the university of akron summit college business technology department computer information systems...
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The University of AkronSummit College
Business Technology DepartmentComputer Information Systems
2440: 105 Introduction to Computers & Application
SoftwareInstructor: Enoch E. Damson
Introduction to Computers 2
Computer
A machine that performs four basic operations known as the information processing cycle (input, processing, output, and storage) Input – computer gathers data from users Process – data is converted into information Storage – data or information is stored for
future use Output – data or information is retrieved from
the computer
Introduction to Computers 3
Types of Computers
The four basic types of computers are: Supercomputers Mainframes Minicomputers Microcomputers
Introduction to Computers 4
Types of Computers…
Supercomputers – fastest, most expensive, large and powerful computers for very large organizations designed for specialized tasks such as mathematical calculations, weather tracking, satellite monitoring, etc
IBM’s Blue Gene is one of the fastest computers in the world Mainframes – large computers that occupy specially
wired, air-conditioned rooms and are designed to handle huge processing jobs in large corporations such as insurance companies and government agencies
Minicomputers – refrigerator-sized machines that handle specific needs such as assembly-line operations for medium-sized to smaller companies
Microcomputers – designed to meet individual needs Some of the most common types of microcomputers are:
desktops, laptop/notebook/netbook, tablet personal computers (PCs), and handheld computers such as personal digital assistants (PDAs) and smartphones
Introduction to Computers 5
Types of Microcomputers
Introduction to Computers 6
Specialty Computers
Servers – provide resources to other computers connected in a network
Embedded computers – specially designed computer chips that reside inside other devices such as cars electronic thermostats, etc
Introduction to Computers 7
Computer Information System (IS)
A collection of components that work together to process data into information
Components include: People Data Procedures Hardware Software Network
Introduction to Computers 8
Computer Information System…
Introduction to Computers 9
People
Making people more productive is what computers are all about
Examples include: Analysts Designers Developers Users
Introduction to Computers 10
Data
Raw facts entered into the computer system for processing
Processed to produce information
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Procedures
Rules or guidelines for people to follow when using software, hardware, and data
E.g. Software Manuals
Introduction to Computers 12
Hardware
The physical components of the computer controlled by the software
Types of hardware devices (peripherals) include: Input Devices Systems Unit Storage Devices Output Devices
Introduction to Computers 13
Types of Hardware Devices
Introduction to Computers 14
Input Devices
Used to enter data into the computer for processing
Examples include: Keyboard Mouse Scanner Digital camera Video camera
Introduction to Computers 15
System Unit
Holds the processing hardware, electrical power supply, disk drives, circuit cards, ports for connecting other hardware and the motherboard (system board) Motherboard – ties everything in the system
unit together The motherboard holds two very important
parts of the computer: Processor (central processing unit (CPU)
or microprocessor) Memory (RAM)
Introduction to Computers 16
Motherboard
Introduction to Computers 17
Processor
The brain of the computer that controls all the commands and tasks of the computer
Also known as the microprocessor or central processing unit (CPU)
Has two main parts: Control Unit – obtains instructions from the computer’s
memory and interprets and executes them Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) – performs all the
arithmetic (math operations) and logical (comparisons) operations for the computer
Measured by the speed at which they are capable of processing data and size of data
Processing speed is measured in kilohertz (KHz) – in thousands; megahertz (MHz) – in millions; gigahertz (GHz) – in billions; and terahertz (MHz) – in trillions
Two leading processor manufacturers include: Intel Corporation and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
Introduction to Computers 18
Memory
Holds: Data – raw facts for processing Instructions – rules for processing data Information – processed data
Two basic types of memory include: Random Access Memory (RAM) – the volatile part of
memory that stores information temporarily Read-Only Memory (ROM) – the nonvolatile part of
memory on which instructions have been prerecorded to help start the computer and perform other tasks
Memory is measured by its size in bytes, kilobytes (thousands), megabytes (millions), gigabytes (billions), and terabytes (trillions)
Byte – represents a single character and consists of 8 bits Bit (binary digit)– the smallest unit of information in computers
