Has not cleared its orbit around the sun & its not a moon eg: Pluto

Mercury, Venus

Earth, Mars Inner Planet

s

Jupiter,Saturn

Uranus, Neptune Outer Planet

sTerrestrial planets (rock)

Gas giants (gas &

ice)

PLANETS DIST (Mn Km)

TIME TAKEN For one rotation

Atmosphere

No of moons

Special Features

Mercury (Speedy messenger)

58 58.6 days88 days

No air/atms 0 Nearest to the sun. Smallest planet .Extremes of temperature

Venus (morning or Evening star, Earth’s twin)

108 243 days225 days

Thick toxic atmosphere containing CO2.No oxygen

0 Its called morning star.I ts hottest planet, with 400 dg c

Earth (Blue planet)

150 23.9 hours365 days & 6 hrs

C02,oxygen, nitrogen

1 2/3rd area covered with water, only planet to support life.

Mars (Red planet)

228 24.6 hrs ,687 days & 23hrs

Extremely thin atms,CO2, dust

2 Reddish soil and rocks,pink sky due to light wind blow.

CONTD……

PLANETS DIST (Mn Km)

TIME TAKEN For one rotation

Atmosphere

No of moons

Special Features

Jupiter (Jove or the gas giant)

778 9.9 hrs, 11 yrs &9 months

No oxygen, only hydrogen , helium

50 (kn), 16 (pro)

Largest & gaseous ,mini solar system by NASA

Saturn (Ringed Planet)

1,427 10.7 hrs, 29 yrs & 5 months

No oxy,only hydrogen, helium

53 (kn), 9(pr)

Jewel of the solar system, 9 concentric rings, made of ice ,rocks.

Uranus( The father sky)

2,869 17.2 hrs,84 yrs

No O2,only h,h, methane,H20,ammonia

27 Twin in size to neptune,Rotates side ways.Poles to sun

Neptune (windy planet)

4,496 16.1 hr, 165 yrs

N0 02, methane

13 Coldest planet,1500 km per hr speed of wind

EARTH-THE LIVING PLANETIts 5th largest planet in the solar system & is spherical in shape.

Its is unique planet because it is the only planet which has conditions favourable for existence of life. Which are as follows

Moderate Temperature: Ideal distance from sun.

Suitable atmosphere : Is neither too thick nor too thin as in other planets.

Presence of water : 70 % of earth’s surface is covered by water.

Presence of soil: Land surface is covered with soil. This layer is called lithosphere.

Biosphere –The zone of life on Earth : Earth is the only planet that supports life. Therefore it is called The living Planet.

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