that is made up of 0s and 1s
Introduction to Computers 19
How Much is a Byte?Name Abbreviation Number of Bytes
Byte B 1 byte
Kilobyte KB 1,024 bytes
Megabyte MB 1,048,576 bytes
Gigabyte GB 1,073,741,824 bytes
Terabyte TB 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
Introduction to Computers 20
Ports
Where all the peripheral devices connect to the computer to enable data exchange
Because input and output devices can exchange data with the computer using different methods, they might require different ports
Introduction to Computers 21
Types of Ports
Serial and parallel ports are two of the oldest types of ports found on a computer
Serial ports – can only send data one bit at a time
Devices that use serial ports include the mouse, modem
Parallel ports – send data in groups of bits, at transfer rates of up to 500 Kbps
Printers often use parallel ports
Introduction to Computers 22
Faster Types of Ports Universal serial bus (USB) ports – able to interface
with several different peripheral devices FireWire ports - usually used to connect digital
cameras or digital video recorders to a computer Connectivity ports – used to connect to a local network
or to the Internet Examples include:
Modem ports – resemble phone jacks and are used to connect the modem to a phone system and enable dial-up Internet access
Ethernet port - a bit larger than the standard phone jack and used for network access and can also be used to connect a cable modem or router
Introduction to Computers 23
Types of Ports
Introduction to Computers 24
Storage Devices
Used to store data and information permanently Data is generally stored using one of the following
forms: Magnetic storage – uses sectors that divide tracks
to store data E.g. hard disks, tapes, floppy disks, zip disks
Optical storage – also uses tracks and sectors but data is saved using a laser beam
E.g. Compact discs (CDs), digital video discs (DVDs) Flash memory – uses solid-state technology which is
completely electronic and has no moving mechanical parts
E.g. Flash drives (memory sticks), cards used in digital cameras, MP3 players, etc
Storage devices are measured in bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes
Introduction to Computers 25
Examples of Storage Devices
Introduction to Computers 26
Output Devices
The devices used to display and print data and information
E.g. monitor, printer, speakers, etc Monitors output soft copy and their resolution
identifies the number pixels (picture elements) per square inch that appear on a screen The two main categories of monitors are:
Cathode ray tubes (CRT) – can be curved or flat and relatively inexpensive
Flat-panel monitors – use liquid crystal display (LCD) or light-emitting diode (LED) technology and are much slimmer and expensive
Printers output hard copy and their resolution is measured in dots per inch (dpi) The two main categories of printers are:
Impact printers – like dot matrix printers that use small keys to strike an ink ribbon against a paper
Non-impact printers – like ink-jet printers and laser printers that do not touch the paper when printing
Introduction to Computers 27
Examples of Output Devices
Monitors
Printers
Introduction to Computers 28
Software
Software (program) - a set of instructions that direct the computer to accomplish certain tasks
The two major categories of software are:
System software Application software
Introduction to Computers 29
System Software
Provides the instructions needed for the computer to run
The ”background software” that manages the fundamental operations of a computer system including: Starting up (booting) the computer Executing programs
There are 4 types of system software: Operating systems – E.g. Windows, Mac OS, Linux Utilities programs – Norton Antivirus Device drivers – printer software Programming languages – Java, C++
Introduction to Computers 30
Application Software
”End-user” software that performs useful tasks such as word processing, desktop publishing, etc
Kinds of application software include: Word processing software – e.g. Microsoft
Word Spreadsheet software – e.g. Microsoft Excel Database software – e.g. Microsoft Access Presentation software – e.g. Microsoft
PowerPoint Communication & Organization software –
e.g. Microsoft Outlook
Introduction to Computers 31
Networks
Two or more computers connected in some way to share hardware, software programs, data and other resources Node – each object (computer, printer,
etc) connected to a network
Types of Networks
The two main types of networks are: Local area network (LAN) – uses direct
cables, radio, or other signals to link computers within a small geographic area like a building or group of buildings
Wide area network (WAN) – uses long-distance transmission media to link computers separated by a few miles or even thousands of miles
Internet – the largest WAN Cloud computing – uses the Internet to
shift many computer activities from a user’s computers to the Internet
Introduction to Computers 32
Introduction to Computers 33
Network Configurations
The two main categories of network configurations are: Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks – most
commonly found in homes and small-businesses with each node capable of communicating with every other node
Client/server networks - consist of a server (host computer) and clients (workstations)
Introduction to Computers 34
Networks Topology (Topography)
The different types of network architecture – how computers and other devices are arranged and connected
The most common topographic layouts include: Bus network – no server but each node connects to a
central high-speed line (bus) Ring network – all nodes connect to a circular line
around which data travels in only one direction Star network – each node connects to a centrally located
switch to communicate with other nodes The most frequently used networking style for businesses Has a server to which all clients and other devices are
connected Wireless network – devices connect to other computers
and network resources using radio signals, microwaves, satellite signals, and other wireless media
Introduction to Computers 35
Network Topologies
Network Cables
Computers can be connected to a network using devices like:
Coaxial cables – typically used by most cable TV systems The ends are usually made with RF (radio frequency)
connectors Twister pair cables (shielded and unshielded) – two
conductors are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources
The ends are usually made with RJ (registered jack) 45 to plug into computer network interfaces
Two main types include: Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cables – Unshielded Twisted pair (UTP) /Ethernet cables – primarily used for telephones
and commonly for computer networking
Fiber-optic cables – a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its length
Used by most high-speed Internet cable connections Wireless – transfers information without using wires
Introduction to Computers 36
Coaxial Cable
Introduction to Computers 37
Twisted Pair Cable
Introduction to Computers 38
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Fiber-Optic Cable
Introduction to Computers 39
Introduction to Computers 40
History of Early Computers The Pascalene Calculator – created by Blaise Pascal (a
French mathematician) in 1642 Used gears to count (add, subtract, multiply and divide) tens –
similar to odometers in cars Jacquard Loom – created by Joseph Jacquard in the 1800s
Automated the weaving of complex patterns in the fabric industry The process gave birth to punch cards
Babbage’s Engines – designed by Charles Babbage (known as the “father of computing”) in 1834
Difference Engine – a huge steam-powered calculator Analytical Engine – the first automatic calculator
The Hollerith Tabulating Machine – developed by Herman Hollerith in 1890
Used Jacquard’s punch card concept to tabulate census data for the U.S. Census Bureau
Hollerith later started the Tabulating Machine Company which later became International Business Machines (IBM)
Introduction to Computers 41
History of Early Computers… The Z1 Computer – created by Konrad Zuse (a German
inventor) in 1936 A mechanical calculator Thought to be the first computer to include a control unit,
and separate memory functions which are important for today’s computers
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) – built by John Atanasoff (a professor at Iowa State University) in 1939 The first computer to use vacuum tubes to store data
instead of mechanical switches used in old computers The first computer to use the binary system The first computer to have memory that repowered itself
when booting
Introduction to Computers 42
History of Early Computers… The Harvard Mark I – designed by Howard Aiken (an
electronic engineer and physicist) and Grace Hopper at Harvard University in 1944 Could perform all four arithmetic operations (add, subtract,
multiply and divide) The Mark series of computers designed from the early
1930s to the late 1950s Used by the U.S. Navy for ballistic and gunnery
calculations Grace Hopper invented the compiler, a computer program
that translated English language instructions into computer language
She was also the first to “debug” a computer by removing a moth from the Harvard Mark I
She coined the term “bugs” for computer errors
Introduction to Computers 43
History of Early Computers… The Turing Machine – created by Alan Turing (a British
mathematician) in 1936 An abstract computer model that could perform logical operations A hypothetical model that mathematically defined a mechanical procedure
(algorithm) Turing’s concept by which machines could read, write, erase symbols
written on squares of an infinite paper tape was the precursor to today’s RAM
The ENIAC (Electronic Integrator and Computer) – a U.S. government-sponsored machine developed created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert in 1944 at the University of Pennsylvania
Calculated the settings used for weapons Thought of as the first successful high-speed electronic digital computer Was big and clumsy Used nearly 18,000 vacuum tubes Filled approximately 1,800 sq. ft. of floor space Remained in use until 1955
Introduction to Computers 44
History of Early Computers… The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) – developed
in 1951 by the Remington Rand company The first commercially successful electronic digital computer Operated on a magnetic tag (instead of punch cards used by
competitors) Used to predict only 5% of the popular vote to correctly identify
Dwight D. Eisenhower as the victor over Stevenson during the U.S. presidential race
Together with other similar computers, were considered first-generation computers and were the last to use vacuum tubes to store data
Transistors – developed around 1956 by scientists at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in NJ
Smaller and more powerful Replaced the bulky vacuum tubes as a means to store data Used in almost everything from radios to phones Computers that used transistors were known as second-
generation computers
Introduction to Computers 45
History of Early Computers… Integrated Circuits – invented by Jack Kilby of Texas
Instruments in 1958 A small chip capable of containing 1000s of transistors Enabled computers to become smaller and lighter Computer in this generation were considered third-
generation computers Microprocessor chips – introduced by Intel
Corporation in 1971 A small chip containing millions of transistors Functions as the central processing unit (CPU), or brains, of
the computer Intel and Motorola became the leading manufacturers of
microprocessors over time Computers that used transistors were known as fourth-
generation computers
Introduction to Computers 46
History of Early Computers…Year Computer Creator
1642 Pascalene Calculator Blaise Pascal
1800s Jacquard Loom Joseph Jacquard
1834 Babbage Engines Charles Babbage
1890 Hollerith Tabulating Machine Herman Hollerith
1936 Z1 Konrad Zuse
1936 Turing Machine Alan Turing
1939 Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) John Atanasoff
1944 Harvard Mark I Howard Aiken/Grace Hopper
1944 ENIAC John W. Mauchly/J. Presper Eckert
1951 UNIVAC (1 GC) Remington Rand Company
1956 Transistors (2 GC) Bell Telephone Labs
1958 Integrated Circuits (3 GC) Texas Instruments
1971 Microcomputer Chips (4 GC) Intel Corporation
Introduction to Computers 47
History of Personal Computers Altair 8800 – developed by Micro Instrumentation and
Telemetry Systems (MITS) in 1975 Very primitive with no keyboard, monitor, or printer Only 256 bytes of memory Switches were used to enter machine code (0s and 1s)
Apple I – built by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs in 1976 One of the first personal computers to have a keyboard Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs later founded their company called
the Apple Computer Company Apple II – designed by the Apple Computer Company in 1977
Included a color monitor, sound, and game paddles Included 4KB of RAM and an optional floppy disk drive for users to
run additional programs (most of the programs were games) Eventually included spreadsheet program, word processing, and
desktop publishing software
Introduction to Computers 48
History of Personal Computers… Commodore PET 2001 – developed by the
Commodore company in 1977 Very primitive with no keyboard, monitor, or printer Only 256 bytes of memory Switches were used to enter machine code (0s and 1s)
TRS-80 Model I – developed by Tandy RadioShack in 1977 Included a monochrome display and 4 KB of memory
Apple III – designed by the Apple Computer Company in 1980 Included a color monitor, sound, and game paddles
Introduction to Computers 49
History of Personal Computers… Osborne – designed by the Osborne company in 1981
A portable machine that weighed 24.5 lbs with a 5 inches monitor
Included 64 KB of memory, two floppy disk drives, and preinstalled software programs
It’s successor, the Executive, reduced Osborne’s sales and the company closed
Compaq bought the Osborne design and produced its first portable computer in 1983
IBM PC – developed by IBM (International Business Machines) in 1981 Included 64 KB of memory, expandable to 256 KB The term PC soon became a description of personal
computers Time magazine named the computer “1982 machine of the
year” in its January 1983 issue
Introduction to Computers 50
History of Personal Computers…
Lisa – developed by Apple Computer Company in 1983 The first successful PC on the market to use a GUI
(Graphical User Interface) Xerox had already designed the Alto and Star
Office System to have GUI in 1972 but never sold them commercially
Macintosh – designed by the Apple in 1984 Had everything in the Lisa but cheaper The first personal computer to introduce 3.5-inch
floppy disks with a hard cover, which were smaller and sturdier than the previous 5.25-inch floppies
Introduction to Computers 51
History of Personal Computers…Year Apple IBM Others
1975 Altair 8800 (by MITS)
1976 Apple I
1977 Apple II TRS-80 (by Tandy RadioShack), Commodore PET 2001 (by Commodore )
1980 Apple III
1981 IBM PC Osborne
1983 Lisa
1984 Macintosh
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